The Science Behind The Protection

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Wendy Harrington
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The Science Behind The Protection 1 Eng.

2 Industrial Hygiene / Safety OSHA requires employers to evaluate hazards in the workplace Dusts, mists, gases, vapors or lack of oxygen Continuous or impulse noise Impact to head, eye or face Visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light Skin exposure Fall potential Etc. 2 3M All Rights Reserved.

Respiratory Protection Airborne Contaminants Particles Dusts Mists Fumes Smoke

What are Airborne Contaminants? Particles Dust: solid particles Dusts are formed as solid materials are broken into smaller particles, such as by drilling, sanding crushing or grinding.

4 What are Airborne Contaminants? Particles Dust: solid particles Dusts are formed as solid materials are broken into smaller particles, such as by drilling, sanding crushing or grinding. The smaller the dust, the longer it hangs in the air and the easier it is to inhale. Common dusts come from Asbestos, Fiberglas and Ceramic Insulation materials Aluminum, Galvanized Metal and Stainless Steel Coal and Carbon Products Minerals and ores Wood products 4 3M All Rights Reserved.

What are Airborne Contaminants? Particles Mist: liquid droplets Mists are tiny liquid droplets usually generated during spraying operations.

5 What are Airborne Contaminants? Particles Mist: liquid droplets Mists are tiny liquid droplets usually generated during spraying operations. Many mists are a combination of several hazardous ingredients. Coughing, sneezing also create a mist Common mists come from Certain Acids (HCl & H 2 SO 4 ) Oils and Paints 5 3M All Rights Reserved.

6 What are Airborne Contaminants? Particles Metal fumes Occur in high-heat operations, such as in welding and certain other types of metalworking Metal is melted, vaporized and quickly cooled in air Form very fine, small, solid particles that drift in air Are often oxides of the vaporized metal Don t confuse fumes with vapors 6 3M All Rights Reserved.

7 What are Airborne Contaminants? Gases Gases are substances that are neither liquids nor solids at room temperature and pressure. Gases can travel far and fast from their source, often undetected Gases occupy the space one places them in such as a cylinder. Common examples are Ammonia (NH 3 ) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Chlorine (Cl 2 ) 7 3M All Rights Reserved.

Benzene Isopropyl Alcohol Mineral Spirits and Naphtha

8 What are Airborne Contaminants? Vapors Evaporated from liquids or solids Solvents Acetone Benzene Isopropyl Alcohol Mineral Spirits and Naphtha Products containing solvents Adhesives Glues Paints Mercury 8 3M All Rights Reserved.

10 Inhalation Toxicology Acute Immediate response from a single short exposure Chronic Coughing, dizziness, nausea, sneezing, vomiting Acute effects aid in detection of exposure Delayed response from repeated exposure to low levels Decreased lung function, damage to other organs Caused by workplace exposure, living environment or life style (e.g., diet, drugs, tobacco) Gradual process, so may be difficult to detect 10 3M All Rights Reserved.

Normal Lung Very elastic Easy expansion and contraction The coloration of this

Air Pollution Lung City air pollution 42 years old; unknown cause Color contrast

Foundry lung 36 years of exposure in a foundry Classic Silicosis 63

Welder s Lung 34 years of exposure to welding fumes Siderosis and fever; fibrosis death at 52

16 Smoker s Lung with Cancer White area on top is the cancer, this is what killed the person. The blackened area is just the deposit of tars that all smokers paint into their lungs with every puff they take. 16 3M All Rights Reserved.

17 Hierarchy of Hazard Control Techniques Engineering Controls Change the process - eliminate the hazard Substitute a less hazardous material Enclose or isolate the operation or the worker Use local exhaust ventilation Administrative controls Train workers on safe operating procedures Use good housekeeping practices Rotate employees in/out of exposed areas Conduct medical monitoring Personal protective equipment Only if other methods are not feasible, adequate or while they are being implemented 17 3M All Rights Reserved.

18 Air Purifying Half Mask Full Facepiece Respirator Classes Atmosphere Supplying Supplied Air (half mask, full facepiece, loose fitting facepiece helmets or hoods) Powered Air Purifying (PAPR) (half mask, full facepiece, loose fitting facepiece helmets or hoods) Self Contained 18 3M All Rights Reserved.

19 US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Particle Filter Classifications N-Series: Not for oil Approved for non-oil particulate contaminants Use until increased breathing resistance or damaged R-Series: Resistant to oil Approved for all particulate contaminants Time restriction of 8 hours when oils are present P-Series: Oil Proof Approved for all particulate contaminants Manufacturer s time use restrictions apply High Efficiency (HEPA) for powered air systems (99.97%) 19 3M All Rights Reserved. Min. Efficiency N Series R Series P Series 95% N95 R95 P95 99% N99 R99 P % N100 R100 P100

20 Why Use Disposable Respirators? Particulate hazards (dust, mist, or metal fumes) No cleaning or maintenance required Limited amount of training required Convenience of disposal Many times best option for infectious control program in health care Fits well under welding shield 20 3M All Rights Reserved.

small particles Carbon layer for nuisance

gases Intermittent use Three panel design

21 Workplace Conditions Possible Solution High heat/humidity Product with cool flow exhalation valve and collapse resistant media Sparks, metal fume Nuisance odours Flame resistant cover web; lofty filter media that doesn t clog up quickly with small particles Carbon layer for nuisance level relief from organic vapours or acid gases Intermittent use Three panel design for easy storage Oil mist NIOSH rated R or P class Other 21 3M All Rights Reserved. Adjustable straps, M-noseclip, PVC face seal

22 Why Use Reusable Respirators? Gas/vapor cartridges in addition to particle filters Customer wants increased durability, and is willing to make initial investment and clean and maintain facepieces Three sizes of facepieces (S/M/L) RR required under asbestos standard Full facepiece Eye protection Higher protection factor May fit some workers who can t fit half mask Facepieces compatible with powered and supplied air 25 3M All Rights Reserved.

23 3M Facepieces Features 5000 cartridges permanently attached for simplicity, disposable 6000 entry level, most popular 6500 medium Level 7500 silicone (more durable) 7800S silicone, 6 straps, double sealing flange, compatible with various powered and supplied air, welding shield adapter FF-400 silicone, 6 straps, Scotchguard lens coating, comfort cradle 26 3M All Rights Reserved.

24 Particle Filters 2000 and 2200 Series Optional nuisance level organic vapor or acid gas relief 7093/7093C Plastic cover is water or spark repellent 5N11/5P71 With filter holder and retainer On top of gas/vapor cartridge with retainer 27 3M All Rights Reserved.

Formaldehyde Organic Vapor Olive/Black 6006 Multi-Gas and Vapor Olive 6009

25 Gas/Vapor Cartridges 6001 Organic Vapor Black 6002 Acid Gases White 6003 Organic Vapor / Acid Gases Yellow 6004 Ammonia / Methylamine Green 6005 Formaldehyde Organic Vapor Olive/Black 6006 Multi-Gas and Vapor Olive 6009 Mercury Vapor / Chlorine Gas Orange ESLI for Hg 28 3M All Rights Reserved.

26 Cartridge 6001i with End Service Life Indicator It is the 6001 and cartridge with indicator ( 6000i Series = indicator) Addresses customer pain point of when to change out cartridges In appropriate environments, indicator will appear over time and show end of service life 3M is first to market with Service Life Technology Features / Advantages 3M Service Life Indicator a simple, visual indicator to help determine when to change cartridges in appropriate environments Individual service life indication based on individual exposures and breathing patterns 29 3M All Rights Reserved.

28 Why Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPRs)? Battery powered fan draws air through cartridges/filters instead of wearer breathing through them Comfort, especially for those who may have difficulty breathing Higher protection factors Headgear may include some level of head/eye/face protection Loose fitting hoods may be used with facial hair Limitation: need to charge batteries and check air flow prior to use, weight, $$ 31 3M All Rights Reserved.

30 Components of a Supplied Air Respirator System Headgear Air Hoses Filter and Regulator Panel Breathing Tube Air Control Devices Compressor or Bottled Air 34 3M All Rights Reserved. NIOSH Approved as a system

33 Hearing Conservation Basics Q. What Determines if Sounds Are Hazardous? A. How Loud the Sound Is (db level) How Long you are Exposed (Time) Even slightly hazardous noise levels can cause hearing loss over time 38 3M All Rights Reserved.

34 OSHA Hearing Conservation Program 29 CFR Action Level is 85 dba TWA Elements of Hearing Conservation Program Noise monitoring Annual hearing testing Provide hearing protectors Annual training Record keeping 39 3M All Rights Reserved.

35 Hearing Conservation Basics Q. What is the OSHA Exposure Limit (PEL) for Noise? A. 90 dba TWA (8-hours) Employer must limit noise to 90 dba or less by using: Noise Controls, or Administrative Controls, or Hearing Protection 40 3M All Rights Reserved.

have some hearing loss* Can affect anyone at any age!

36 2 Main Causes of Hearing Loss Age-related hearing loss Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Over 71% of over 70 year olds have some hearing loss* Can affect anyone at any age! *Source: RNID (Royal National Institute for the Deaf) UK figures) 41 3M All Rights Reserved.

Other Health Effects Stress reactions Irritability Lower morale Reduce

perfect fit Most wearers will get far less noise reduction in real world Need to pull ear back & up to

40 Noise Reduction Rating (NRR) Required by U.S. EPA Average noise reduction in laboratory test (experimenter fit) Only reflects noise reduction for perfect fit Most wearers will get far less noise reduction in real world Need to pull ear back & up to straighten out ear canal and fit plugs in deeply Instead of NRR, better to select based on what fits and is comfortable for individual worker 45 3M All Rights Reserved.

42 Hearing Protection Selection Reduce exposure to below exposure limits, but still able to hear warnings, etc. Shapes and sizes to fit different ears/heads Different materials for perceived comfort Reusable vs. disposable Non-roll down if dirty hands Attractive styles and colors Corded, metal detectable, in dispenser, etc. 47 3M All Rights Reserved. 3M All Rights Reserved.

43 Hearing Protection Selection Compatible with other PPE Push-ins, banded, and muffs for intermittent use Plugs preferred in hot environments, muffs in cold environments Military applications Music, or radio communication (Peltor Communications) 48 3M All Rights Reserved. 3M All Rights Reserved.

47 Eye Protection Why is eye safety at work important? More than 2,000 people injure their eyes at work each day. About 1 in 10 injuries require one or more missed workdays to recover from. Of the total amount of work-related injuries, % will cause temporary or permanent vision loss. Experts believe that the right eye protection could have lessened the severity or even prevented 90% of eye injuries in accidents. Eye injuries are costly in time and $ ($ million annually in US) Source: Prevent Blindness America website 52 3M All Rights Reserved.

Eyewear Product Line Over 50 Different Models 56 3M

Task Specific Lens Tints Gray lens: mainly for outdoor applications where a task specific lens is not required Light Blue lens: minimizes glare, eye stress, and fatigue often occurring in

52 Task Specific Lens Tints Gray lens: mainly for outdoor applications where a task specific lens is not required Light Blue lens: minimizes glare, eye stress, and fatigue often occurring in monochromatic (single color) yellow lit environments Amber lens: absorbs blue and ultraviolet light, filters out hazy light, good for working outside at dawn and dusk Clear lens: general-everyday lens Indoor / Outdoor Mirror: for task requiring frequent movement between indoors and outdoors. 57 3M All Rights Reserved.

53 Fogging is #1 Complaint of Safety Glass Users 3M offers two Anti-Fog Coating options on nearly every model of safety glasses Standard Single purpose coating Helps to reduce fogging DX Proprietary Helps protect lens from: Fogging Scratching Most chemicals Static 58 3M All Rights Reserved.

59 3M H-700 Hard Hat Key - Selling Features Comfort suspension Lightweight Compact, low-profile design Replaceable brow pad Stable fit Vented option 3M PPE compatibility Custom imprinting UVicator 71 3M All Rights Reserved. 71

61 Comfort Suspension (Features) Comfort Pad Ratchet Adjustment Knob Wide Textile Cross-Straps Contoured Back Head Band Replaceable Brow Pad Vertical Height Adjustment Ventilated Front Head Band 73 3M All Rights Reserved. 73

Flexible & convertible for comfort Heat transfers Withstands

64 3M Scotchlite Reflective Material - Our Technologies Glass Bead Technology Good dry cleaning and industrial washing performance Flexible & convertible for comfort Heat transfers Withstands Extreme Temperatures (Flame Resistant) 76 3M All Rights Reserved.

66 ANSI/ISEA Garment Examples Type O, Off- Road Class 1 Type R, Roadway Class 2 Type P, Public Safety Class 2 Type R, Roadway Class 3 Type P, Public Safety Class M All Rights Reserved. Slides discuss only selected aspects of ANSI See for complete version.

Scotchlite Reflective Family (We have over 80 products)

Materials Glass Bead Sew-on Fabrics Home wash

Industrial wash Fire resistance Colors High Gloss

67 Scotchlite Reflective Family (We have over 80 products) Glass Bead Heat Applied Films Scotchlite Reflective Materials Glass Bead Sew-on Fabrics Home wash Industrial wash Fire resistance Colors Home wash Industrial wash Fire resistance Colors High Gloss Prismatic Films and Trims Glass Bead Miscellaneous 79 3M All Rights Reserved.

RESPIRATOR HALFMASK AIR-PURIFYING 7700 SERIES SILICONE HALF MASK CARRY BAG. features and benefits

RESPIRATOR HALFMASK AIR-PURIFYING 7700 SERIES SILICONE HALF MASK CARRY BAG. features and benefits 6 SILICONE HALFMASK AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR 7700 SERIES SILICONE HALF MASK The 7700 Series is the most comfortable and durable half mask available. Its soft nonallergenic silicone seal provides excellent