Support for a Reduction in the Number of Trials Needed for the Star Excursion Balance Test. 3 The SEBT is considered sensitive to functional deficits
|
|
- Jeffery Elliott
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 364 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Support for a Reduction in the Number of Trials Needed for the Star Excursion Balance Test Richard H. Robinson, MA, Phillip A. Gribble, PhD ABSTRACT. Robinson RH, Gribble PA. Support for a reduction in the number of trials needed for the Star Excursion Balance Test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89: Objective: To determine the number of trials necessary to achieve stability in excursion distance and stance leg angular displacement for the 8 directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Design: One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Setting: Athletic training laboratory. Participants: Twenty participants (10 men, 10 women) without any known musculoskeletal injuries or neurologic deficits that could have negatively affected their dynamic balance volunteered for the study. Intervention: Participants completed 6 practice and 3 test trials in each of the 8 reach directions of the SEBT. Main Outcome Measures: Excursion distances of the reaching leg normalized to leg length and angular displacement at the hip and knee of the stance leg in all 3 planes of movement were determined. Results: There were significant increases in excursion distance, hip flexion, and knee flexion for 7, 4, and 5 of the 8 reach directions, respectively. Conclusions: For the majority of the reach directions, maximum excursion distances and stance leg angular displacement values achieved stability within the first 4 practice trials, thus justifying a reduction in the recommended number of practice trials from 6 to 4 and supporting the trend toward simplifying SEBT administration. Key Words: Kinematics; Measurement; Musculoskeletal equilibrium; Rehabilitation by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL IS among the foundational components that underlie the performance of movement skills, and, as a consequence, deficits in dynamic postural control can hinder movement skill performance. 1 Therefore, valid and reliable assessment of dynamic postural control is necessary to determine if it represents a limiting factor in a person s movement skill performance. 1 The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), a multidirectional test of dynamic postural control, involves balancing on 1 leg and reaching maximally with the other leg in 8 different directions including 3 anterior, 2 lateral, and 3 posterior. 2 The From the Department of Kinesiology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH. No commercial party having a direct financial interest in the results of the research supporting this article has or will confer a benefit upon the authors or upon any organization with which the authors are associated. Reprint requests to Phillip A. Gribble, PhD, College of Health Science and Human Service, Department of Kinesiology, University of Toledo, Mail Stop: 119, 2801 Bancroft St, Toledo, OH 43606, phillip.gribble@utoledo.edu /08/ $34.00/0 doi: /j.apmr particular advantage of the SEBT over other dynamic balance tests is that it is more challenging for healthy, athletic populations. 3 The SEBT is considered sensitive to functional deficits that are related to musculoskeletal injuries like chronic ankle instability, 4-7 anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, 8 and patellofemoral pain, 9 as well as those associated with fatigue. 4,7 Intratester 10,11 and intertester reliability 10 has been established with intraclass correlation coefficients between.67 to.96, depending on the reach direction. The recommended SEBT protocol can be time-consuming for clinicians to administer because it requires 9 trials (6 practice, 3 test trials) for each of the 8 directions. For this reason, research has been undertaken to determine if the SEBT administration can be simplified without diminishing the validity of the test. Factor and correlational analyses of the SEBT have revealed that all 8 directions are associated with a single factor and are significantly correlated. 5 These findings were interpreted as indicating that there was functional redundancy across the 8 reach directions and led to the recommendation that the number of reach directions administered could be decreased. The recommended number of trials for SEBT protocol is based on the results of Hertel et al 10 who identified learning effects in 4 of the 8 reach directions (lateral, posteromedial, posterolateral, posterior), with the longest excursion distances occurring during trials 7 through 9 for all reach directions. However, Hertel administered 4 blocks of 3 trials on 2 separate days. In addition, subjects in the Hertel study were free to use their arms for balance, whereas the recommended protocol requires that the hands be placed on the hips. Allowing arm movements increases the biomechanic degrees of freedom that have to be coordinated and may increase the time necessary to learn a task. 12 Therefore, the first purpose of the study was to administer the recommended SEBT protocol of 6 practice and 3 test trials and determine when normalized maximum excursion distance for all 8 reach directions no longer showed a significant change (eg, performance stability). If the findings support a reduction in the number of trials, then this, along with a decrease in the number of reach directions tested, could substantially streamline the administration of the SEBT by clinicians. Given the functional redundancy of the human movement system, 12 the same performance (eg, normalized maximum excursion distance) can be achieved with different angular displacement combinations; thus, collecting angular displacement data provides a way of determining if movements have stabilized or if the participants are continuing in a search mode. 13 Variability in movement patterns has been shown to precede changes in performance 14 ; thus, the reliability of measurement is bolstered by evidence that movement patterns have also stabilized. Previous kinematic studies of the SEBT were limited in that they only examined sagittal plane angular displacement of the stance leg at the normalized maximum excursion distance in 3 of the 8 reach directions. 4,7 Because the SEBT requires reaching movements in 8 different directions, it seems reasonable to examine frontal and transverse plane movements of the stance leg. Therefore, the second purpose of
2 DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL MEASUREMENT, Robinson 365 Fig 1. (A) Anterior reach direction, (B) posteromedial reach direction, and (C) posterolateral reach direction. this study was to measure changes in sagittal plane displacement across trials at the knee and sagittal, frontal, and rotational displacement at the hip of the stance leg during the performance of all 8 reach directions to determine when movements have stabilized. METHODS Participants Twenty participants (10 women; age, y; height, m; weight, kg; 10 men; age, y, height, m; weight, kg) volunteered for the study and signed a university-approved informed consent form. Nineteen participants were undergraduate or graduate students in the department of kinesiology. Four participants were intercollegiate athletes (3 played women s basketball, 1 played men s hockey). Participants did not have any known musculoskeletal injuries or neurologic deficits that could have negatively affected their dynamic balance. Protocol Participants reported to the laboratory for a single testing session. The stance leg was determined to be the opposite of a participant s self-reported kicking leg. The length of the stance leg was measured from the anterosuperior iliac spine to the middle of the medial malleolus by using a standard tape measure while participants lay supine on a plinth. Leg length was used to normalize excursion distances. 3 We collected hip and knee angular displacement data by using an electromagnetic tracking system a and MotionMonitor software. b We attached electromagnetic sensors with self-adhesive (Velcro) straps to the participant s sacrum, the lateral midthigh, and the lateral midshank of their stance leg. Anatomic landmarks on the hip, knee, and ankle were digitized with a stylus attached to a fourth electromagnetic sensor in order to create a digitial representation of the stance leg and pelvis. The task goal and performance constraints of the SEBT were explained to participants. Participants completed 6 practice (P1 P6) and 3 test trials (T1 T3) in each of the 8 reach directions with 2 minutes of recovery between reach directions, practice trials, and test trials. The order of the reach directions was randomized. SEBT Performance The SEBT instrument was created by projecting and securing 8 tape measures at 45 o to each other from the center of a circle. Figures 1A, B, and C show 3 of the reach directions, respectively: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. Participants placed the foot of their stance leg in the middle of the SEBT instrument and aligned it with the tape measures that indicated the anteroposterior (AP) reach directions. As a guide for maintaining foot position, marks were made behind the heel and in front of the toes on the AP tape measures. Successful trials required that hands had to remain on hips, the foot position of the stance leg had to remain as originally positioned, and the heel of the stance leg had to stay in contact with the floor. Participants were instructed to make a maximum reach with the opposite leg in a specific reach direction, a light touch on the floor with the most distal part of the reaching foot, and a return to a double-leg stance without changing the base of support of the stance leg. If these criteria were not met, the trial was discarded, and an additional trial was performed. Reach distances were recorded by having one of the testers place a mark on the tape measure that corresponded to the touchdown point. During the 6 practice trials, the mark was erased before the next trial was performed, but during the 3 test trials the marks of previous trials remained. Angular Displacement Data Collection We collected angular displacement data for the stance leg at 100Hz with the electromagnetic tracking system. The Motion- Monitor software smoothed the data with a Butterworth filter set at 20Hz and calculated hip flexion, hip rotation, hip abduction, knee flexion, and knee rotation for the stance leg. The point of touchdown (maximum excursion distance) was indicated by having a tester depress an electronic trigger, which placed an event marker in the angular displacement data. Data Reduction The excursion distances were normalized by dividing by a participant s leg length and multiplying by 100 (normalized maximum excursion distance). 3 The hip flexion, hip rotation, hip abduction, knee flexion, and knee rotation data for the stance leg were displayed by using the MotionMonitor soft-
3 366 DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL MEASUREMENT, Robinson Table 1: Results of Repeated-Measures ANOVA for Normalized Maximum Excursion Distance Reach Direction F Ratio* P Effect Size Anterior Anterolateral Anteromedial Lateral Medial Posterior Posterolateral Posteromedial *Degrees of freedom (df): 8,144. ware, and the values that corresponded with touchdown of the reaching leg, as indicated by the event marker, were recorded. Statistical Analysis We administered separate, 1-way repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) c for each reach direction and joint displacement variable. When statistical significance was achieved, pairwise comparisons were made by using the least significant difference method. Significance for statistical tests was set a priori at P less than.05. RESULTS The results for normalized maximum excursion distance and angular displacement data will be presented separately. Human error during data collection and processing resulted in a few trials being lost and caused the discrepancies in degrees of freedom for F ratios. This resulted in 1 (anterolateral and posteromedial angular displacement variables) and 2 participants (posteriorlateral angular displacement variables) being eliminated from the statistical analyses for those reach directions. Normalized Maximum Excursion Distance Table 1 presents the results of repeated-measures ANOVA for normalized maximum excursion distance data. Table 2 presents means, standard errors, and indicates in which significant differences between trials occurred for normalized maximum excursion distance data. Every reach direction except anteromedial showed a significant increase in normalized maximum excursion distance across trials. In 6 of the 8 reach directions, P1 represented the shortest normalized maximum excursion distance, and in the other 2 reach directions (posterior and anteromedial) T1 was the shortest. In the 7 reach directions that showed statistical significance, T1 was shorter than T2 and T3. For the practice trials, the pattern of change in normalized maximum excursion distance was for the first trial to be the shortest and for normalized maximum excursion distance to stabilize after 2 or 3 additional trials. Only the lateral reach direction required more than 4 practice trials before stability was achieved (P5). Angular Displacement Table 3 presents F ratios and effect sizes for the angular displacement variables that showed significant differences. Tables 4 through 7 present means and standard errors and indicate where significant differences occurred between trials for knee flexion, hip rotation, hip abduction, and hip flexion, respectively. In 5 of the 8 reach directions, knee flexion showed a significant increase across trials (lateral direction approached significance, P.06). Hip flexion showed a significant increase in 4 of the 8 reach directions (medial direction approached significance, P.053). In the reach directions in which knee flexion and/or hip flexion showed a significant change, the first practice trial always exhibited significantly less angular displacement than some or all of the other practice or test trials. Only anterolateral (knee flexion) and posterolateral (hip flexion) required more than 4 trials (P5 and P6, respectively) before stability was achieved. Thus, the angular displacement data mirrored the pattern observed for normalized maximum excursion distance in which performance improved for 1 or 2 additional trials before stabilizing. In only 2 reach directions did hip rotation show a significant change (anterior, anterolateral). In both cases, the trend was for hip rotation to first increase across the practice trials but then be less or the least during the test trials. Only the anterior reach direction showed a significant change in hip abduction, with P1 actually showing less hip adduction than all the other trials except one. DISCUSSION For the majority of the reach directions, maximum excursion distances (normalized maximum excursion distance) and stance leg angular displacement values achieved stability within the first 4 practice trials. Every reach direction except anteromedial Table 2: Means Standard Errors (SEs) for Normalized Maximum Excursion Distance (% of leg length 100) (N 20) Anterior * * * * * * # * # Anterolateral * * * * * # * # Anteromedial Lateral * * * * * * # * # Medial * * * # # # Posterolateral * * * * * * * # * # Posteromedial * * * * # # Posterior * * * * # * # Abbreviations: P, practice trial; T, test trial. Significant difference from P2 (P.05). Significant difference from P3 (P.05). Significant difference from P4 (P.05). Significant difference from P5 (P.05). Significant difference from P6 (P.05). # Significant difference from T1 (P.05).
4 DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL MEASUREMENT, Robinson 367 Table 3: Statistically Significant Angular Displacement Variables Reach Direction Variable F Ratio P Effect Size Anterior Anterolateral Lateral Medial Posterolateral Posteromedial *df 8,144. df 8,136. df 8,128. Knee flexion 2.07* Hip rotation 2.69* Hip abduction 2.48* Knee flexion Hip rotation Hip flexion Hip flexion 2.46* Knee flexion 2.23* Knee flexion Hip flexion Knee flexion Hip flexion showed a significant increase in normalized maximum excursion distance across trials. For the test trials, T1 was significantly shorter than T2 and T3 in 7 of the 8 reach directions. Knee flexion and hip flexion exhibited significant increases across trials in 5 and 4 of the reach directions, respectively. Only 3 reach directions total showed significant changes in hip rotation (anterior and anterolateral) and hip abduction (anterior). The relatively rapid achievement of performance stability seems to conflict with the recommendation of Hertel et al 10 that 6 practice trials be performed to reduce the learning effect. The differences observed may be because the protocols administered in the 2 studies were not identical. As discussed previously, Hertel administered 4 blocks of 3 trials on 2 separate days and allowed subjects to use their arms for balance, which increases the biomechanic degrees of freedom that have to be coordinated and may increase learning time. 12 Constraints theory proposes that movement performance emerges from the interaction of task (rules, goals, equipment), environmental (ambient conditions external to the subject), and individual constraints (structural and functional). 15 The relative lack of improvement in normalized maximum excursion distance and angular displacement measures beyond the initial trials may be because the task constraints, specifically, the rules regarding movement performance (eg, hands on hips, maintain heel contact with the floor), limit movement options for increasing reach distance, as the angular displacement results indicate, primarily, to greater knee and hip flexion. Also, the stabilization of SEBT performance may be indicative of an energy minimization bias in which skill acquisition proceeds in the direction of greater movement economy. 16 If such a bias exists, it would conflict with the task goal (eg, make a maximum reach) and may make it necessary during the administration of the SEBT for participants to be consistently reminded to overcome this tendency (eg, make a maximum reach ). The test trials did not occur directly after the practice trials for that particular reach direction. Instead, all practice trials for each reach direction were completed before any of the test trials were administered. Such a protocol probably produced the warm-up decrement or a decrease in performance after a rest period 17 observed between T1 and the other 2 test trials. If clinicians administer the same or similar SEBT protocol in which there is a substantial rest period between practice and test trials for the same reach direction, then they should probably disregard the first test trial when determining a patient s score. The results of the current study along with the findings of Hertel et al 5 on the relationship between reach directions provides clinicians with further evidence that the administration of the SEBT can be streamlined and remain a valid test of dynamic postural control. Hertel reported that all reach directions loaded on a single factor and that reach directions were significantly correlated, which led to a conclusion of functional redundancy across the reach directions and a recommendation that the number of reach directions administered could be decreased without compromising the validity of the test. Specifically, Hertel recommended testing the anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial reach directions because they showed greater sensitivity to the functional deficiencies of those participants with chronic ankle instability. Participants in the current study did not complete warm-up exercises before performing the SEBT. Given the apparent importance of hip and knee flexion range of motion to reach distance, perhaps the inclusion of warm-up exercises could reduce the number of practice trials ( 4 trials) needed to achieve performance stability. A reduction in practice trials and reach directions tested will make the Table 4: Means SEs (deg) for Knee Flexion (N 20) Anterior * * * * Anterolateral * * * * * * Anteromedial Lateral Medial * * * * * Posterolateral * * * * * * Posteromedial * * * * * * * * Posterior Significant difference from P2 (P.05). Significant difference from P3 (P.05). Significant difference from P5 (P.05). Significant difference from P6 (P.05). Significant difference from T1 (P.05).
5 368 DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL MEASUREMENT, Robinson Table 5: Means SEs (deg) for Hip Rotation (N 20) Anterior Anterolateral * * * Anteromedial Lateral Medial Posterolateral Posteromedial Posterior *Significant difference from P3 (P.05). Significant difference from P5 (P.05). Significant difference from T2 (P.05). Significant difference from T3 (P.05). SEBT less time-consuming for clincians to administer without a loss of information about a patient s dynamic postural control. The knee flexion values for the current study were less in all 8 directions than those reported by Earl and Hertel. 18 For example, Earl and Hertel reported a knee flexion value for the anterior direction of approximately 70, whereas the maximum mean value for any trial in the current study was 52. However, there was fairly close agreement as to where each reach direction ranked in terms of the magnitude of knee flexion. In both studies, the greatest knee flexion occurred during the performance of the medial and anteromedial reach directions (although the order was reversed), and the least amount of knee flexion occurred during the performance of the lateral directions (posterolateral in the current study and lateral in the study by Earl and Hertel). There are at least 4 possibilities for the discrepancy in knee flexion values. The differences in knee flexion values may be a consequence of measuring angular displacement with different devices (electrogoniometer vs electromagnetic tracking). Although it has been assumed that maximum knee flexion occurs at the point of touchdown, perhaps the knee is maximally flexed before or after maximum reach occurs. Furthermore, assuming that maximum knee flexion occurs at touchdown, in the current study this point was indicated by the manual depression of an electronic trigger, thus involving the reaction time of the tester and making it possible that the event markers placed in the data corresponded to less than the maximum knee flexion value. Last, allowing compensatory and counterbalancing arm movements as in the Earl and Hertel 18 study should have increased participants dynamic postural control and may have enabled them to achieve greater knee flexion values. Study Limitations and Future Investigations Methodologically, there are several limitations that could be avenues for improving future investigations. A means for automatically recording foot touchdown (eg, foot switch) at maximum excursion distance as opposed to the manual depression of an electronic trigger (which involves the reaction time of the tester) would ensure exact correspondence with angular displacement data. Similarly, automatic measurement would eliminate errors made by the tester in visually tracking, marking, and reporting maximum excursion distance scores. Perhaps this could be accomplished by placing an electromagnetic sensor on the distal part of the foot and configuring the MotionMonitor software to measure the horizontal distance from the center of the star excursion grid to touchdown. Previously, biomechanic analyses of the SEBT have been limited to angular displacement of the stance leg at specific joints and specific times (eg, maximum excursion distance). Some of what remains to be known are (1) the velocity and acceleration patterns at specific joints, (2) intra- and interlimb coordination (eg, relationship of hip and knee joint of the stance leg, interaction of the stance and reaching legs), (3) the kinetics of SEBT performance (eg, center of pressure measurements), and (4) how variability and individuality affect SEBT performance. The dynamic systems approach, because it involves studying the integration and changing relationship of multiple factors 19 as well as the expectation of functional variability 20 and individual specificity 21 in performance, seems best suited for investigating these objectives. The dynamic systems strategy could be used by changing the task constraints of the SEBT (eg, allowing arm Table 6: Means SEs (deg) for Hip Abduction (N 20) Anterior * * * * * * * Anterolateral Anteromedial Lateral Medial Posterolateral Posteromedial Posterior Significant difference from P3 (P.05). Significant difference from T1 (P.05).
6 DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL MEASUREMENT, Robinson 369 Table 7: Means SEs (deg) for Hip Flexion (N 20) Anterior Anterolateral * * * Anteromedial Lateral * * * Medial Posterolateral * * * * * * * * * Posteromedial * * * * * * * Posterior Significant difference from P2 (P.05). Significant difference from P3 (P.05). Significant difference from P4 (P.05). Significant difference from P5 (P.05). Significant difference from T1 (P.05). movements and plantarflexion) and increasing a likely control parameter (eg, maximum excursion distance) and tracking the changes in the order parameters (eg, relative phase) that represent the intra- and interlimb coordinative relationships. 19 If different coordinative relationships are revealed, then this paradigm could be applied in a measurement context to create a more demanding and individually specific test of dynamic postural control. 1 CONCLUSIONS SEBT performance, as represented by normalized maximum excursion distance, showed a significant increase across trials in 7 of the 8 reach directions. Knee flexion and hip flexion exhibited significant increases across trials in 5 and 4 of the reach directions, respectively. Normalized maximum excursion distance and angular displacement measures stabilized after approximately 4 practice trials. The relative lack of change in performance may be caused by restrictive task constraints and possibly an inherent energy minimization bias. The significant differences observed between the first test trial and the other 2 test trials was probably caused by warm-up decrement, which can be managed by disregarding the first test trial and determining a client s score from the last 2 trials. The findings of the current study together with previous research means that clinicians can streamline SEBT administration by reducing the number of reach directions from 8 to 3 (eg, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial) and practice trials from 6 to 4 without affecting the validity of the test. The inclusion of warm-up exercises could further reduce the number of practice trials needed to achieve performance stability. Future research should involve greater automation of data collection and use a dynamic systems approach to investigate the relationship of the multiple factors that underlie SEBT performance. Such an investigation may produce a more demanding and individually specific test of dynamic postural control. Acknowledgment: We thank Katie Rovtar, BS, for her assistance during data collection. References 1. Burton AW, Miller DE. Movement skill assessment. Champaign: Human Kinetics; Gray G. Lower extremity functional profile. Adrian: Wynn Marketing; Gribble PA, Hertel J. Considerations for normalizing measures of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2003;7: Gribble PA, Hertel J, Denegar CR, Buckley WE. The effects of fatigue and chronic ankle instability on dynamic postural control. J Athl Train 2004;39: Hertel J, Braham RA, Hale SA, Olmsted-Kramer LC. Simplifying the Star Excursion Balance Test: analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36: Olmsted LC, Carcia CR, Hertel J, Schultz SJ. Efficacy of the Star Excursion Balance Tests in detecting reaching deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train 2002;37: Gribble PA, Hertel J, Denegar CR. Chronic ankle instability and fatigue create proximal joint alterations during performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test. Int J Sports Med 2007;28: Denegar CR, Miller SJ, Challis JH. Factors predictive of anterior reach test balance performance. J Athl Train 2001;37(Suppl 2): 53-S. 9. Earl JE, Hertel J, Denegar CR. Efficacy of a 6-week neuromuscular rehabilitation program on pain, function, muscle activity and joint motion in patients with patellofemoral pain. J Athl Train 2002;38(Suppl 2):83-S. 10. Hertel J, Miller S, Denegar C. Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Test. J Sport Rehabil 2000;9: Kinzey S, Armstrong C. The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1998; 27: Bernstein N. Coordination and regulation of movement. New York: Pergamon Pr; Sparrow WA, Hughes KM, Russell AP, Le Rossignol PF. Effects of practice and preferred rate on perceived exertion, metabolic variables, and movement control. Hum Mov Sci 1999;18: Haken H, Kelso JA, Bunz H. A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biol Cybern 1985;51: Newell KM. Constraints on the development of coordination. In: Wade MG, Whiting HT, editors. Motor development in children: aspects of coordination and control. Boston: Martinus-Nijhoff; p Sparrow WA, Newell KM. Metabolic energy expenditure and regulation of movement economy. Psychol Bull Rev 1998;5:
7 370 DYNAMIC POSTURAL CONTROL MEASUREMENT, Robinson 17. Newell KM, Mayer-Kress G, Liu YT. Time scales in motor learning and development. Psychol Rev 2001;108: Earl JE, Hertel J. Lower extremity muscle activation during Star Excursion Balance Tests. J Sport Rehabil 2001;10: Kurz MJ, Stergiou N. Applied dynamic systems theory for the analysis of movement. In: Stergiou, N, editor. Innovative analyses of human movement. Champaign: Human Kinetics; p James CR. Considerations of movement variability in biomechanics research. In: Stergiou N, editor. Innovative analyses of human movement. Champaign: Human Kinetics; p Bates BT, James CR, Dufek JS. Single-subject analyses. In: Stergiou N, editor. Innovative analyses of human movement. Champaign: Human Kinetics; p Suppliers a. Ascension Technology Corp, PO Box 527, Burlington, VT b. Innovative Sports Training Inc, 3711 N Ravenswood, Ste 150, Chicago, IL c. Version 14.0; SPSS Inc, 233 S Wacker Dr, 11th Fl, Chicago, IL
Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control
Influence of Foot Type and Orthotics on Static and Dynamic Postural Control Lauren C. Olmsted and Jay Hertel Context: The effects of custom-molded foot orthotics on neuromuscular processes are not clearly
More informationRelationship between Ground Reaction Force and Stability Level of the Lower Extremity in Runners Background: Objective: Design and Setting:
Relationship between Ground Reaction Force and Stability Level of the Lower Extremity in Runners Kimitake Sato, Monique Butcher-Mokha Barry University Miami Shores, FL Background: Neuromuscular control
More informationThe Starting Point. Prosthetic Alignment in the Transtibial Amputee. Outline. COM Motion in the Coronal Plane
Prosthetic Alignment in the Transtibial Amputee The Starting Point David C. Morgenroth, MD, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Washington VAPSHCS Outline COM Motion in the Coronal Plane
More informationThe Influence of Load Carrying Modes on Gait variables of Healthy Indian Women
The Influence of Load Carrying Modes on Gait variables of Healthy Indian Women *Guha Thakurta A, Iqbal R and De A National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Powai, Vihar Lake, Mumbai-400087, India,
More informationASSESMENT Introduction REPORTS Running Reports Walking Reports Written Report
ASSESMENT REPORTS Introduction Left panel Avatar Playback Right Panel Patient Gait Parameters Report Tab Click on parameter to view avatar at that point in time 2 Introduction Software will compare gait
More informationTHE ANKLE-HIP TRANSVERSE PLANE COUPLING DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF NORMAL WALKING
THE ANKLE-HIP TRANSVERSE PLANE COUPLING DURING THE STANCE PHASE OF NORMAL WALKING Thales R. Souza, Rafael Z. Pinto, Renato G. Trede, Nadja C. Pereira, Renata N. Kirkwood and Sérgio T. Fonseca. Movement
More informationINTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING
INTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING Joseph P. Hunter 1, Robert N. Marshall 1,, and Peter J. McNair 3 1 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland,
More informationServe the only stroke in which the player has full control over its outcome. Bahamonde (2000) The higher the velocity, the smaller the margin of
Lower Extremity Performance of Tennis Serve Reporter: Chin-Fu Hsu Adviser: Lin-Hwa Wang OUTLINE Introduction Kinetic Chain Serve Types Lower Extremity Movement Summary Future Work INTRODUCTION Serve the
More informationComparison of Kinematics and Kinetics During Drop and Drop Jump Performance
schouweiler, hess UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research XIII (21) Comparison of Kinematics and Kinetics During Drop and Drop Jump Performance Ryan Schouweiler, Karina Hess Faculty Sponsor: Thomas Kernozek,
More informationGROUND REACTION FORCE DOMINANT VERSUS NON-DOMINANT SINGLE LEG STEP OFF
GROUND REACTION FORCE DOMINANT VERSUS NON-DOMINANT SINGLE LEG STEP OFF Sara Gharabaghli, Rebecca Krogstad, Sara Lynch, Sofia Saavedra, and Tamara Wright California State University, San Marcos, San Marcos,
More informationThe importance of physical activity throughout an individual's life is indisputable. As healthcare
What to Expect When They re Expecting: A Look at Biomechanical Changes in Walking/Running During Pregnancy Jennifer Bruer-Vandeweert, Megan Hotchkiss, Jamie Kronenberg, Kristin Olson Dr. Rumit Singh Kakar,
More informationA bit of background. Session Schedule 3:00-3:10: Introduction & session overview. Overarching research theme: CPTA
A Cognitive-Biomechanical Perspective for the Management of Common Chronic Musculoskeletal Conditions Skulpan Asavasopon, PT, PhD Loma Linda University Christopher M. Powers, PT, PhD, FAPTA University
More informationAnkle biomechanics demonstrates excessive and prolonged time to peak rearfoot eversion (see Foot Complex graph). We would not necessarily expect
Case Study #1 The first case study is a runner presenting with bilateral shin splints with pain and tenderness along the medial aspect of the tibia. The symptoms have increased significantly over the last
More informationEffects of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic Postural Stability
Effects of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic Postural Stability By: Karen P Cote, Michael E Brunet, II, Bruce M Gansneder, Sandra J Shultz * Cote KP, Brunet ME, Gansneder BM, Shultz
More informationTRAUMA TO A LOWER EXTREMITY may impair its. Three-Point Gait Crutch Walking: Variability in Ground Reaction Force During Weight Bearing
86 Three-Point Gait Crutch Walking: Variability in Ground Reaction Force During Weight Bearing Sheng Li, MD, Charles W. Armstrong, PhD, Daniel Cipriani, MEd, PT ABSTRACT. Li S, Armstrong CW, Cipriani D.
More informationvideo Outline Pre-requisites of Typical Gait Case Studies Case 1 L5 Myelomeningocele Case 1 L5 Myelomeningocele
Outline Evaluation of Orthosis Function in Children with Neuromuscular Disorders Using Motion Analysis Outcomes Terminology Methods Typically developing Case examples variety of pathologies Sylvia Õunpuu,
More informationRunning injuries - what are the most important factors
Created as a free resource by Clinical Edge Based on Physio Edge podcast 59 with Greg Lehman, Tom Goom and Dr Christian Barton Get your free trial of online Physio education at Why do runners get injured?
More informationPosture influences ground reaction force: implications for crouch gait
University of Tennessee, Knoxville From the SelectedWorks of Jeffrey A. Reinbolt July 14, 2010 Posture influences ground reaction force: implications for crouch gait H. X. Hoang Jeffrey A. Reinbolt, University
More informationEffects of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic Postural Stability
Journal of Athletic Training 2005;40(1):41 46 by the National Athletic Trainers Association, Inc www.journalofathletictraining.org Effects of Pronated and Supinated Foot Postures on Static and Dynamic
More informationFoot Biomechanics Getting Back to the Base
Foot Biomechanics Getting Back to the Base Christopher J. Mehallo, D.O. Rothman Institute Orthopaedics Objectives Understand basic foot biomechanics during walking and running Understand common sports
More informationBIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF RUNNING AND SOCCER SHOES: METHODOLOGY AND TESTING PROCEDURES. Ewald M. Hennig
BIOMECHANICAL EVALUATION OF RUNNING AND SOCCER SHOES: METHODOLOGY AND TESTING PROCEDURES Ewald M. Hennig Biomechanics Laboratory, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany Running shoes are the footwear,
More informationby Michael Young Human Performance Consulting
by Michael Young Human Performance Consulting The high performance division of USATF commissioned research to determine what variables were most critical to success in the shot put The objective of the
More informationKOTARO SASAKI Curriculum Vitae
KOTARO SASAKI Curriculum Vitae Department of Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering Boise State University 1910 University Dr. Boise ID 83725-2075 Phone: (208) 426-4027 Email: kosasaki@boisestate.edu EDUCATION
More informationTuesday, 18 July 2006 TUA2-4: 12:00-12:15
Tuesday, 18 July 2006 TUA2-4: 12:00-12:15 KINETIC LINK - DOES IT EXISTS IN THE KUDA AND SILA SERVE KICKING TECHNIQUE OF SEPAK-TAKRAW? Ian Harris Sujae, Michael Koh, Teik Hin Physical Education and Sports
More informationNormal Gait and Dynamic Function purpose of the foot in ambulation. Normal Gait and Dynamic Function purpose of the foot in ambulation
Normal Gait and Dynamic Function purpose of the foot in ambulation Edward P. Mulligan, PT, DPT, OCS, SCS, ATC Assistant Professor; Residency Chair UT Southwestern School of Health Professions Department
More informationFoot mechanics & implications on training, posture and movement
Foot mechanics & implications on training, posture and movement Three Arches Three Arches These arches are not reciprocal. When the foot pronates ALL arches should fall. If the medial arch falls and the
More informationSmita Rao PT PhD. Judith F. Baumhauer MD Josh Tome MS Deborah A. Nawoczenski PT PhD
Smita Rao PT PhD Judith F. Baumhauer MD Josh Tome MS Deborah A. Nawoczenski PT PhD Strong Foot and Ankle Institute Department of Orthopaedics University of Rochester Rochester, NY Center for Foot and Ankle
More informationSteffen Willwacher, Katina Fischer, Gert Peter Brüggemann Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
P01-3 ID126 SURFACE STIFFNESS AFFECTS JOINT LOADING IN RUNNING Steffen Willwacher, Katina Fischer, Gert Peter Brüggemann Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
More informationHPW Biomechanics
HPW Biomechanics hpw@mail.com www.hpwbiomechanics.com ~ via e-mail ~ January 31, 213 To: Attn: From: Subject: I-Roc Debbie Chapman Janet S. Dufek, Ph.D. Research Scientist Additional Footwear Evaluation
More informationAn investigation of kinematic and kinetic variables for the description of prosthetic gait using the ENOCH system
An investigation of kinematic and kinetic variables for the description of prosthetic gait using the ENOCH system K. OBERG and H. LANSHAMMAR* Amputee Training and Research Unit, University Hospital, Fack,
More informationWalking speemtmmkubjects and amputees: aspects of validity of gait analysis
Prostheticsand Orthoti~Inte~national, 1993, 17, 78-82 Walking speemtmmkubjects and : aspects of validity of gait analysis A. M. BOONSTRA*, V. FIDLER** and W. H. EISMA* *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine,
More informationSensitivity of toe clearance to leg joint angles during extensive practice of obstacle crossing: Effects of vision and task goal
Sensitivity of toe clearance to leg joint angles during extensive practice of obstacle crossing: Effects of vision and task goal Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues 1, Valéria Duarte Garcia 1,2, Arturo Forner- Cordero
More informationAssessments SIMPLY GAIT. Posture and Gait. Observing Posture and Gait. Postural Assessment. Postural Assessment 6/28/2016
Assessments 2 SIMPLY GAIT Understanding movement Evaluations of factors that help therapist form professional judgments Include health, palpatory, range of motion, postural, and gait assessments Assessments
More informationNormal and Abnormal Gait
Normal and Abnormal Gait Adrielle Fry, MD EvergreenHealth, Division of Sport and Spine University of Washington Board Review Course March 6, 2017 What are we going to cover? Definitions and key concepts
More informationDoes Ski Width Influence Muscle Action in an Elite Skier? A Case Study. Montana State University Movement Science Laboratory Bozeman, MT 59717
Does Ski Width Influence Muscle Action in an Elite Skier? A Case Study John G. Seifert 1, Heidi Nunnikhoven 1, Cory Snyder 1, Ronald Kipp 2 1 Montana State University Movement Science Laboratory Bozeman,
More informationKINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF BASKETBALL JUMP SHOTS PROJECTED FROM VARYING DISTANCES. M. N. Satern. Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA
313 KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF BASKETBALL JUMP SHOTS PROJECTED FROM VARYING DISTANCES M. N. Satern Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA INTRODUCTION The ability to score points is critical to a
More informationKey words: biomechanics, injury, technique, measurement, strength, evaluation
Becker, T., & Havriluk, R. (2006). Bilateral and anterior-posterior muscular imbalances in swimmers. In J. P. Vilas-Boas, F. Alves, A. Marques (Eds.), Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming X. Portuguese
More informationOriginal Article. CHUNG-HWI YI, PhD, PT 1), SO-YEON PARK, MSc, PT 2), SANG-HEON LEE, MSc, OT 2)
Original Article J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 16: 1 5, 2004 CHUNG-HWI YI, PhD, PT 1), SO-YEON PARK, MSc, PT 2), SANG-HEON LEE, MSc, OT 2) 1) Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University:
More informationMobility Lab provides sensitive, valid and reliable outcome measures.
Mobility Lab provides sensitive, valid and reliable outcome measures. ith hundreds of universities and hospitals using this system worldwide, Mobility Lab is the most trusted wearable gait and balance
More informationSpasticity in gait. Wessex ACPIN Spasticity Presentation Alison Clarke
Spasticity in gait Clinicians recognise spasticity but the elements of spasticity contributing to gait patterns are often difficult to identify: Variability of muscle tone Observation/recording General
More informationBiomechanical analysis of gait termination in year old youth at preferred and fast walking speeds
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Faculty Publications 2016-10 Biomechanical analysis of gait termination in 11 17 year old youth at preferred and fast walking speeds Sarah T. Ridge Brigham
More informationPalacký Univerzity in Olomouc Faculty of Physical Culture
Project: Sophisticated biomechanic diagnostics of human movement Registration number: CZ.1.07/2.3.00/09.0209 Palacký Univerzity in Olomouc Faculty of Physical Culture Tento projekt je spolufinancován Evropským
More informationA New Approach to Modeling Vertical Stiffness in Heel-Toe Distance Runners
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Faculty Publications 2003-12-01 A New Approach to Modeling Vertical Stiffness in Heel-Toe Distance Runners Iain Hunter iain_hunter@byu.edu Follow this and
More informationA Biomechanical Approach to Javelin. Blake Vajgrt. Concordia University. December 5 th, 2012
A Biomechanical Approach to Javelin Blake Vajgrt Concordia University December 5 th, 2012 The Biomechanical Approach to Javelin 2 The Biomechanical Approach to Javelin Javelin is one of the four throwing
More informationGender Differences in Hip Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Side-Step Cutting Maneuver
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Gender Differences in Hip Joint Kinematics and Kinetics During Side-Step Cutting Maneuver Christine D. Pollard, PhD, PT, Susan M. Sigward, PhD, PT, and Christopher M. Powers, PhD, PT
More informationREPORT. A comparative study of the mechanical and biomechanical behaviour of natural turf and hybrid turf for the practise of sports
REPORT A comparative study of the mechanical and biomechanical behaviour of natural turf and hybrid turf for the practise of sports Addressed to: PSF - PALAU TURF Date: May 2015 Table of Contents SHEET
More informationREPLACING REDUNDANT STABILOMETRY PARAMETERS WITH RATIO AND MAXIMUM DEVIATION PARAMETERS
Proceedings of the 12th IASTED International Conference Biomedical Engineering (BioMed 2016) February 15-16, 2016 Innsbruck, Austria REPLACING REDUNDANT STABILOMETRY PARAMETERS WITH RATIO AND MAXIMUM DEVIATION
More informationDoes isolated hip abductor fatigue lead to biomechanical changes of trunk, pelvis and lower leg during single-leg landing?
Does isolated hip abductor fatigue lead to biomechanical changes of trunk, pelvis and lower leg during single-leg landing? Yu Iwama 1, Kengo Harato 1, Satoshi Imai 2, Aiko Sakurai 1, Yutaro Morishige 1,
More information*Author for Correspondence
COMPARISON OF SELECTED KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF THE BALL MOVEMENT AT FREE THROW AND JUMP SHOT OF BASKETBALL ADULT PLAYERS *Mahdi Arab Khazaeli 1, Heydar Sadeghi 1, Alireza Rahimi 2 And Masoud Mirmoezzi
More informationRUNNING SHOE STIFFNESS: THE EFFECT ON WALKING GAIT
RUNNING SHOE STIFFNESS: THE EFFECT ON WALKING GAIT Stephen N Stanley, Peter J M c Nair, Angela G Walker, & Robert N Marshall Auckland Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand University of Auckland,
More informationArtifacts Due to Filtering Mismatch in Drop Landing Moment Data
Camenga et al. UW-L Journal of Undergraduate Research XVI (213) Artifacts Due to Filtering Mismatch in Drop Landing Moment Data Elizabeth T. Camenga, Casey J. Rutten, Brendan D. Gould, Jillian T. Asmus,
More informationComparison of Reliability of Isometric Leg Muscle Strength Measurements Made Using a Hand-Held Dynamometer with and without a Restraining Belt
Original Article Comparison of Reliability of Isometric Leg Muscle Strength Measurements Made Using a Hand-Held Dynamometer with and without a Restraining Belt J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 21: 37 42, 2009 MUNENORI
More informationEquine Cannon Angle System
Equine Cannon System How to interpret the results December 2010 Page 1 of 14 Table of Contents Introduction... 3 The Sagittal Plane... 4 The Coronal Plane... 5 Results Format... 6 How to Interpret the
More informationDoes Changing Step Width Alter Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Running?
University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 5-2012 Does Changing Step Width Alter Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Running? Richard
More informationRunning Gait Mechanics. Walking vs Running. Ankle Joint Complex Sagittal Plane. As speed increases, when has walking ended and running begun?
Running Gait Mechanics Walking vs Running As speed increases, when has walking ended and running begun? Ankle Joint Complex Sagittal Plane 1 Ankle Joint Complex Sagittal Plane Pos. @FS 5 o DF Absorption
More informationGait Analyser. Description of Walking Performance
Gait Analyser Description of Walking Performance This brochure will help you to understand clearly the parameters described in the report of the Gait Analyser, provide you with tips to implement the walking
More informationThe Problem. An Innovative Approach to the Injured Runner. Dosage. Mechanics. Structure! Postural Observations. Lower Quarter Assessment
The Problem An Innovative Approach to the Injured Runner Irene S. Davis, PhD, PT, FAPTA, FACSM Director, Spaulding National Running Center Harvard Medical School Healthy People 2020 Initiative 76% runners
More informationPurpose. Outline. Angle definition. Objectives:
Disclosure Information AACPDM 69 th Annual Meeting October 21-24, 2015 Speaker Names: Sylvia Õunpuu, MSc and Kristan Pierz, MD Gait Analysis Data Interpretation: Understanding Kinematic Relationships Within
More informationThe overarching aim of the work presented in this thesis was to assess and
CHAPTER 7 EPILOGUE Chapter 7 The overarching aim of the work presented in this thesis was to assess and understand the effort for balance control in terms of the metabolic cost of walking in able-bodied
More informationAdaptation to Knee Flexion Torque Assistance in Double Support Phase
Adaptation to Knee Flexion Torque Assistance in Double Support Phase James S. Sulzer, Keith E. Gordon, T. George Hornby, Michael A. Peshkin and James L. Patton Abstract Studies have shown locomotor adaptation
More informationPURPOSE. METHODS Design
7 Murrary, M.P.; Sepic, S.B.; Gardner, G.M.; and Mollinger, L.A., "Gait patterns of above-knee amputees using constant-friction knee components," Bull Prosthet Res, 17(2):35-45, 1980. 8 Godfrey, C.M.;
More information10/22/15. Walking vs Running. Normal Running Mechanics. Treadmill vs. Overground Are they the same? Importance of Gait Analysis.
2 angle (deg) 1/22/1 Normal Running Mechanics Walking vs Running Irene Davis, PhD, PT, FACSM, FAPTA, FASB Director, Spaulding National Running Center Walking Periods of DOUBLE SUPPORT Running Periods of
More informationEFFECTS OF SPEED AND INCLINE ON LOWER EXTREMITY KINEMATICS DURING TREADMILL JOGGING IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING- EFFECTS OF SPEED AND INCLINE ON LOWER EXTREMITY KINEMATICS DURING TREADMILL JOGGING IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS 73 LAN-YUEN GUO 1, FONG-CHIN SU 2, CHICH-HAUNG YANG 3, SHU-HUI WANG 3, JYH-JONG
More informationUsing Hexoskin Wearable Technology to Obtain Body Metrics During Trail Hiking
Technical Note Using Hexoskin Wearable Technology to Obtain Body Metrics During Trail Hiking JEFF MONTES 1, TORI M. STONE 1, JACOB W. MANNING 2, DAMON MCCUNE 1, DEBRA K. TACAD 1, JOHN C. YOUNG 1, MARK
More informationThe Optimal Downhill Slope for Acute Overspeed Running
International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2008, 3, 88-93 2008 Human Kinetics, Inc. The Optimal Downhill Slope for Acute Overspeed Running William P. Ebben Purpose: This study evaluated
More informationMegan E. Krause, BSBSE, Young Hui Chang, Ph.D. Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory. Georgia Institute of Technology
Megan E. Krause, BSBSE, Young Hui Chang, Ph.D. Comparative Neuromechanics Laboratory Sh School of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology 1 Variety of ankle constraints during locomotion: Fashion
More informationempower Reclaim your power. Information for technicians empower Ottobock 1
empower Reclaim your power. Information for technicians empower Ottobock 1 empower Powered propulsion for more freedom in life The empower Ankle is an innovation in the field of prosthetic feet. It is
More informationA QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH RACQUET POSITION BACKHAND DRIVE OF AN ELITE RACQUETBALL PLAYER
A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH RACQUET POSITION BACKHAND DRIVE OF AN ELITE RACQUETBALL PLAYER John R. Stevenson Wayne P. Hollander Since 1950, when Joe Sobek put strings on his paddleball paddle, the
More informationJEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
Walking Technique and Estimated VO 2 max Values 21 JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Official Journal of The American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) ISSN 1097-9751 An International
More informationEffects of fatigue on center-of-mass acceleration during a prolonged overground run
Research Article http://www.alliedacademies.org/journal-physical-therapy-sports-medicine/ Effects of fatigue on center-of-mass acceleration during a prolonged overground run Scott Evans 1*, Sara Winter
More informationNeurorehabil Neural Repair Oct 23. [Epub ahead of print]
APPENDICE Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009 Oct 23. [Epub ahead of print] Segmental Muscle Vibration Improves Walking in Chronic Stroke Patients With Foot Drop: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Paoloni M,
More informationMutual and asynchronous anticipation and action in sports as globally competitive
1 Supplementary Materials Mutual and asynchronous anticipation and action in sports as globally competitive and locally coordinative dynamics Keisuke Fujii, Tadao Isaka, Motoki Kouzaki and Yuji Yamamoto.
More informationRunning Injuries in Adolescents Jeffrey Shilt, M.D. Part 1 Page 1
Running Injuries in Adolescents Jeffrey Shilt, M.D. Chief Surgical Officer, The Woodlands, Texas Children's Hospital Associate Professor, Orthopedic and Scoliosis Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine Part
More informationBiomechanical analysis of the medalists in the 10,000 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics
STUDY Biomechanical analysis of the medalists in the 10,000 metres at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics by IAAF 23:3; 61-66, 2008 By Yasushi Enomoto, Hirosuke Kadono, Yuta Suzuki, Tetsu Chiba,
More informationvideo Purpose Pathological Gait Objectives: Primary, Secondary and Compensatory Gait Deviations in CP AACPDM IC #3 1
s in CP Disclosure Information AACPDM 71st Annual Meeting September 13-16, 2017 Speaker Names: Sylvia Ounpuu, MSc and Kristan Pierz, MD Differentiating Between, Secondary and Compensatory Mechanisms in
More informationDenny Wells, Jacqueline Alderson, Kane Middleton and Cyril Donnelly
11:45 am-12:00 pm Denny Wells. Assessing the accuracy of inverse kinematics in OpenSim to estimate elbow flexionextension during cricket bowling: Maintaining the rigid linked assumption. (201) ASSESSING
More informationPREVIEW ONLY SWIMMING FAST SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT OF SWIMMERS. Cameron Elliott. These notes are a preview. Slides are limited.
Be sure to convert to your own time zone at Cameron Elliott B.App.Sc (Physio) PHYSIOTHERAPY ASSESSMENT OF SWIMMERS Cameron Elliott SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA Over 160,000 adults participate in organised swimming
More informationChayanin Angthong, MD, PhD Foot & Ankle Surgery Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
The relationships between patient-reported outcome, quality of life, and gait characteristics using a wearable foot inertial-sensor assessment in patients with foot and ankle conditions Chayanin Angthong,
More informationFootwear Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
This article was downloaded by: [University of Calgary] On: 22 May 2012, At: 07:35 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office:
More informationEFFECTS OF COURT SPECIFIC AND MINIMALIST FOOTWEAR ON THE BIOMECHANICS OF A MAXIMAL 180 CUTTING MANOEUVRE
2017; 18 (1): 29 36 EFFECTS OF COURT SPECIFIC AND MINIMALIST FOOTWEAR ON THE BIOMECHANICS OF A MAXIMAL 180 CUTTING MANOEUVRE original paper doi: 10.1515/humo-2017-0001 JONATHAN KENNETH SINCLAIR University
More informationThe BESS can be performed in nearly any environment and takes approximately 10 minutes to conduct.
Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) Developed by researchers and clinicians at the University of North Carolina s Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 8700 The Balance Error Scoring
More informationCHAPTER IV FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE JOINT WITHOUT A MEDICAL IMPLANT
39 CHAPTER IV FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE KNEE JOINT WITHOUT A MEDICAL IMPLANT 4.1 Modeling in Biomechanics The human body, apart of all its other functions is a mechanical mechanism and a structure,
More informationHip Abduction Strength and Its Relationship with Sequential Movement and Ball Velocity in Softball Players
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Health, Human Performance and Recreation Undergraduate Honors Theses Health, Human Performance and Recreation 5-2012 Hip Abduction Strength and Its
More informationThe effect of different backpack loading systems on trunk forward lean angle during walking among college students
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com European Journal of Sports and Exercise Science, 2012, 1 (1):1-5 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN: 2278 005X The effect of different
More informationDynamic Warm up. the age of the athlete current physical condition and prior exercise experience
Dynamic Warm up 10-20 minutes May be dependent on: the age of the athlete current physical condition and prior exercise experience Prepares the body for the demands of a work out or practice Increases
More informationThe Test-Retest Reliability of Anatomical Co-Ordinate Axes Definition for the Quantification of Lower Extremity Kinematics During Running
Journal of Human Kinetics volume 35/2012, 15-25 DOI:10.2478/v10078-012-0075-8 15 Section I Kinesiology The Test-Retest Reliability of Anatomical Co-Ordinate Axes Definition for the Quantification of Lower
More informationInvestigation of Bio-Kinematic Elements of Three Point Shoot in Basketball
International Journal of Sports Science 2017, 7(4): 163-169 DOI: 10.5923/j.sports.20170704.02 Investigation of Bio-Kinematic Elements of Three Point Shoot in Basketball Ikram Hussain, Fuzail Ahmad *, Nidhi
More informationBall impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 34 (2012 ) 200 205 9 th Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association (ISEA) Ball impact dynamics of knuckling shot in soccer
More informationKinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball
Proceedings Kinematic Differences between Set- and Jump-Shot Motions in Basketball Hiroki Okubo 1, * and Mont Hubbard 2 1 Department of Advanced Robotics, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma,
More informationImpact of heel position on leg muscles during walking
Original article Niigata Journal of Health and Welfare Vol. 14, No. 1 Impact of heel position on leg muscles during walking Koichi Akaishi Graduate School of Health and Welfare, Niigata University of Health
More informationG-EOL. Discover the simplicity of gait therapy intended for daily use
G-EOL Discover the simplicity of gait therapy intended for daily use Reha Technology a passion for robotic-assisted gait therapy For over 10 years, Reha Technology has been successfully developing innovative,
More informationClinical Biomechanics
Clinical Biomechanics 25 (2010) 1047 1052 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Biomechanics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinbiomech Gender differences in lower extremity gait
More informationLoad dynamics of joints in Nordic walking
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 11 (2011) 544 551 5 th Asia-Pacific Congress on Sports Technology (APCST) Load dynamics of joints in Nordic walking Takayuki Koizumi a*, Nobutaka
More informationThe Effect of a Seven Week Exercise Program on Golf Swing Performance and Musculoskeletal Screening Scores
The Effect of a Seven Week Exercise Program on Golf Swing Performance and Musculoskeletal Screening Scores 2017 Mico Hannes Olivier Bachelor of Sport Science Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine Bond
More informationMyths and Science in Cycling
Myths and Science in Cycling John McDaniel, PhD Kent State University Jim Martin, PhD - U of Utah Steve Elmer, PhD- Michigan Tech Who am I PhD in Exercise Physiology under Dr. Jim Martin at the University
More informationAxis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement
Sports scientists and medical practitioners use formal terms to describe directionality, joint movement, and muscle movement. These universal terms let us use fewer words when describing movement, teaching,
More informationEmpower. Reclaim your power. Information for technicians. Empower Ottobock 1
Empower Reclaim your power. Information for technicians Empower Ottobock 1 Empower Powered propulsion for more freedom in life The Empower is an innovation in the field of prosthetic feet. It is equipped
More informationImpact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer
Proceedings Impact Points and Their Effect on Trajectory in Soccer Kaoru Kimachi 1, *, Sungchan Hong 2, Shuji Shimonagata 3 and Takeshi Asai 2 1 Doctoral Program of Coaching Science, University of Tsukuba,
More informationDynamically stepping over large obstacle utilizing PSO optimization in the B4LC system
1 Dynamically stepping over large obstacle utilizing PSO optimization in the B4LC system QI LIU, JIE ZHAO, KARSTEN BERNS Robotics Research Lab, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, 67655, Germany
More informationDIFFERENCE BETWEEN TAEKWONDO ROUNDHOUSE KICK EXECUTED BY THE FRONT AND BACK LEG - A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY
268 Isas 2000! Hong Kong DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TAEKWONDO ROUNDHOUSE KICK EXECUTED BY THE FRONT AND BACK LEG - A BIOMECHANICAL STUDY Pui-Wah Kong, Tze-Chung Luk and Youlian Hong The Chinese University of Hong
More information