USPS University Seminar Series. Seminar Series
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1 Seminar Series
2 Anchoring United States Power Squadrons Seminar Series 2
3 Objective Increase recreational boater s knowledge of and use of anchoring equipment, concepts, and capabilities. 3
4 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 4
5 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 5
6 Types of Anchors Burying anchors Plough Claw Spade Large Area Pivoting Fluke (LAPF) Hooking anchors Fisherman Northill 6
7 Plow Anchor - CQR Proven old design Best in firm sand, thick mud, rock, coral, weeds Hinged shank Trip line eye Awkward to stow 7
8 Plow Anchor - Delta Fixed shank Large area flanks Trip line eye Modern metals 8
9 Claw Anchor Bruce, Lewmar One piece construction Best in sand, rock, weed, coral Good resetting characteristics Holding power 9
10 Burying Anchor - Spade Sharp plough with concave blade and weighted tip Proven performance Can be dismantled for stowing 10
11 LAPF Anchors Commonly found Sand or soft mud Holding power Excellent when dug in More susceptible to tripping under changing conditions Excellent when pull direction doesn t change Easy to stow 11
12 LAPF Anchors Danforth Three types Standard Hi-Tensile Deepset II 12
13 LAPF Anchor - Fortress High tensile aluminum Dismantles for stowing Adjustable shank angle High holding power to weight ratio 13
14 Hooking Anchor - Fisherman a.k.a. Traditional Good in weeds and rocks Heavier Can be dismantled for stowage Not common today 14
15 Hooking Anchor - Northill Stainless steel Arms and stock hinged folds Sold as KB Ultralight Danforth Utility version made of galvanized cast steel Good working anchor on light displacement boats 15
16 Hooking Anchor - Grapnel Good on coral or rock Use as dinghy anchor 16
17 Where Common Anchors Work Best Anchor Type Bottom Conditions Sand/Clay Mud Gravel Coral/Rock Weed Plow X X X LAPF X X Claw X X X Fisherman X X X X Grapnel X 17
18 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 18
19 What Size Anchor? Use charts/tables found in many different books Match an anchor to your boat Remember to consider current load 19
20 Typical Anchor Size Table Boat Length (feet) CQR 15 lb 25 lb 35 lb 45 lb 60 lb Delta 9 lb 14 lb 22 lb 35 lb 44 lb Bruce 11 lb 16 lb 22 lb 33 lb 44 lb 66 lb Danforth HT 5 lb 12 lb 20 lb 35 lb 60 lb Fortress 4 lb 7 lb 10 lb 5 lb 21 lb 32 lb 47 lb For medium displacement boats, and 30 kts of wind 20
21 Calculate Anchor Size Use formulae for rode tension and anchor holding power In addition to calculating anchor size by using a table, there are formulas that allow more accuracy. These will be taught at the end of the seminar for those who want to use them. 21
22 Summary of Anchor Matching Assume worse case conditions likely to be encountered Estimate maximum horizontal pull Select optimum anchor type(s) Calculate anchor weights Select anchor within range 22
23 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 23
24 Anchor Rode Components Typical rode Height 5 ft above surface Line to sentinel Scope = (100+20)/(5+15) = 6 or 6:1 Sentinel 100 ft nylon line Depth 15ft 20 ft chain 24
25 Anchor Rode Design Goals Maintain zero lead angle Provide elasticity to absorb shock loads in swells Keep weight to a minimum Keep chafe to a minimum 25
26 Rode Types All chain All line Combination line-chain 26
27 Positive All Chain Rode Attributes 0 lead angle can be achieved Scope is minimized No chafe Negative No elasticity Heavy Windlass highly desirable 27
28 Anchor Chain Chain Proof Coil 5/16 in Chain Type Working Load Test Load Breaking Load BBB High Test Proof 1,300 lbs BBB 2,400 lbs 2,600 lbs 4,800 lbs 5,800 lbs 7,000 lbs High Test 3,900 lbs 6,800 lbs 12,000 lbs Representative Values 28
29 All Nylon Rode Attributes Positive Elasticity absorbs shock load Minimal weight Easy to stow Negative 0 lead angle never achieved Greater scope Chafing 3-strand nylon Braided nylon 29
30 Breaking Strengths Size (in) 3-strand Braid BBB Chain 5/16 7,000 1/2 6,100 8,300 10,000 5/8 9,350 17,000 3/4 n/a 21,000 Working strengths are approximately 30% of the breaking strength. 30
31 Chain-Nylon Combination Rode Compromise Minimum 6 feet of chain at anchor Recommended 30 to 60 feet chain 31
32 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 32
33 Scope Ratio of rode length to depth of water + height of bow roller above water Needs to be just sufficient to maintain 0 lead angle under worst conditions forecast 0 lead angle not achieved with all line Non-zero lead angle reduces holding power 33
34 Rode Lead Angle Critical Angles of a Set Anchor 34
35 Reduction of Holding Power with Rode Lead Angle 35
36 0 Lead Angle with all Chain Rode Chain forms a catenary Chain length can be calculated for 0 lead angle Need to estimate horizontal pull 36
37 Catenary - Line Natural catenary provides cushion Straightens under wind and wave conditions Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated 37
38 Catenary - Chain Chain contours bottom Peels from bottom under wind and wave conditions Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated 38
39 Holding Power with Chain 39
40 0 Lead Angle for a Chain Nylon Rode Chain forms a catenary Nylon line (light in weight) is nearly a straight line Assume fixed length of chain (e.g.60 ft) Line length can be calculated for 0 lead angle if horizontal pull is known 40
41 Chain Line Combination Rode Height above Bottom (ft) Horizontal Pull = 50 lbs 14 ft Line Water Surface Horizontal Pull = 200 lbs Distance from Anchor (ft) 102 ft Line 60 feet BBB chain 41
42 Effectiveness of Line-Chain Rode 42
43 Snubbers Snubber Nylon line between chain and samson post or mast Attach line to chain by chain hook, devil s claw, or rolling hitch Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated Line Devil s Claw 43
44 Summary of Rode Design All chain rode can be used in sheltered anchorages (no swell) Chain has no elasticity when Bar Taut All line rode not recommended Use combination rode especially when surge is present Deploy lengths of chain and line to maintain 0 lead angle 44
45 Rode Connectors Chain to Anchor Shackle with Swivel Shackle Swivel Thimble Chain Hook Quick Guide - Anchoring 45
46 Combination Rode Connections Thimbled eye splice and shackle Splice line to chain necessary for certain windlasses Quick Guide - Anchoring 46
47 Anchor Windlass Lock Switch Quick Guide - Anchoring 47
48 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 48
49 Choosing an Anchorage Choose a sheltered location Check weather and sea conditions Other boats Emergency departure Make sure you have room to swing around 49
50 Anchoring 50
51 Scope 51
52 Anchor Recovery 52
53 Seminar Elements Anchor Types What size anchor Anchor Rode Anchor Scope Anchoring Tips and Tricks 53
54 Tips and Tricks Sentinel Riding Sails Trip Line Multihulls Kedging Chafe Protection Marking the Rode Line Ashore Setting two Anchors Hand Signaling 54
55 Anchor Sentinal or Kellet Sentinal weight deployed on anchor rode Alters catenary to flatter position Reduced swinging circle Sentinal suspended and held in place by line: Preventer (red) Must be 40 pounds or more to be effective Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated 55
56 Riding Sails 56
57 Trip Line Line attached to anchor Attach a float to the line Helps to free snagged anchor Float indicates anchor position to other boaters Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated 57
58 Multihulls Sailing around anchors can be minimized by using a bridle attached to outer hulls Quick Guide - Anchoring 58
59 Kedging Powerboat Handling Illustrated Row out anchor and rode Drop anchor Move boat by hauling in anchor Useful when aground 59
60 Chafe Protection Fire hose best Can also use plastic water pipe of simply rags 60
61 Chain Marking the Rode Paint 3-4 links with different colors Use cable ties or plastic markers Line Use plastic marked tapes threaded through strands Use waterproof black marker Mark predetermined points 61
62 Setting Two Anchors Fore and Aft Use in restricted waters where wind and current are steady To keep boat pointing into swell Use in crowded anchorages if other boats follow Bahamian Moor Use when mooring in reversing current Mediterranean Moor Use in crowded marinas Tandem Use when holding is poor or high winds are forecast 62
63 Fore and Aft 63
64 Bahamian Moor Quick Guide - Anchoring 64
65 Tandem Mooring 65
66 Mediterranean Moor Commonly used in Europe Caribbean Islands Works well confined anchorages along bulkheads Quick Guide - Anchoring Adapted from: Powerboat Handling Illustrated 66
67 Hand Signaling Used to communicate between foredeck and helm during anchoring 67
68 Anchoring References Greé, Alain, Anchoring and Mooring Techniques Illustrated (1984) Hinz, Earl, The Complete Book of Anchoring and Mooring, (1986) Smith, Robert A. Anchors, Selection and Use (1996) Van Dorn, William G., Oceanography and Seamanship, 2 nd Edition, (1992) United States Power Squadrons, The Ensign, Jan/Feb 2007 Samson Rope Web Site: USPS Seamanship course Sweet, Robert, Powerboat Handling Illustrated, McGraw-Hill (2007) 68
69 General References Good Cruising, 1997, Aiken Zora and David, McGraw- Hill Good Boatkeeping, 1995, Aiken, Zora and David, McGraw-Hill Boatman s Guide to Light Salvage, 1979, Reid, G., Cornell Maritime Press Bluewater Handbook: A Guide to Cruising Seamanship, 1992, Dashew, Steve and Linda, Beowulf Publishing Sailor s Secrets, 1997, Badham, M and Robinson, R., ed, McGraw-Hill 69
70 This concludes our seminar Do you have questions? Following will be the discussion on calculating by formulas. To learn more about boating and have fun too - join your local USPS squadron. Check out USPS University! 70
71 Calculate Anchor Size Use formulae for rode tension and anchor holding power 71
72 Matching an Anchor to your Boat Assumptions Yaw angle up to 30 degrees Wind gusts 50% greater than average speed Wind Velocity Wind Pressure 10 kts 13 lbs 30 kts 1200 lbs 60 kts 10,800 lbs 100 kts 32,000 lbs Boat area 45 square feet Use simple approximate equations 72
73 Anchor Rode Tension Horizontal force on anchor rode F h = 0.18 x V 2 x W 2/3 Sail boat F h = 0.21 x V 2 x W 2/3 Power boat Where F h = horizontal force on anchor rode V = wind speed in knots W = displacement of boat in long tons* *Definition: One long ton = 2240 pounds Hint use logarithm or y x function on calculator 73
74 Rode Tension Examples 35 ft Sailboat Displacement W = 16,000lbs or 7.1 long tons W 2/3 = 7.1 2/3 = 3.7 Maximum wind speed V = 40 knots F h = 0.18 x V 2 x W 2/3 Sail boat F h = 0.18 x 40 x 40 x 3.7 = 1065 lbs 74
75 Rode Tension Examples 38 ft Trawler Displacement W = 36,000 lbs or 16.1 long tons W 2/3 = /3 = 6.4 Maximum wind speed V = 40 knots F h = 0.21 x V 2 x W 2/3 Power boat F h = 0.21 x 40 x 40 x 6.4 = 2150 lbs 75
76 Catenaries for 5/16 BBB Chain 250 Chain Length for 0 o Lead Angle 200 Chain Length (ft) /16" BBB Chain Depth = 20 ft Depth = 30 ft Depth = 40 ft Depth = 50 ft Horizontal Pull (lbs) 76
77 Catenaries for 3/8 BBB Chain 300 Chain Length for 0 o Lead Angle Chain Length (ft) /8" BBB Chain Depth = 20 ft Depth = 30 ft Depth = 40 ft Depth = 50 ft Horizontal Pull (lbs) 77
78 5/16 Chain-Line Combination Rode 400 Line Length for 0 o Lead Angle Line Length (ft) Depth = 20 ft Depth = 30 ft Depth = 40 ft Depth = 50 ft Chain = 5/16" BBB Horizontal Pull (lbs) 78
79 3/8 Chain-Line Combination Rode 500 Line Length for 0 o Lead Angle Line Length (ft) Depth = 20 ft Depth = 30 ft Depth = 40 ft Depth = 50 ft Chain = 3/8" BBB Length = 60 feet Horizontal Pull (lbs) 79
80 Anchor Holding Power Anchor holding power: F h = 2.3 x C s x K a x w 2/3 lbs Where: Cs = bottom coefficient Ka = Anchor coefficient w = weight of anchor Hint use logarithm or y x function on calculator 80
81 Anchor Holding Power Selecting Anchor to match need: w 2/3 = (F h 2.3 K s C s ) or w = (F h 2.3 K s C s ) 3/2 Where: Cs = bottom coefficient Ka = Anchor coefficient w = weight of anchor Hint use logarithm or y x function on calculator 81
82 Anchor and Bottom Coefficients Type of Sediment C s Silty clay 1 Silt with shells 2 Coral sand 4 Sand with clay 6 Type of anchor K s Fortress 19 Danforth HT 10 Plow 7 Claw 6 Fisherman 2 Sticky clay 8 Stiff clay & sand 10 82
83 Calculate Anchor Weight 35 ft Sailboat Plow in coral sand F h = 1065 lbs, K s = 7, C s = 4 w = (F h 2.3 K s C s ) 3/2 w = ( ) 3/2 = 67 lbs Hint use logarithm or y x function on calculator 83
84 Calculate Anchor Weight 38 ft Trawler Bruce in sticky clay F h = 2150 lbs, K s = 6, C s = 8 w = (F h 2.3 K s C s ) 3/2 w = ( ) 3/2 = 85 lbs Hint use logarithm or y x function on calculator 84
85 Summary of Anchor Matching Assume worse case conditions likely to be encountered Estimate maximum horizontal pull Select optimum anchor type(s) Calculate anchor weights Select anchor within range 85
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