Subject Index. STPIO50-EB/Sep Boot construction and blade fit, 135 Brain injury impact testing and,

Transcription

1 STPIO50-EB/Sep Subject Index A Acceleration drop height, multidirectional, 257 helmet impact testing, 244, Accelerometer, 270 Adolescent players, physique differences in, Aging of equipment, Amateur hockey blade servicing, 135 body-checking, eye and face injuries, injury rates, Pee-Wee player body structure, Quebec Sports Safety Board, Amateur Hockey Association of the United States (AHAUS), Anthropometric test dummy (ATD), ASTM Specifications F :55-57 F : 47, F :130 F : 124, , 135 F : 197, sponsored by ASTM Subcommittee F08.15, Attitudes and mentality body-checking, 85-90, face mask use, health care costs and hockey ethics, injury rates and, toward protective equipment, Audits of protective equipment, 219 Axial compressive loading, Body-checking Canadian rule changes, injury rates and, national survey, Canada, penalty increases and, rule changes, B Boot construction and blade fit, 135 Brain injury impact testing and, C Calculated risk, 9- l0 Catastrophic injury rates, 25, 27 CCM blade, 124 Certification of protective equipment, 213, 216 Cervical element loading, 73, Cervical spine fractures, Cervical spine tolerance, Checking, rule changes, Chin strap mouth guard combined with, tests, 273 College hockey injury rates, Compression-moulded plastic helmets, Compulsory use of protective equipment, Computer simulation helmet impact testing, , performance specification, Consent, risk assumption in hockey, 46 Consumer protection plastic-metal skate blades, review of protective equipment, 21 l Cooperall protective girdle, 176, 178 Cradle-type helmets, Cruciate ligament injury, 105 D Dental injury rates, 18, 20 Developed force, helmet impact testing, 244, Disconfirmation concept in epidemiology, Displacement, helmet impact testing, 244, Dorsal-plantar flexion displacement curve, 144, 146 Copyright* 1989 by ASTM lntcrnational 279

2 280 SAFETY IN ICE HOCKEY Drop height testing apparatus, impact testing, Dynamic failure loads, cervical spine injuries, E Economic gain, versus hockey safety, Edge durability on skate blade, 134, Elbow pad, End and comer board modification, 188, Energy absorption in protective equipment, 152 Epidemiology centralization of data, disconfirmation concept, eye injuries, injury rates, 9-13 Equipment (see also Protective equipment) ASTM/HECC certification, changes in, Ethics hockey health care, injury protection, External force resistance, knee braces, 109, Eye guards, Eye injuries Canadian equipment standards, 207, 212, 216 Canadian statistics, 216 epidemiology, reducing risk, unprotected players, F Face injury, reducing risk, Face mask ASTM/HECC certification, 53 capabilities and limitations, costs and ethics, eye injuries, full face and visor type models, health care costs and ethics, historical development, rule changes, Swedish standards, use guidelines, Fiberglass materials, helmet development, Fighting and injury rates, Foam padding for helmets, 183 Fractures, body-checking and, Free-fall impact testing, Full face guards versus half face shield, versus visor type, G Gadd severity index (GSI) helmet impact testing, recording apparatus, Goal pads, Goaltender face guards, Goniometric studies, knee braces, Half face shield, Headform helmet testing, 250, 252, 263, standards, Head injury criterion (HIC), 243 Head protection (helmet and face guard combined), Health care costs of hockey, Heat treatment of metal blades, 125 Heel safety guard, Helmet ASTM/HECC certification, 53 compulsory use guidelines, cradle liners, fiberglass materials, historical development, 164, impact testing, liability, 48 limitations and capabilities, one-piece shell prototype, padding material, 81-82, plastic materials for, product liability, 48 rims and edges of, H

3 SUBJECT INDEX 281 stiffness properties, Swedish standards, three-piece shell prototype, tool costs of, 175 High-sticking penalties, Hockey pants, Hockey sticks failure sites, 160 geometry and dynamics, performance evaluation, safety factors, Horizontal force depletion, "Hostile agression" penalties, Human factors and protective equipment, 152 Ice behavior and spinal injuries, (see also Attitudes; Violence) Ice reaction force vector, ICM blade, 124, 126 Impact testing cervical spine injuries, 73-77, free-fall, full face and visor face guards, helmet safety, ice surface characteristics, 266, 268 market effect, 256, 258, 260 testing sites, 266 velocity measurement, 266, 269 Information management for hockey safety, 67 Infraction guidelines, Injection-molded plastic helmet, 170, 172 Injury rates amateur hockey, 15-2 l body-checking and, catastrophic injuries, 25, 27 college hockey, 20-24, 26 eye injuries, hockey sticks, insurance claims, knee braces, professional hockey, rule changes, statistical methods for, Inspection of protective equipment, 213, 216 "Instrumental" penalties, Instrumentation for impact testing, 251, Insurance against injury, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) head protection standards, 232 protective equipment, 213 Intervention model for hockey safety, 65 K Kinematic analysis of joint stress, Knee braces frequency of use and injury prevention, 105 goniometric study, knee injury, Last clear chance doctrine, Liability laws hockey safety and ethics, risk assumption, L M Mechanical test rig calibration and repeatability, helmet impact testing, Mechanism of injury hockey sticks, neck injuries, spine injuries, Metal skate blades, heat treatment, 125 Molded-in skate blade, , 124 Mouth guard development of, 16-18, improper use of, N National Athletic Injury Reporting System (NAIRS), National Athletic Injury Surveillance System, 1 l National Collegiate Athletic Association, 26 Natural ice surfaces,

4 282 SAFETY IN ICE HOCKEY Neck injuries helmet rims and edges, mechanism of, "Norm violation" penalties, Nose contact tests, face masks, Numonics analyzer, used in face mask development, Nylite skate blade, Officiating body-checking penalties, injury rates and, Ongoing surveillance system epidemiology, injury rates, Opposing players' liability, O Peak shear, compression and moment of force, Pee-Wee players body-checking by, morphological-biomechanical differences, 90-93, 96 Penalties average number per game, 97 trends in, Perfecta blade, 124 Performance tests, knee braces, 109, 112 Plastic-metal skate blades design analyses, marketing techniques, test results, 128 Plastic padding material in helmets, 224, Plastic skate blades, Plastics helmet development, liner padding for helmets, 224, skate blades, 125 Player speed, cinematographic analysis, 158 Playing surface (see also Rink design) area size, 188 evolution, Pneumatic air cannon, 178, 180 Polymer plastic skate blades, 125 P Polyvinyl chloride helmets, Post-assembled skate blade design problems, examples of, 122, 124 Post shrinkage in skate blades, 124 Premises liability, risk assumption in hockey, Products liability, risk assumption in hockey, Professional hockey blade servicing, 135 injury rates, Quebec Sports Safety Board, 65 Prolite tubular blade, 122 Pronation-supination displacement curve, , 147 Protective braces, knee injury, Protective equipment aging of, as catalyst for violence, defective, fear of injury and, 40 historical perspective, knee injury brace, limitations and capabilities, products liability, testing, certification, and inspection, 213,216 Public review of equipment standards, 211 Puck velocity cinematographic analysis, 159 face mask development and, pneumatic air cannon, 178 Q Quadriplegic injuries. (see also Spinal cord injuries) hockey versus football, Quebec Sports Safety Board, R Research in hockey safety, Rink design, American versus European dimensions, ends and comers modification, 188,

5 SUBJECT INDEX 283 enlargement, 188, goal location, natural and seminatural facilities, standards, Risk assumption eye and face injuries, in amateur hockey, liability, Risk reduction, eye and face injuries, Roughing penalties, Rule changes injury rates, injury surveillance, safety as a factor, S Safety versus economic gain, versus victory, Safety guard requirements, skate blades, 133 Seminatural ice surface, Severity indices for helmet impact testing, , 247 Sharpening equipment for skate blades, 135 Shooting speeds of players, face mask testing, 239 Shoulder injuries protective equipment development, 176, 179 rate declines, 18 Shoulder pads, 176, 179 Skate blades design problems, development, edge durability, fit to boot, 135 heel safety guard, plastic materials, post-assembled design, safety factors, servicing techniques, 135 support of standards, test equipment, tubular, 120 Tuuk blade, 122 Skates, historical development, 164, Slap shot hockey sticks, standing and skating shots, 156 Slashing penalties, SLM blade design problems, 124, hardness and wear table, 139 "Spearing posture" and hockey injuries, lo-11 Spectator injury, 50 Spinal cord injury hockey versus football, lo increase of, 25, 27 mechanisms and prevention, rule changes and officiating, 41 Standards eye injuries, for protective equipment, , 232 rink design, skate blade safety, 135, 139 Swedish standards development, Statistics on injuries, Stickwork, rule changes, Subtalar joint kinematic analysis, supination and pronation, Surface characteristics natural and seminatural facilities, skate blade testing, Talocrural joint dorsal and plantar flexion, 146, 148 kinematic analysis, 14 l- 149 Taping modifications to hockey sticks, Temperature change, blade stresses and strains, 124 Test equipment drop height testing, protective equipment testing, 213, 216 skate blades, T

6 284 SAFETY IN ICE HOCKEY Throat guards cut resistance test, 230 development of, for goaltenders, 53 Trade-offs of protective equipment, Tripping penalties, Truth in advertising, Tubular skate blade, 120, 122 Tuuk blade design problems, hardness and wear table, 139 marketing methods, 132, 134 safety factors, 122, 124 Velocity measurement, helmet impact testing, 266, Victory versus safety in hockey, V Video camera, safety analysis, 178, Violence in hockey, promoted by protective equipment, Visor type face masks, W Warmth factor of equipment, 164 Warmth as factor in protective equipment, 164 Wayne State curve for concussion tolerance, 242 Whiplash effect, helmet design and, Wrist shots hockey sticks and, 160, 162 standing and skating shots, 156 Zamboni machine, Z