Subject Index. STP1022-EB/Sep. 1989

Transcription

1 STP1022-EB/Sep Subject Index Accident mechanisms. See also Causes of accidents skier's ability and equipment, traumatic accidents, Active stress, anterior cruciate ligament mechanics, , 117 Acute arterial occlusion, ski boot-related, Age levels alpine-cross-country skiing comparisons, collision injuries, injury rates, recreational skiers, skier behavior, 86 snowboarding injuries, Alpine Skiing Safety Council (Norway), Altitude, biomedical testing, "Anatomical handle" ski poles, Ankle binding release tests, dorsiflexion and boot design, rotation versus longitudinal moment, , 262 snowboarding injuries, three-dimensional loading, Ankle constraints BB type, 254, 257 BU types, 254, 257 SAF type, 254, 257 SAT type, 254, 257 Anterior cruciate ligament boot-induced anterior drawer, boot stiffness, force model, four-bar model, 270 impact model, injuries in female racers, injury incidence, 4, male:female ratio, modeling forces, moment model, 271 prevention, Anterior drawer boot-induced, 268 prevention, A Anthropometric dummy, ankle motion and binding release tests, Antifriction device (AFD), boot insufficiency, 147 ASTM Practice F 939, 196 ASTM Specifications, Eye Protective Devices (F 659), 126 Avalanche victims, fatal skiing accidents, 64, 66 Axial loading at knee joint, Axial rotation of lower limb dynamic system model parameter identification, torsional loading, in vivo static and dynamic measurements, B Backward falls anterior cruciate ligament injury, injury mechanism, 56, 58 modeling forces on anterior cruciate knee ligament, Barrier impact test ankle motion, binding release tests, Beginning skiers, thumb injuries, 322 Bending release, mechanical programmed release bindings, 199 Bindings. See also Inadvertent release, Release bindings adjustment data, 59 aging, 58 ankle motion and release tests, cause of accidents, 34 classification in Swiss study design, 55 computer-controlled system for boot load measurement, data acquisition and control system, double pivot, dynamometer/release mechanism, fault survey, frequency of testing, injuries with correct mountings and settings, 59 Copyright9 by ASTM lntcrnational 387

2 388 SKIING TRAUMA AND SAFETY: 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Bindings (cont.) load sensing, 203, lower limb models, 306 mechanics, S mounting and setting errors, 19-20, 58 programmable mechanical release, recreational skier injuries, release mechanism, 182, 203, 206, 344 retention mechanisms, 182, safety guidelines, 346 self-testing, settings and inadvertent releases in racers, setting values, snowboarding, Swiss ski injury study design, 54 test stations, Biomechanical analysis, skier's thumb, Biomedical testing, 6 Blinding, ski injury studies, Bone failure locus, programmable release bindings, Bone quasi-static injury region, racer binding settings, Bone reference clamps, Boot-binding unit (BBU) efficiency, Boot-induced anterior drawer (BIAD), anterior cruciate ligament injuries, impact loads, Boot load measurements computer-controlled binding system, physicial parameters of test subjects, Boots acute arterial occlusion, ankle dorsiflexion, cause of accidents, 34 fit adaptation, flex measurements, foot pressure patterns, lower leg prosthesis, 164 mechanics, 4-5 modeling forces on anterior cruciate knee ligament, prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury, rear-entry versus traditional, recreational skier injuries, removal forces--classic versus rear entry boots, safety guidelines, 346 skier preferences, 90 snowboarding, 80 Boot-ski frictional effects, Boot stiffness. See Stiffness (boot) Braces, knee, 118 Branch-changed amino acids, 363 "Brown's bow," binding release settings, 226 Buckle adjustments, foot pressure pattern, 140 C Capacitive measuring system, foot pressure patterns in ski boots, Case-control studies ski injuries, 9-17 techniques, Case studies, Swiss ski injury study design, 54 Causes of accidents, See also Accident mechanisms Hemsedal, Norway study, 35 Children collision injuries, injury rates, 35-36, racer binding settings and inadvertent release, Clothing design, 6 major problem areas, 379 middle shell, outer shell prototype, 378 thermal comfort, Cohort study, ski injuries, Cold weather clothing, Collateral ligaments, torsional laxity of knee, 253 Collision injuries age levels, 70, epidemiology, Hemsedal, Norway study, 34 injury rate, 38, 70 sex, 70, 73 skiing abilities, 72 snowboarding, 81 type and site of injury, 70 Comparability measurements, 9-17 of risk factors, case-controlled studies, 16 ski glove thermal resistance, Competition skiing, See also Racers prior injury rate, thumb injuries, 323 Computers, See also Data acquisition and control boot load measurements, Conditioning. See Physical conditioning

3 INDEX 389 Confidence intervals, odds ratios, 97 Confounded measures, injury risk studies, Coordinate moments, three-dimensional knee loading, Creatine kinase, biomedical testing, 361 Critical edge angles, shear-strength-to-hardness ratio, Cross-country skiing history, injury studies, 344 D Data acquisition and control bindings, clothing design, hip and knee measurements, 234 Swiss ski injury study design, Data reduction, knee strength and loading variables, Deliberate selection case-controlled studies, 16 nonexperimental study, 14 Dorsiflexion ankle, boot design and, traction force and variation, value table, 148 Double pivot, programmable release bindings, Duration moment input pulse joint rotations, long duration--joint rotations, 298, 301 medium durationmjoint rotations, 298, 300 short duration--joint rotations, 298, 302 Dynamic measurements axial rotation of lower limb, parameter identification, Dynamometer loading boot load measurements--parallel runs, internal-external rotation measurements, knee strength and loading variables, traction force and variation, Dynamometer/release mechanism bindings, knee strength and loading variables, Electromyography, hip and knee measurements, E Electronic binding, sensitivity to knee strength, EMED-F pedography platform, Empirical studies of ski injuries, 11 Energy absorption capability ankle motion binding release tests, 213 programmable release binding, 208 Epidemiology collision injuries, comparability and control studies, 9-17 fatal skiing accidents, ski injury trends, Swiss study design, Equipment design accident mechanisms, injury incidence, 24 Ergonomic study metacarpophalangeal joint, thumb injuries, Estimated models, joint rotation, Exercise, torsional laxity of knee, 253 Experimental prospective injury study, Experimental study design, Expert skiers, thumb injuries, External rotation, weight bearing, 289 Eyewear-related ski injuries, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Review, 128 National Ski Areas Association (NSAA)/ASTM study, 129 Sugarbush North 1S-year study, 129 F Falls, See also Backward fall, Forward fall injury mechanism, 56, 58 skiing experience, Fatal skiing accidents, Feasibility, ski injury studies, 13 Field testing, hip and knee measurements, Finite element analysis, torsional loading--lower limb rotation, Fitness training, ski injury incidence, Flexible bladder, ski gloves thermal resistance, Flexion foot pressure pattern in ski boots, hip and knee measurements, joint rotation, 289 stiffness, 284 Flex measurements, ski boots,

4 390 SKIING TRAUMA AND SAFETY: 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Foam insulation, protective clothing, 379, 381 Foot pressure pattern biomechanical model, 139 boot type variations, buckle adjustments, 140 flexion increases, influence of fit, ski boots, Force model, anterior cruciate ligament, Forward fall, injury mechanism, 56, 58 Four-bar model, anterior cruciate ligament, 270 Four-degree-of-freedom model, torsional loading--lower limb rotation, Free body diagram, foot pressure pattern, 139 Fx force boot load measurements parallel runs, snow plow runs, double pivot binding construction, 205 three-dimensional knee loading, F'x, knee strength and loading variables, , , F~v, knee strength and loading variables, , , Fy force boot load measurements--parallel runs, double pivot construction, 205 field test runs, 197 three-dimensional knee loading, Fz force boot load measurements parallel runs, snow plow runs, double pivot construction, 205 three-dimensional knee loading, Gamekeeper's thumb, Geometry, tool-snow interaction, Grooming conditions recreational skier injuries, skier preferences, G ti Hamstrings, muscle activity--snowplow and parallel maneuvers, 245, 247 Head injuries age-related incidence, 35, Hemsedai, Norway study, rates in children, recreational skier injuries, 48 snowboarding, 81 Heel element, boot stiffness, 2 Heel fixation device, , 165 Heel release Achilles tendon stimulation device, adverse effects, Heel-toe mechanism programmed release bindings, 199 strength and loading variables in knee, 232 Helmets safety studies, 347 snowboarding, 81 Hematocrit, biomedical testing, Historical background of skiing, Hydration, biomedical testing, Hysteresis, joint rotation, I Impact loads, anterior cruciate ligament model, , Inadvertent release, injury rates, Incidence of injury defined, 10 skier's thumb biomechanics, 312 Information bias, injury risk studies, Infrared thermography, ski gloves, Injury mechanism classification in Swiss study design, recreational skiers, 43 skier's thumb biomechanics, Swiss ski injury study design, 53 unilateral fracture, lumbar spine, Injury rate decline, Hemsedal, Norway study, 33 inadvertent release, release bindings, 344 snowboarding, Internal binding friction, Internal-external rotation ankle complex, 258, three-dimensional knee loading, Internationaler Arbeitskreis Sicherheit beim Skilauf (IAS) experimental prospective injury study, 19 Specification 80, 19, 22 Standard 150, 147 Intervention, risk factors, 11-13

5 INDEX 391 Interview techniques, case-controlled studies, 15 In vivo measurements lower limb axial rotation, static and dynamic measurements, axial joint rotation, torsional loading, Jackets, design prototypes, Joint compression, torsional laxity of knee, 253 Joints angles in snowplow, 242 axial loading at knee, male versus female, 148 range of motion and boot stiffness, rotation, torsional loading, stiffness, weight bearing, strength and loading variables, 232 torque, axial rotation curves, J K Knee anatomy, 109 three-dimensional loading, Knee injuries, See also Anterior cruciate ligament axial joint rotation, torsional loading, binding design, Hemsedai, Norway study, injury rate trends, 6, 30-31, 38 male:female ratio, modeling forces on anterior cruciate knee ligament, programmable release bindings, 202 recreational skier injuries, snowboarding, 78, 80 strength and loading variables, Knee stiffness straight conditions, 289 three-dimensional loading, weight bearing or muscle resistance, 289 Lacerations eyewear-related, 130 injury rate decline, 30 snowboarding injuries, 79 Lactic acid, biomedical testing, Lactic dehydrogenase, biomedical testing, 361 Lactic dehydrogenase I isoenzyme, 362 L Lateral collateral ligament (LCL), 268 Lateral release, 61 Lenses, eyewear-related skiing injuries, Lift capacities collision injuries, 73 Hemsedal, Norway study, 34 skiing injuries, 85 Ligament biomechanics. See also specific ligaments thumb injuries, Load sensing programmable release bindings, 203, Lower extremity equipment-related (LEER) injuries acute arterial occlusion, bindings, 45 inadvertent release, injury rate in children, decline, trends in, 26-28, 38 programmable release bindings, 202 recreational skiers, 43, snowboarding, Lower extremity mechanics, 5 Lower leg prosthesis Achilles tendon stimulation device, dimensions and force components, 162, 165 flex measurements on ski boots, Lower limb axial rotation, torsional loading dynamic system model, in vivo static and dynamic measurements, Lumbar spine, unilateral fracture, M Machining theory shear-strength-to-hardness ratio, 334 snow conditions, Mean days between injuries (MDBI) equation, 27, 30 Mean rectified electromyogram (MREMG), 234 Mechanical binding with program release, Mechanism of injury. See Injury mechanism Medial cruciate ligament, 268 Meniscus injuries, prevention, 112, 117 Metacarpophalangeal joint ergonomic study, skier's thumb biomechanics,

6 392 SKIING TRAUMA AND SAFETY: 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Modeling forces, anterior cruciate ligament, Moment model, anterior cruciate ligament, 271 Moment pulses, in vivo joint rotation, 289 Moments ankle motion binding release tests, averages for Salomon and Nava bindings, 213, 218 Moment-versus-rotation relationship, 253 Mountain ski touring, biomedical testing, Mr (resultant binding moment), ankle motion binding release tests, Multivariate analysis, 14 Muscle activity knee stiffness, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), 236 normalized, in snowplow, strength and loading variables in knee, torsional laxity of knee, 253 Muscular enzymes, biomedical testing, Musculature, programmable release bindings, M~c, knee strength and loading variables, , , Mx force, boot load measurements parallel runs, snow plow runs, M~v, knee strength and loading variables, , , My force boot load measurements parallel runs, snow plow runs, double pivot construction, field test runs, mechanical programmed release bindings, 199 three-dimensional knee loading, M'z force, knee strength and loading variables, , , Mz force ankle motion binding release tests, boot load measurements--parallel runs, double pivot construction, field test runs, mechanical programmed release bindings, Nava system boot and binding ankle motion release tests, 211 moment measurements ankle motion 27.5 ~ 213, 215 ankle motion 44 ~, 213,217 Nonexperimental study design, Nontraumatic accident characteristics, 64, Occurrence rate of ski injuries, Odds ratio ability, physical condition and injury risk studies, reliability, Off-piste (deep snow) skiing areas. See also Powder skiing fatal accidents, 64, 66 ski pole design, On-piste skiing, fatal accidents, Otto Bock "Greissinger" foot prosthesis, 211 Overheating, protective clothing, Pants, design prototypes, Parallelogram linkage goniometer internal-external rotation measurements, Parallel runs boot load measurements, knee strength and loading variables, Parameter identification axial rotation of lower limb, least error models, single-degree-of-freedom model, Passive stress, anterior cruciate ligament mechanics, , 117 Patelar Tendon Force, Physical conditioning. See also Exercise, Skiing gymnastics injury risk, 4, Placebo intervention, ski injury studies, 13 Pneumatic exciter, axial joint rotation, torsional loading, Poles eyewear-related ski injuries, 127 straps and thumb injuries, thumb injuries, thumb impact against handle, N O P

7 INDEX 393 Pole tests ankle motion binding release, impact tests, ankle motion, Polycarbonate lenses, 126 Powder skiing. See also Off-piste skiing recreational skier injuries, 48 skiing ability, Precipitation, protective clothing, 378 Prior skiing injuries skier behavior, 86 statistics, Programmable release binding design elements, prototype testing and evaluation, Prospective ski injury study, skier's thumb ergonomics, 317 Protective clothing, Q Quadriceps force anterior cruciate ligament mechanics, muscle activity--snowplow and parallel maneuvers, 247 Quasi-static measurements, axial joint rotation, torsional loading, Questionnaires ability, physical condition and injury risk studies, anterior cruciate ligament injuries, case-controlled studies, clothing design, experimental prospective injury study, 19 racer binding settings and inadvertent release, 223 skier behavior, 86 Swiss ski injury study design, equipment-related factors, injury rates, injury type and location, skier-related injury factors, skiing behavior, "Reduced opposition" thumb-index grip, 325 Regression analysis ankle dorsiflexion, ski injury trends, Release bindings coefficient of friction standard, 350 safety studies, 344 Release locus, programmed release bindings, binding prototype and testing, Release mechanism energy absorbed, inadvertent in racer binding settings, injury types and risk factors, 58, 60 lateral release, 61 programmable release bindings, 203, 206 sensitivity to knee strength, tests with ankle motion, Repeatability tests, joint loading, Retention envelope, boot load measurement, Retention mechanism, programmable release bindings, Retrospective case-controlled studies, 16 Risk factors ability and physical condition, case-controlled studies, intervention, ski injuries, 9-17 Rotational potentiometer, flex measurements on ski boots, Rotation of thumb, thumb injuries, R Racing skiers anterior cruciate ligament injury, binding settings and inadvertent releases, Radial ligament, thumb injury, Raid Blanc ski competition, Rear-entry boots, foot pressure pattern, , , 144 Rear-entry boots, removal force measurement, Recentering, programmable release binding, 2O8 Recreational skiers Safety programs Norwegian programs, overview, 5-6 Swedish programs, 350 television shows, Saiomon binding moment measurements ankle motion 27.5 ~, ankle motion 44 ~, 213, binding, ankle motion release tests, 211 "Security clips", thumb injuries, 324 S

8 394 SKIING TRAUMA AND SAFETY: 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Self-test of binding release frequency statistics, injury rates, safety studies, skier behavior studies, Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase levels, 360 Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, 360 Setting values for bindings, Sex and injury rates collision injuries, 70, recreational skiers, skier behavior, 86 snowboarding injuries, trends, 36 Shear-strength-to-hardness ratio, 33 Shoulder injuries, Hemsedal, Norway study, Single-degree-of-freedom joint rotation--duration moment input pulses, limits of, 306 parameter identifications, torsional loading--lower limb rotation, Six-degree-of-freedom strain gauge dynamometer, Skier behavior injury rates, 4 recreational skiers, safety studies, 347 Skier's thumb biomechanical analysis, ergonomic study, experimental prospective study, grip designs, Ski gloves, thermal resistance measurements, Ski gymnastics, injury rates, Skiing ability and experience accident mechanisms, boot stiffness and, collision injuries, 72 frequency of falls, injury rates, 37 injury risk, recreational skier injuries, skier behavior, 87 Skiing instruction attendance figures, 91 injury rates, recreational skier injuries, 44-46, 48 safety training, skier behavior, Ski injuries ability and physical condition, biomechanicai analysis--lower leg prosthesis, boot removal traction force and variation, classification in Swiss study design, 55, 57 defined, 9-10, epidemiologieal methods, 3-4, 9-17 experimental study design, eyewear-related eye injuries, Hemsedal Norway study, nonexperimental study design, Norwegian registration, 346 occurrence, risk factors, 11 snow conditions, television safety programs, trends, unilateral fracture, lumbar spine, Ski instructors' clothing prototypes, Skill levels, snowboarding injuries, Ski mountaineering fatalities, Ski poles. See Poles Skis orientation in skidding turn, recreational skier injuries, release modes and axes, 200 skier preferences, 90 Ski-snow interface, Ski stance, parameter identifications--joint rotation, Slalom racing binding settings and inadvertent release, release mechanisms, 226 S level binding indicator settings, Slope conditions. See also Snow conditions collision injuries, 73 recreational skier injuries, skier preferences, Snowboarding attachment technologies, injuries, skill levels, Snow conditions epidemiological studies, 5 ski injuries, Snowplow runs boot load measurements, knee strength and loading variables, 238, Spinal injury in skiing, Spiral fractures, mechanical programmed release bindings, Sprain mechanism, ergonomic study, Stiffness (boot)

9 INDEX 395 ankle dorsiflexion, ankle motion binding release tests, anterior cruciate ligament model, flex measurements, maximum force on ACL, modeling forces on anterior cruciate knee ligament, size variation and flex measurements, weight bearing, Strain/sprain injuries in snowboarding, 79 Straps on ski poles ergonomic studies, thumb injuries, Streptokinase, acute arterial occlusion, Stress. See Active stress, Passive stress Subtalar joint, Sunglasses, eyewear-related ski injuries, 126 T Teleradiology measurements, Television safety programs, skiing injuries, Terminal stiffness, defined, Test stations for bindings, Textile materials, thermal comfort, Thermal resistance clothing design prototype, defined, measurements, ski gloves, Thigh-hip dynamics, joint rotation, 285, Thinsulate fabric, Three-degree-of-freedom model parameter identifications, 299, torsional loading--lower limb rotation, Three-dimensional loading of knee, average and standard deviation, 258, 261 median primary laxity, 258, 262 Thumb injuries. See also Skier's thumb beginning skiers, 322 biomechanics, 5 closed fist impact in snow, 320 competitors, 323 expert skiers, forced by strap, Hemsedal, Norway study, impact in snow, 319 joint impact against ski pole, 320 professional skiers, 323 skiers' equipment, 324 Thumb position, ergonomic studies, 325 Tibia, heel fixation, traction angle and Achilles tendon force, 162, 166 Tibia fractures binding function, boot insufficiency, 147 mechanical programmed release bindings, snowboarding, Toe release torques, inadvertent in racer binding settings, Torque limits joint rotations, weight bearing or muscle resistance, 289 Torsion ankle motion, force and moment components, laxity, loading, lower limb, release, mechanical programmed bindings, 199 Traction lower leg prosthesis, 164 force and angle variation, ski boot removal, Traumatic accident characteristics, Tree collision injuries, Triceps surae muscle, Achilles tendon stimulation device, Turns (left and right), knee strength and loading variables, 238, Two-parameter power law, knee moment-rotation, 265 Ulnar collateral ligament rupture, Ultraviolet protection, eyewear-related ski injuries, 127 Uncontrolled confounding techniques information bias, injury risk studies, 95 Unilateral fracture, lumbar spine, Upper body injuries collision injuries, 73 ergonomic study, injury rate trends, 30 snowboarding, 81 U W Warming-up exercises, injury rates, Weight bearing parameter identifications--joint rotation, stiffness values,

10 396 SKIING TRAUMA AND SAFETY: 7TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Women. See also Sex and injury rates anterior cruciate ligament injuries, LEER injuries, 36 recreational skiers, skiing instruction attendance figures, 91 ski injury rates for, 4 World Cup racers, prior injury rate, 90-91