Perfection in Detail: Specialty Gases from Westfalen.

Transcription

1 Perfection in Detail: Specialty Gases from Westfalen.

2 Gases for special requirements. Westfalen s Specialty Gases Centre is connected directly to the air separation plant. The air gases argon, oxygen and nitrogen can therefore be filled directly. In the baking furnace, specialty gas cylinders are pre-conditioned in order to avoid contamination. They are used in ever more industrial and high technology processes, in research and science, in medicine and environmental technology: specialty gases. This term covers a wide spectrum of the highest qualities of gases. These include: - High purity gases - Gas mixtures - Isotopes and isotope mixtures The Westfalen product range represents the total diversity of specialty gases: over 100 high purity gases and standardised gas mixtures comprise the foundations. We also manufacture gas mixtures, and often do so to individual customer specifications. Some 180 components are available for this. You can also obtain application-specific isotopes and their mixtures, optimally adapted to each individual case. The seal of quality: Made in Hörstel - accreditation included. Westfalen s Specialty Gases Centre in Hörstel, near the university town of Osnabrück, is geared towards the highest precision, with the entire manufacturing process being subject to the strictest quality guidelines and incorporated into our certified quality management system meeting DIN EN ISO The Specialty Gases Centre is also an accredited testing and calibration laboratory meeting DIN EN ISO This double accreditation by the German accreditation body, the Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle (DAkks), provides Westfalen with certification of competence at the highest level. In line with this, the technical environment is also to the latest standard. Combined with the know-how of experienced practitioners, our Specialty Gases Centre provides excellent solutions for even highly complex requirements. From normal to special. The routes taken by a gas of conventional quality in order to become a specialty gas are very varied. The shortest routes are taken by the air gases argon, oxygen and nitrogen: we produce purities of up to vol. % in a high performance air separation plant, just a few metres away from the Specialty Gases Centre. A speciallydesigned pipework system allows direct filling of pressurised gas cylinders and other containers, reliably ruling out contamination resulting from transfilling processes. The manufacture of gas mixtures is dependant on the number and properties of the individual components. The usual recipes such as for example synthetic air as listed products are always available. Gas mixtures to individual specifications, as well as isotopes and isotope mixtures, are manufactured as required in the relevant quantity. Where for a given application no gas recipe is yet defined, we would be pleased to develop these by means of the specified performance characteristics. In order to be able to meet even the most unusual requests, we re constantly on the outlook for sources of particularly rare components. Gas cylinder pre-conditioning. To ensure the high quality of the manufactured gases right through the entire supply chain, the packaging also requires great care. Depending on the type of gas and its properties, cylinders made of aluminium or steel are 2

3 used. Steel cylinders are initially subjected to an internal inspection, which allows potential deposits to be identified and removed by polishing of the inner surface. This procedure is unnecessary for aluminium cylinders. In order not to compromise purity or mixture accuracy, regardless of material the atmosphere in the cylinder is neutralised. Baking of the container, combined with alternating pressure rinsing, rules out contamination by moisture or unwanted air components. The pre-conditioning of cylinders for particularly sensitive gas mixtures even goes one step further: so-called passivation prevents unwanted interactions of individual components of a mixture with the inner surface of the gas cylinder. Reliable quality control. We ensure the perfect quality of the produced specialty gases in the form of a concluding analysis. An extensive range of equipment is available for this, comprising gas chromatographs with special detectors, analysers that are specific to gas type and a mass spectrometer to establish the isotopic composition of an element. We automatically issue test certificates for gases of 5.5 purity ( vol. %) or higher. Test gases are also generally supplied with an analysis certificate. We also check and document the quality of entire batches if desired. Irrespective of the manufacture of specialty gases, our know-how is also available for the investigation of your samples. Dependent on scope, the analysis may be performed directly on site or in our laboratory. The filling of high purity gases is done separately from other gases. This has its own cylinder stock. Certificates provide information on analysis results. Analysis of your own samples forms part of our scope of supply. Our equipment in this case an analysis device for measuring oxygen content can in many cases allow sample analysis to be performed directly on site. 3

4 Pure quality: High purity gases. Extensive storage and transhipment capacities are available to quickly supply the gases needed. Where conventional industrial gases reach their limits, high purity gases provide the user with benefits: above-average gas qualities release new potential, so increasing flexibility and profitability. Very close to absolute purity. We produce the air gases argon, oxygen and nitrogen in modern air separation plants with purity grades of up to vol. %. In the specification, in addition to the relevant main component, we also show the subsidiary components as these may also be relevant in certain applications. These are declared in parts per million (vol.-ppm), not in percent by volume (vol. %). One part per million corresponds to percent by volume. In the context of quality control of high purity gases, the moisture content of the gas is checked using a dew point measuring device. Always at the optimum. Not all gases can be economically brought to the limit of absolute purity. Additionally, due to their chemical and physical properties, a few substances set natural limits. The high purity gases range from Westfalen however is geared towards the relevant achievable optimum and so opens up every possibility. Gas production at the highest level: the air separation plants in Laichingen (see picture, between Stuttgart and Ulm) and Hörstel (near Osnabrück) and at Le Creusot in France (Burgundy). 4

5 First and second: Hydrogen and helium. The first two elements in the periodic table are hydrogen and helium. Both gases are extremely versatile and in demand. They facilitate numerous applications in industry and the laboratory, improve processes, assure quality and increase productivity and profitability. Hydrogen While the Earth was forming, 999 out of every 1,000 particles of matter were hydrogen. This has settled down over the intervening period, but nonetheless this "primeval gas today remains one of the most widespread elements in the universe. Westfalen produces around 21 million standard cubic meters of hydrogen a year as part of a joint venture. The high percent by volume purity coupled with outstanding application and supply technology know-how ensure particular benefit to the user. Westfalen produces high purity hydrogen in a plant run as a joint venture. For cost-effective supply we use (among other solutions) a specially developed trailer with a transport capacity some 50 % greater than conventional systems. These units can also act as temporary back-ups for stationary supply facilities. Helium Demand for helium has risen enormously over recent years, and as a result the noble gas isn t always available everywhere. Westfalen has therefore concluded long-term contracts guaranteeing worldwide access to various sources, so securing your helium supply. We offer high purity helium at grades of up to 6.0, corresponding to percent by volume. We also provide the inert gas in cryogenic liquefied form or as a component for mixtures. Security of supply: Westfalen s helium containers travel the world around the clock on a "procurement tour. The destination is Hörstel, near Osnabrück, where the noble gas is transferred into a range of containers. The so-called Dewars are one particular form of container in which liquid helium can be transported. 5

6 The complete range: Westfalen high purity gases. Westfalen high purity gases. Product Purity (point notation) Delivery mode 1) Pressure 2) high pressure cylinder for large users (bar geometric volume in litres mobile tank truck 3) at 15 C) Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) ) Ammonia (NH 3 ) drum Argon (Ar) bundle X bundle X ) bundle X ) bundle X X 200 1,3-Butadiene (C 4 H 6 ) n-butane (C 4 H 10 ) Butene (C 4 H 8 ) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chlorine (Cl 2 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Ethene (C 2 H 4 ) Ethylene oxide (C 2 H 4 O) Helium (He) bundle - trailer bundle ECD 5) ) bundle ) bundle liquid dewar ISO container 9) Hydrogen (H 2 ) bundle ) bundle Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Hydrosulphide (H 2 S) Isobutane (C 4 H 10 ) Isobutene (C 4 H 8 ) Krypton (Kr) ) ) ) Methane (CH 4 ) bundle Natural gas H 8) bundle Neon (Ne) ) ) ) Nitric oxide (NO)

7 Westfalen high purity gases. Product Purity Delivery mode 1) Pressure 2) (point high pressure cylinder for large users (bar notation) geometric volume in litres mobile tank truck 3) at 15 C) Nitrogen (N 2 ) bundle X bundle X ECD 5) ) bundle ) bundle X X 200 Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Oxygen (O 2 ) bundle X X bundle X X ) X X ) bundle X X 200 Propane (C 3 H 8 ) drum Propene (C 3 H 6 ) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) Tetrafluoromethane (CF 4 ) ) ) Xenon (Xe) ) ) ) Further high purity gases on request, for example: carbonyl sulphide, cis-2-butene, cyclopropane, ethylamine, ethylmercaptane, hexafluoroethane (R-116), methylamine, methylmercaptane, methyl vinyl ether, octafluorocyclobutane (R-318), octafluoropropane (R-218), trans-2-butene, vinyl chloride. 1) for high purity gases in Alumini pressure cans and mini cylinders, please ask for our separate brochure, further delivery modes on request 2) italic: filling pressure at 15 C, all others: vapour pressure at 15 C 3) delivery in tank vehicle for filling of stationary tanks 4) dependent on filling mass, in accordance with cylinder stamping 5) test certificates for purities > 5.0 are issued automatically 6) content variable by weight 7) content by weight 8) H = High-Gas: natural gas with higher methane content (around %) 9) on request For detailed information on properties and physical data, please request the relevant product datasheet. The point notation. A common way to indicate gas purities is the point notation an abbreviated form of the percentage figure. The number before the point defines the number of nines. The number behind the point is the first number that is not nine. Product labels contain purity data and important information on handling gases. Examples: Nitrogen 5.5 purity vol. % (= 5 nines, last number 5 ) Oxygen 6.0 purity vol. % (= 6 nines, last number 0 ) 7

8 A list of names: Nomenclature of high purity gases. In daily conversation different terms may be used for one and the same product. The following overview clarifies the relationship between these: Product designation Variant product Common synonyms Westfalen designation acc. to IUPAC* Acetylene Ethyne Carbide gas Ammonia - R-717 Argon - - Boron trichloride - Boron chloride, trichlorborane 1,3-Butadiene - Butadiene n-butane - Butane, R Butene - 1-Butylene cis-2-butene - cis-butylene-(2) trans-2-butene - trans-butylene-(2) Carbon dioxide - Carbonic acid, carbonic acid anhydride, R-744 Carbon monoxide - Carbon oxide Carbonyl sulphide - Carbon oxide sulphide, carbon oxysulphide Chlorine - - Cyclopropane - Trimethylene Ethane - - Ethene - Ethylene Ethylene oxide Oxirane 1,2-Epoxyethane Helium - - Hydrogen - - Hydrogen chloride - Hydrochloric-acid gas Hydrogen fluoride - Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen sulphide - - 8

9 Product designation Variant product Common synonyms Westfalen designation acc. to IUPAC* Isobutane 2-Methylpropane Trimethylmethane, R-600a Isobutene 2-Methylpropene - Krypton - - Methane - - Methylmercaptane Methane thiol Methyl sulphydrate Monoethylamine Ethylamine - Monomethylamine Methylamine Aminomethane Neon - - Nitric oxide - - Nitrogen - - Nitrogen dioxide - Dinitrogen tetroxide Nitrous oxide - Laughing gas Oxygen - - Propane - R-290 Propene - Propylene, R-1270 Silane - Monosilane, silicon hydride, silicon tetrahydride Sulphur dioxide - - Sulphur hexafluoride - - Tetrafluoromethane - R-14, carbon tetrafluoride Vinyl chloride Chloroethene - Vinyl methyl ether Methyl vinyl ether Methoxyethene Xenon - - * International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 9

10 Precise to the millionth part: Gas mixtures. Perfectionism, attention to detail, the joy of innovation, knowledge and capability. The manufacture of gas mixtures requires much of all this. All the more so because the requirements are high, and becoming even higher. containing many individual components in precisely-defined amounts are no longer a rarity. Manufacture to individual customer specifications for the range of highly specialised applications is becoming more important. To do Manometric manufacture - here the filling of mini cylinders and pressure cans with test gas mixtures - depends on Dalton s law. Maximum precision: the mixture components are filled on precision scales. So admixtures in the ppm or even ppb range are increasingly becoming the standard for test and reference gases. Even gas mixtures this we either implement compositions that are already specifically defined, or we develop a new gas mixture based upon the required properties. The results to date, with more than 10,000 recipes of up to 20 components being so far realised, document the performance and customer focus of our Specialty Gases Centre. We also carry over the absolute quality requirements to the so-called standard gas mixtures. Due to comparatively high demand, these products are produced to stock and are always available. Complex and well-conceived: Manufacturing. Many aspects must be considered in the manufacture of gas mixtures: The filling sequence and maximum filling pressure are matched to the properties of the individual components of the mixture. Here we observe all the relevant regulatory requirements, such as the German Pressurised Gases Technical Regulations. In special cases, in addition those from the German Federal Institute for Materials Testing on basic producibility or maximum permitted filling pressure must also be followed. 10

11 Where this is necessary, its coordination forms part of our scope of supply. The applicable manufacturing method depends on the chemical and physical characteristics of the components and the required mixture tolerance. The manufacture process is based Gravimetric method (DIN ISO 6142). In the gravimetric method, the components of the mixture are filled under high pressure into the container on scales with accuracies in the milligram range. The different properties of the individual constituents require intensive homogenisation, which follows the filling process on a roller mixing station. Stability of gas mixtures. The stability data for gas mixtures are based on long-term observations. For the period Roller mixing stations for the homogenisation of gravimetrically-manufactured gas mixtures. on recognised national and international standards (ISO/DIN/EN). In practice, two principal processes are employed: Manometric method (DIN ISO 6146). The manometric method depends on Dalton s law of 1801: The total pressure of the gas mixture is equal to the sum of all partial pressures. In this process, the composition of the gas mixture is generated from the relevant individual pressures of the components. indicated we guarantee that in the context of analytical accuracy the mixture does not change due to physical or chemical reactions. The careful pre-conditioning of the gas cylinder and the specially adapted materials (steel or aluminium alloys) in accordance with DIN are fundamental prerequisites for this. The manufacture of complex gas mixtures, often with admixtures in the ppm or ppb range, requires high precision. 11

12 Perfectly graded: Analysis of gas mixtures. Gas mixtures are analysed in accordance with the requirements of DIN ISO 6143, and the results are documented on an analysis certificate in accordance with DIN ISO The certificate contains all the information on manufacturing precision, analytical precision and standard deviation. We will automatically issue analysis certificates for test and reference gases. In individually manufactured mixtures in large quantities we also provide batch certificates which confirm compliance with the user specification. Grade Relative error 0.5 _< ± 0.5 % relative 1.0 _< ± 1.0 % relative 2.0 _< ± 2.0 % relative 5.0 _< ± 5.0 % relative 10.0 _< ± 10.0 % relative Case study: Manufacturing and analytical accuracy explained using a test gas as an example. Composition: Oxygen vol. % Nitrogen balance Customer specification: The oxygen concentration must not deviate more than ± 0.75 vol. % from the specified target vol. %. The maximum permitted analytical tolerance is ± 0.15 vol.%. Assessment by quality grades: Max. Max. Grade deviation deviation absolute relative Manufacturing accuracy ± 0.75 % ± 5.0 % 5.0 Analytical accuracy ± 0.15 % ± 1.0 % 1.0 Analysis with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer: A spectrum is obtained from the gas mixture from which the components and their percentage proportions can be determined exactly. Exact representation: Manufacturing and analytical accuracy. The required accuracy of a mixture composition is defined by the type of application. However, the bounds of feasibility are dictated by the chemical and physical characteristics of the individual components of the mixture. The summary shows classification into quality grades at Westfalen in accordance with manufacturing and analytical accuracy: Manufacturing accuracy: In the manufacturing precision defined by grade 5.0, the oxygen content in the mixture must be between and vol. %. Analytical accuracy: The analysis produces an average content value over all the individual measurements of vol. %. At a grade 1.0 margin of error, the actual oxygen content is therefore between and vol. %. Manufacturing and analytical accuracy. Analytical tolerance In this example, the actual oxygen content is between and % % % % % % % Required concentration Analytical value Manufacturing accuracy Manufacturing accuracy 12

13 Looking really closely: Standard deviations. In very special cases, giving the maximum range of error is not sufficient. Detailed consideration of the analytical results is then necessary: each individual measurement which contributes to determining the average value shows a margin of error. The average error resulting from each individual measurement yields the average deviation from the average value. whose average error is less than 0.15 vol. % absolute. That corresponds to a relative error of ± 1 % in relation to the average. A total of 19 measured values form the second standard deviation. The average error in this case is below 0.3 vol. % absolute or ± 2 % relative. Only one more measurement falls into the third confidence range. From this distribution, Frequency Gaussian normal distribution = Measured value Standard deviation σ In the range ± 1 σ are 68.3% of all measured values In the range ± 2 σ are 95.4 % of all measured values In the range ± 3 σ are 99.7 % of all measured values The Gaussian normal distribution curve shows the grouping of the individual measurements around the average. The standard deviation, also known as the confidence range, describes three ranges: in the first are 68.3 percent of all measured values (simple standard deviation). The second range contains 95.4 percent, the third 99.7 percent of all measured values (double or triple standard deviation). Consideration of the error in the above example: A total of 20 measured values give an average of vol. % oxygen content. The simple standard deviation includes 14 measurements, Constantly high standards: Accreditation as a test and calibration laboratory. Westfalen s Specialty Gases Centre is accredited as a testing and calibration laboratory, fulfilling the "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories under DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005. a value of ± 0.45 vol. % absolute or 3 % relative is produced as the average error of the individual measurement, in each case relative to the average of vol. %. Through adjustment of the analytical process, the standard deviation from the average can be further reduced. Whether such a limitation is required depends on the relevant product and its intended usage. The accreditation defines the framework for constantly accurate preparation to the highest level and at the same time ensures the reproducibility at any time of gas mixtures, as well as their comparability and traceability to international standards. 13

14 Anything is possible: Westfalen gas mixtures. Standardised gas mixtures on stock. Product gas mixture/test gas Composition admixtures vol. % Delivery mode high pressure cylinders 1) geometric volume in litres Filling pressure at 15 C bar Argon W2 Spektro Argon 98 Hydrogen Argon/Methane 90/10 Argon 90 Methane Argon/Methane 95/05 Argon 95 Methane Argon/Methane ECD 90/10 Argon 90 Methane bundle 200 Argon/Methane ECD 95/05 Argon 95 Methane Synthetic air/hydrocarbon free Oxygen 21 Nitrogen bundle 200 Gas mixture 40 % H 2 / Hydrogen 40 Balance He Helium balance Test gas 0.25 % CO/ Carbon monoxide % He/Balance Synth. air 2) Helium Synthetic air balance Test gas 0.28 % CO/9.5 % Carbon monoxide 0.28 He/Balance Synth. air 2) Helium Synthetic air balance Test gas 5 % CO 2 / Carbon dioxide 5 2) Balance O 2 Oxygen balance Wetox 94/6 Ethylene oxide 6 3) (liquid mixture) Carbon dioxide 94 3) ) for high purity gases in Alumini pressure cans and mini cylinders, please ask for our separate brochure 2) analytical certificate issued automatically 3) mass percentage For detailed information on the properties and physical data, please request the relevant product datasheet. 2 H The hydrogen isotope deuterium Isotopes and isotope mixtures. A special field in high purity gases and gas mixtures is that of stable gaseous isotopes and their mixtures. Determination of isotope purity is done using a mass spectrometer. Isotope mixtures are manufactured gravimetrically according to specifications. The correct composition is also checked, in this case by mass spectrometry. You can obtain isotopes and isotope mixtures in Alumini pressure cans, mini cylinders and high pressure cylinders with nominal volumes between two and 50 litres. Our range includes, for example: - 12 CO 2-13 CO - C 18 O - 13 CO 2 - D - Ethene-D4-3 He - Methene-D4-15 N - 15 N 2 O - 18 O - 34 SO 2 - Isotopes of the noble gases Ne, Kr, Xe 14

15 Available components for individual gas mixtures. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) cis-1,2-dichloroethene n-hexane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane cis-butene-2 Nitric oxide 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (R-143a) Cumene (isopropyl benzene) Nitrogen 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134) Cyclohexane Nitrogen dioxide 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (R-113) Cyclopropane Nitrogen isotope ( 15 N) 1,1-Dichloro-2,2,2-Trifluoroethane Deuterium Nitromethane (R-123) 1,1-Difluoroethane (R-152a) Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) Nitrous oxide 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene Dichloromethane n-nonane 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Diethyl ether n-octane 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Difluoromethane (R-32) n-pentane (R-114) 1,2-Dichloroethane Dimethylamine n-undecane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Dimethyl disulphide (Methyl disulphide) Oxygen 1,3-Butadiene Dimethyl ether Oxygen isotope ( 18 O) 1-Butanol Dimethylamide acetate o-xylene 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane Ethane Pentafluoroethane (R-125) (R-124) 1-Methoxy-2-Propanol Ethanol Perfluorohexane 1-Propanol Ethene Phenol 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Ethylamine Phosgene (R-123) 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane) Ethylbenzene Phosphine 2-Butanone Ethylene oxide Propadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (isoprene) Ethylmercaptane Propane 2-Methyl-1-Propanol Fluorine Propene 2-Methylbutane Formaldehyde Propyne 2-Methylhexane Formic acid Propionaldehyde 2-Methylpentane Helium Propylene oxide 2-Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) Hexafluorobenzene p-xylene Acetaldehyde Hexamethyldisiloxane Silane Acetic acid Hydrogen Sulphur dioxide Acetic acid butyl ester (butyl acetate) Hydrogen chloride Sulphur hexafluoride Acetic acid ethyl ester (ethyl acetate) Hydrogen cyanide Styrene (vinyl benzene) Acetone Hydrogen fluoride Synthetic air Acetophenone (phenyl methyl ketone) Hydrogen sulphide Tert-Butylmercaptane Acetylene (ethyne) i-butane Tert-Butylmethylether Alpha methyl styrene i-butene Tetrachloroethene Ammonia i-propanol (2-propanol) Tetrachloromethane Argon Krypton Tetrafluoromethane (R-14) Benzene Methane Tetrahydrofuran Boron trichloride Methanol Tetrahydrothiophene Butene-1 Methylamine Toluene Carbon dioxide Methylcyclopentane trans-1,2-dichloroethene Carbon disulphide Methylmercaptane trans-butene-2 Carbon monoxide Methyl methacrylate Trichloroethene Carbonyl sulphide m-xylene Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) Chlorine N,N-dimethylethylamine Trichloromethane (chloroform) Chlorobenzene n-butane Trifluoromethane (R-23) Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) n-decane Trimethylborane Chloromethane (R-40) n-dodecane Vinyl chloride (R-1140) Chloropentafluoroethane (R-115) Neon Water (damp) Chlorotrifluoromethane (R-13) n-heptane Xenon Other components on request. 15

16 Typical of specialty gases: Applications. High purity gases and gas mixtures, isotopes and isotope mixtures are at home in many fields of application. The range is large, as are the performance requirements. The range of possible applications is demonstrated although the list is incomplete by the following overview. The gas sensors for exhaust gas analysers are calibrated in climatic chambers. The test gases used here ensure results are reliable. Instrumental analysis. Numerous instrumental analysis applications cannot be achieved without specialty gases. High purity gases and gas mixtures are employed here as processing, working, carrier, zero or reference gases. Current processes include: Flame Photometry (FPM) To determine alkaline and alkaline earth metals in the flame, various combinations of combustion and oxidation gases are used depending on the required flame temperature, for example, mixtures of propane and synthetic air or acetylene and synthetic air. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) The determination of metals via the atomic absorption spectrum is a modification of flame photometry. Here a flame is also used for thermal dissociation of the sample. The required temperatures are achieved using mixtures of propane, acetylene or hydrogen with synthetic air. Detector types and required operating and carrier gases. Operating gas Hydrogen up Helium up Argon up Nitrogen up Argon/Methane Synthetic air Detector to 6.0/ECD to 6.0/ECD to 6.0 to 6.0/ECD ECD HC free TCD XY XY XY XY FID X Y Y X OFID X Y Y X ECD Y Y XY X FPD X Y Y X PID XY XY Y HelD XY TID XY Y Y Y X AED XY X = Operating gas Y = Carrier gas TCD Thermal Conductivity Detector FPD Flame Photometric Detector FID Flame Ionisation Detector PID Photo Ionisation Detector OFID O 2 -Selective HelD Helium Ionisation Detector Flame Ionisation Detector TID Thermionic Detector ECD Electron Capture Detector AED (PED) Atomic Emission Detector (Plasma Emission Detector) 16

17 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Also for determination of metals in the atomic emission spectrum, argon as a carrier or plasma gas, and argon or nitrogen as cooling gases are used. Spark Source Mass Spectrometry (SSMS) For determination of metals in an arc, argon or argon-hydrogen mixtures as protective or purge gases are needed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) To pre- and post-process the sample and also during the measurements themselves, the high purity gases nitrogen, carbon dioxide and argon are normally used. Ideal for working on the move, such as in environmental analysis: specialty gases in small, portable containers like the Alumini pressure can. Gas Chromatography (GC) In gas chromatography, samples are transported in the gas stream using carrier gases. Dependent on the task, operating gases are required in gas chromatography for the detector and zero and test gases as a reference for comparative measurements. In gas chromatography, specialty gases fulfil various functions. Olfactometry s impossible without well-tuned noses and the perfect reference gas: n-butanol is used to determine the sensitivity of testers for olfactory testing. 17

18 Typical of specialty gases: Applications. How permeable are various materials? Nitrogen can help establish this. Pharmaceutical grade nitrogen is for example used for freeze-drying a variety of preparations. Further applications. Medicine, Inhalation, Pharma - nuclear spin tomography requires superconductive magnets, which are cooled with liquid helium - the blood flow of coronary vessels can be measured using radioactive water produced in the cyclotron from 15 N- and 16 O-isotope mixtures - gases meeting the specifications of the European Pharmacopoeia oxygen and mixtures of oxygen with nitrogen or carbon dioxide are used to support breathing - in anaesthesia and surgery, dinitrogen monoxide and carbon dioxide are widely used aids - specialty pharma gases, in particular nitrogen and carbon dioxide and mixtures, are used in pharmaceutical manufacturing Research and development - high purity nitrogen is used to research the permeation of oxygen through various pipework materials - in the investigation of solar neutrinos, high purity nitrogen with krypton in the ppt range is dosed for preliminary research - helium is needed for cooling superconducting magnets Specialty gases are also essential in laser material processing. 18

19 Industry - in laser material processing, mixed and pure process and operating gases are employed - depending on the required noise and heat protection levels, insulating glass panels are filled with the high purity gases argon, sulphur hexafluoride, krypton and xenon or their mixtures - the lighting industry also works with noble gases such as argon, neon, krypton or xenon - automotive suppliers test components for leakage using helium or helium-nitrogen mixtures - high purity argon and high purity nitrogen are used as protective gases during the manufacture of solar cells Environmental technology - mixtures of nitrogen and BTX aromatics in the ppb range are deployed in exhaust gas tests for motor vehicles In the cyclotron, isotope mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen are used. Liquid helium cools superconductive magnets for NMR spectroscopy. Checking exhaust emissions on vehicle engine test benches: reliable values are calculated using appropriately calibrated test gases. 19

20 Well packaged: Delivery modes. The size of our specialty gas packaging depends considerably on the need and the type of application. Small, light and so particularly practical are our small containers: Alumini 12 and Alumini 200 pressure cans and mini cylinders filled to pressures of 12 and 200 bar. For traditional applications, steel cylinders with a nominal volume of between one and 127 litres are available. Greater demand can be met by bundles of cylinders or mobile tanks of up to 600 litres capacity. For large consumers we design and erect stationary tanks with capacities from 2,000 litres, or we provide mobile systems for interim supplies. The lightest form of specialty gas provision: Alumini 12 (pressure can) and Alumini 200 (mini cylinder) with an empty weight of only 200 or 1,100 grams. Practical for higher demand: mobile tanks, such as Dewars for liquid helium. Specialty gases in abundance for stationary tank installations or in mobile supply systems. Day and night. 20

21 At a glance: Standard cylinders. Type geometric volume (l) Alumini 12 (pressure cans) seamless drawn aluminium body (12 bar) Alumini 200 (mini cylinders) seamless drawn aluminium body (200 bar) High-pressure cylinders seamless drawn steel cylinders (200 bar, optional 300 bar 4) ) High-pressure cylinders seamless drawn aluminium cylinders (200 bar) Low-pressure cylinders welded for liquefied gases (filling pressure gas-dependent) Steel cylinders for acetylene (pressure as stated on cylinders) Drum (for liquefied gases) 1) 2) Length with cap/ cage (cm) 3) Diameter (cm) 3) Weight empty (kg) 3) Bundle 12 x 50 L x W x H: 103 x 80 x 197 1, / , ) actual gas capacity varies depending on type of gas and filling pressure 2) other cylinder sizes available on request 3) all values are approximate values 4) for 300 bar cylinders, other weights apply; data available on request A proven classic: steel cylinders of up to 127 litre nominal volume. 21

22 It comes out like this: Gas outlet fittings. Westfalen will plan and install complete stateof-the-art gas supply systems to your requirements. From planning to implementation, we provide you with qualified support in erecting turnkey supply setups for specialty gases. This also includes all gas withdrawal arrangements. Selection of suitable fittings is geared toward the applicable regulations, the properties of the required gases and the requirements set by the application. From this are tailored the material specification and determination of the required pressure ranges. The individual components are assembled modularly. Withdrawal directly from the gas cylinder is generally achieved with cylinder pressure regulators. These may also be provided with rinsing arrangements or flame arresters for acetylene. Alongside this we can also however provide simple control valves with no pressure gauge. In certain cases central gas supply is more economical than drawing from individual cylinders. For this we develop compact system solutions. WEGA 1 pressure reducer for gas withdrawal from individual cylinders at pressures of 200 or 300 bar. Right: These outlet points here installed as a supply traffic light are a component of a central supply system. At a glance: Pressure regulators for specialty gases. Model notation Application WEGA Mini for small cylinders for non-corrosive gases up to purity 5.0 ( vol. %) and test gases with no highly corrosive components WEGA 1 and WEGA 2 for non-corrosive gases up to purity 6.0 ( vol. %) and gas mixtures for test gases with ammonia, sulphur dioxide or nitrogen monoxide admixtures in the trace range WEGA 1 KSp for corrosive gases up to purity 6.0 ( vol. %) and gas mixtures for test gases with corrosive and highly corrosive components for trace mixtures in the ppb and ppm range Doppelregulus for non-corrosive gases up to purity 5.0 ( vol. %) and gas mixtures for output pressures in the millibar range At a glance: Pressure regulators for specialty gases in Alumini 12 pressure cans. Model notation Application Fine control valve with pressure gauge Spray nozzle Gas flow regulator Syringe adapter with content pressure gauge for withdrawal of the smallest quantities of gas for spraying the contained mixture for regulating the gas flow (d) from 0.5 to 1.5 l/min for withdrawing extremely small quantities of gas by gas syringes 22

23 Practical service for practical people. The comprehensive supply program for industrial gases, gas mixtures and specialty gases, our established know-how and extensive services form the basis for partnership between users and Westfalen. On the basis of actual take-up and analysis of your production processes, we will advise and in conjunction with you work out a futureoriented supply concept. We provide and install a complete gas supply installation, which also includes metering and regulator units. The services include the necessary testing and fine tuning. Our engineers, technicians and after-sales staff, with their experience and knowledge, remain at your disposal even after start-up. A large vehicle fleet with cylinder trucks and tank vehicles, computerised distribution and a solid network of branches, sales offices and distributors guarantee reliable logistics. Westfalen guarantees reliable supplies in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Austria, Czechia and Switzerland. Westfalen supplies and erects complete gas supply installations and process technology. Air gases with a purity of up to 6.0 ( % by vol.) are produced in the plants at Hörstel (near Osnabrück), Laichingen (near Ulm) and Le Creusot (France). 23

24 Technical Gases I Refrigerants I Propane Westfalen Austria GmbH Aumühlweg 21/TOP Leobersdorf Austria Phone +43 (0) 22 56/ Fax +43 (0) 22 56/ info@westfalen.at Westfalen BVBA-SPRL Watermolenstraat Aalst/Alost Belgium Phone +32 (0) Fax +32 (0) info@westfalen.be Westfalen Gas s.r.o. Masarykova Domažlice Czechia Phone Fax info@westfalen.cz Westfalen France S.à.r.l. Parc d Activités Belle Fontaine Rosselange France Phone +33 (0) Fax +33 (0) info@westfalen-france.fr Westfalen Gassen Nederland BV Rigastraat EW Deventer The Netherlands Phone +31 (0) Fax +31 (0) info@westfalengassen.nl Westfalen Gas Schweiz GmbH Sisslerstr. 11/PF 5074 Eiken AG Switzerland Phone +41 (0) Fax +41 (0) info@westfalen-gas.ch Westfalen AG Industrieweg Münster Germany Phone +49 (0)2 51/ Fax +49 (0)2 51/ info@westfalen-ag.de J T - P-TG--GB