ROMANIZATION OF BALUCHI

Transcription

1 Checked for validity and accuracy November 2017 ROMANIZATION OF BALUCHI 2008 System The following is the -approved romanization system for deriving standard spellings of geographic names. The romanization system is based on the Hunterian system of romanization, which has been used by the Surveys of India and Pakistan for romanizing geographic names for more than one hundred years. The romanization system is compatible with all dialects of, including Eastern, Western, and Southern 1. The system laid out below includes diacritical marks in order that the original script can be derived from the romanized form (i.e. it is reversible). For desk users requiring a diacritic-free form, these diacritics can simply be removed. In almost every case the same basic Roman-script characters are kept as are used in the Hunterian system. The forms have further been designed to harmonize with the Urdu romanization system. In rigorous romanization (i.e. including diacritics), retroflexion is marked by a sub-dot, and aspiration is marked by an apostrophe, where confusion with fricative digraphs could arise. For letters used only in Arabic loan words, the rigorous forms have further been designed to harmonize with the Persian romanization system. 1. Consonants and Special Characters بینٹگ 0628 b b ب ب ب ب 1 benṭag ('cultivable patch of riverbed') ('Japan') Jāpān جاپان 067E p p پ پ پ پ 2 ('Arabia') Arabistān اربسٹان 062A t t ت ت ت ت 3 1 Identified as Eastern Western and Southern Balochi in ISO

2 4 5 ٹ ٹ - Note8 Note8 ٹ ټ ث ث ث ث - Note8 - Note8 - Note8 ٿ ٹ ټ C 062B 067F بینٹگ t ṭ بنجاہ 062C j j ج ج ج ج 6 th benṭag ('cultivable patch of riverbed') bunjāh ('capital city') Represents [θ] in Eastern, intervocalically and word-finally. Underbar aspirated [t h ] (see digraphs table). Balochistān پلوچسٹان 0686 ch ch چ چ چ چ 7 ('village') ḩalq ج لق 062D h ḩ ح ح ح ح 8 جلک Also seen 062E kh kh خ خ خ خ 9 دامان 062F d d د د د د ڈ ڈ ڈ ڈ - Note8 - Note8 - Note8 ډ dāmān ('foothills or skirts of a mountain') d ḍ ڈاڈر Ḍāḍar ( tomb ) gumbudh گمٹذ 0630 dh ذ ذ ذ ذ 12 جار راہ 0631 r r ر ر ر ر 13 chār rāh ('crossroads') Largely identical to in pronunciation ح Represents [ð] in Eastern, intervocalically and word-finally. 2

3 14 ڑ ڑ ڑ ڑ - Note8 - Note8 - Note8 ړ r r ('market') bāzār پازار 0632 z z ز ز ز ز zh zh ژ ژ ژ ژ 16 Sebī س یبی 0633 s s س س س س 17 ('Asia') Eshyā ابسٹا 0634 sh sh ش ش ش ش s ş ص ص ص ص z ẕ ض ض ض ض 20 ( homeland ) waţan وطن 0637 t ţ ط ط ط ط 21 وتن Also spelled 0638 z z ظ ظ ظ ظ 22 عٹ اس 0639 ع ع ع ع 23 غد ار 063A gh gh غ غ غ غ 24 Abbās ( Bandar Abbas ) ghaddār ( waterless desert ) ( Taiwan ) Fārmosā فارموسا 0641 f f ف ف ف ف 25 Usually not pronounced. Common in Eastern, occurs only sporadically in Western and Southern, 3

4 where it is often پ replaced by ('village') ḩalq ج لق 0642 q q ق ق ق ق ک ک ک ک - Note8 - Note8 - Note8 ك 06A k k ڈاک Ḍāk ر پ گراہ 06AF g g گ گ گ گ l l ل ل ل ل 29 م ل rungrāh ('narrow mountain path') mall ('stream, irrigated area, pasture') Pronounced ک identically to See note 3 ('south') jāndum جاپدم 0645 m m م م م م 30 بٹدر 0646 n n ن ن ن ن 31 لبوتں زر 06BA n ñ ں - Note8 - Note8 ں 32 بٹ bandar ('port, harbour') Nīlboeñ Zir ('Arabian Sea') It is undecided whether this character should form part of the alphabet; we follow Jahani in accepting it. Marw مرو 0648 w w و و و و 33 Herāt ہیرات 0647 h h ه ه ه ه 34 Final heh following a consonant represents a short vowel. See vowel table for. 4

5 34A ہ ہ ہ ہ 06C1 h h 06BE h h See Digraphs table for romanization ھ - Note8 ھ ھ 35 ء 36 ء ء ئ ؤ 0621/ 0626 Not romanized فلپاٸن Filpā in ('Philippines') Two-eyed heh used to represent aspirated consonants in Eastern. ('Greece') Yūnān ی وپان 0649 y y ى ي ي ى Consonantal Digraphs BE bh bh بھ بھ بھ بھ E+06BE ph ph پھ پھ پھ پھ 39 th 062A+06BE th تھ تھ تھ تھ BE th ṭh ٹھ ٹھ ٹھ ٹھ C+06BE jh jh جھ جھ جھ جھ 42. Apostrophe fricative /th/. 5

6 BE chh chh چھ چھ چھ چھ 43 dh 062D+06BE dh دھ دھ دھ دھ BE dh ḍh ڈھ ڈھ ڈھ ڈھ 45 ڑھ ڑھ BE rh rh ڑھ ڑھ kh 06A9+06BE kh کھ کھ کھ کھ 47 gh 06AF+06BE gh گھ گھ گھ گھ 48 مالبسٹا lā lā لا لا لا لا 49 06A kā kā كا كا كا كا 50 Malā ishyā ('Malaysia'). Apostrophe fricative /dh/. Apostrophe fricative /kh/. Apostrophe fricative /gh/ Murgāp مرگاپ 06AF+0627 gā gā گا گا گا گا 51 06A kl kl كل كل كل كل 52 06AF+0644 gl gl گل گل گل گل 53 6

7 3. Vowels, Diphthongs, and Diacritical Marks ī ī ى ا ي ي ى i i ا ے ي اي ے 06D2 e e س یبی Sebī س 57 ا ا ا ا 0627 / 0622 ā ā 58 - ا 064E a a 59 و و او و 0648 o o 60 - ا 064F u u بنجاہ city') bunjāh ('capital 61 و و او و 064F+0648 ū ū یوپان ('Greece') Yūnān 62 ے ي اي ے 064E+06D2 ay ay 63 و و او و E aw aw Not Romanized a á Double Consonant Not Romanized Marw مرو Double Consonant + 064E -ā -ā 0621 ء 67 م ل mall ('stream, irrigated area, pasture') Singular definite suffix, see note 4 7

8 -ay -ay ء 68 Possessive suffix, see note 4 4. Numerals ۰ ۱ ۲ ۳ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹ UMERALS Although Perso-Arabic script is written from right to left, numerical expressions, e.g. ۸۶۹۱ 1968, are written from left to right. A comma is inserted into longer sequences, either after thousands, millions, etc. 1. Occasionally, sequences of /z/ or /s/ plus /h/ may be encountered, i.e. z h, s h. These may be romanized with the 'center dot' (U+00B7) separating the two letters, to distinguish them from the digraphs /zh/ and /sh/. 2. The character tā ah ة is found very rarely in, principally in certain Arabic religious terms, e.g. zakāt ('alms'). It should be romanized t.,د,ث,ت letter' is assimilated to a following 'sun ل are found, representing the Arabic definite article, the ال 3. When the letters accordingly. and is romanized t,, d,, r, z, s, sh, ş, ẕ ţ z, l, n ن or ل,ظ,ط, ض,,ص,ش,س,,ر,ذ 4. In romanization, the suffixes ء (-ā, singular definite) and ء (-ay, possessive) are connected to the previous word by a hyphen, though they are usually written separately. 8

9 5. 5. The word for 'and', written as و or,ء should be romanized as u-, linked by hyphens to the two words it connects; e.g., Plain'). Sind-u-Hind ('The Gangetic سٹد و ہٹد 6. Except as specified in notes 4 and 5, word division in romanization should follow word division in the script. 7. Note that the short vowels in the examples are not pointed. 8. Certain initial, medial and final characters are not readily available in a -encoded font in a standalone form. 9. An inventory of letter-diacritic combinations in addition to the unmodified letters of the basic Roman script is: (U+2018) ʼ (U+2019) Á (U+00C1) á (U+00E1) Ā (U+0100) ā (U+0101) Ḍ (U ) ḍ (U ) (D+H+U+035F) (d+h+u+035f) (U+1E28) ḩ (U+1E29) Ī (U+012A) ī (U+012B) Ñ (U+00D1) ñ (U+00F1) (U ) (U ) (U+015E) ş (U+015F) (U ) ṭ (U ) (U+0162) ţ (U+0163) (T+H+U+035F) (t+h+u+035f) Ū (U+016A) ū (U+016B) (U+005A+0327) z (U+007A+0327) (U+005A+0331) z (U+007A+0331) 10. The columns show only lowercase forms but, when romanizing, uppercase and lowercase Roman letters as appropriate should be used. 9