OSHA s Electric Power Standards

Transcription

1 OSHA s Electric Power Standards Construction and Maintenance David Wallis

2 Electrical Protective Equipment Rubber insulating equipment Other electrical protective equipment and

3 Rubber Insulating Equipment Gloves Sleeves Blankets Covers Line hose Matting

4 Gloves and Sleeves

5 Blankets, Line Hose, & Covers

6 Matting

7 Design Standards ASTM design specifications: D120 Gloves D1049 Covers D1051 Sleeves D1050 Line hose D1048 Blankets D178 Matting (a) and (a)

8 Use and Care Inspection Maximum use voltage Storage Protector gloves Testing Repair

9 Inspection Before each day s use Following any incident that could damage the equipment Air test for rubber gloves (c)(2)(ii) and (c)(2)(ii)

10 Defects and Damage Holes, tears, punctures, or cuts Ozone cutting or checking Embedded foreign object Swelling, hardening, sticky, or inelastic Other damage to insulation retest (c)(2)(iii) & (iv) and (c)(2)(iii) & (iv)

11 Air Test Mechanical Inflator Manual Inflation

12 Maximum Use Voltage Class Maximum Use Voltage , , , , , (c)(2)(i), Table I-4, and (c)(2)(i), Table E-4

13 Maximum Use Voltage Multiphase exposure = phase-to-phase voltage Single-phase exposure = phase-to-ground voltage

14 Single-Phase Exposure Only one phase in a system area, and maximum voltage is phase to ground Insulation or isolation of other phases on groundedwye circuit

15 Multiphase Exposure

16 Single-Phase Exposure

17 Storage Protect from: Light Temperature extremes Excessive humidity Ozone Other damaging substances and conditions (c)(2)(vi) and (c)(2)(vi)

18 Protector Gloves

19 Protector Gloves Always wear protector gloves over rubber gloves Exceptions: Class 0 limited use Class 00 limited use 250 V ac or 375 V dc Other classes one class higher Retest rubber gloves after use without protectors (c)(2)(vii) and (c)(2)(vii)

20 Testing Equipment When to Test Line hose and covers Insulation suspect, after repair Gloves Every 6 mo., insulation suspect, after repair Blankets and sleeves Every 12 mo., insulation suspect, after repair (c)(2)(viii) & (ix), Table I-4 & I-5

21 Testing Certify the testing, identifying the equipment and test date Logs or marking the equipment are acceptable (c)(2)(xii) and (c)(2)(xii)

22 Repair Line hose cut off defective portion Blankets cut off defective area, min. size is 22 in. x 22 in. Blankets repair using compatible patch Gloves and sleeves compatible patch or compound, only in gauntlet area Test after repair (c)(2)(x) and (c)(2)(x)

23 Other Electrical Protective Equipment Plastic guard equipment (ASTM F712) Insulating shields and barriers

24 Other Electrical Protective Equipment Withstand imposed voltages Limit equipment current to 1 μa per kv (b) and (b)

25 Electric Power Generation, Transmission, & Distribution General industry, 29 CFR Construction, 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart V

26 Scope Operation and maintenance of: Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution installations, including related installations Fuel and ash handling Water and steam installations Chlorine and hydrogen systems (a)(1)(i)

27 Scope Operation and maintenance of: Test sites Line-clearance tree trimming Whole standard applies to work by qualified employees Only paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3), (b), (c), (g), (k), (p), and (r) apply to work by line-clearance tree trimmers (a)(1)(i)

28 Scope Excluded: Construction Subpart S, electrical, requirements (a)(1)(ii)

29 Scope Subpart V Construction of electric power transmission and distribution lines and equipment, including New construction, Alteration, Conversion, and Improvement (a)(1)(i)

30 Scope Subpart V Excluded: Electrical safety-related work practices for unqualified employees (a)(1)(ii)

31 Scope Subpart V Applicable general industry standards, : Line-clearance tree trimming operations Electric power generation (a)(3)

32 Scope Both Standards Section applies in addition to other provisions in OSHA s General Industry Standards (29 CFR Part 1910) Subpart V applies in addition to other provisions in OSHA s Construction Standards (29 CFR Part 1926) (a)(1)(iii) and (a)(2)

33 Training All employees Qualified employees Line-clearance tree trimmers (a)(2) and (b)

34 Training All Employees Safety-related work practices, safety procedures, and other safety requirements in the standards that pertain to the job Other safety practices, including applicable emergency procedures, that are not specifically addressed by the standards but that are related to work and necessary for safety Degree of training commensurate with risk (a)(2)(i) and (b)(1)

35 Qualified Employees Skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of electric equipment Skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts Applicable minimum approach distances and how to maintain them Proper use of protective equipment and tools for working on or near exposed live parts Recognition of electrical hazards and how to control them (a)(2)(ii) and (b)(2)

36 Line-Clearance Tree Trimmers Skills and techniques necessary to distinguish exposed live parts from other parts of electric equipment Skills and techniques necessary to determine the nominal voltage of exposed live parts Applicable minimum approach distances and how to maintain them (a)(2)(iii)

37 Supervision and Inspections Ensure that workers are following required practices Regular supervision Annual inspections (a)(2)(iv) and (b)(3)

38 Additional Training Additional training required: If supervision or inspections detect noncompliance New technology or other changes Worker must use practices not normally in use (within the last year) (a)(2)(v) and (b)(4)

39 Training Results Introduce procedures necessary for compliance Establish proficiency Training is complete only after employee demonstrates proficiency (a)(2)(vii) & (viii) and (b)(6) & (7)

40 Existing Conditions Characteristics of the system related to safety Voltage, maximum overvoltage, induced voltage Presence of grounds Location of circuits and equipment Conditions of the installation related to safety Condition of grounds and poles Environmental conditions (a)(4) and (d)

41 Information Transfer

42 Information Transfer Host employer: An employer that operates, or that controls the operating procedures for, an electric power generation, transmission, or distribution installation on which a contract employer is performing work covered by [the standard]. Contract employer: An employer, other than a host employer, that performs work covered by [the standard] under contract (x) and

43 Information Transfer Host employer Typically an electric utility Must operate, or control operating procedures for, an electric power installation Contractor must be working on system (x) and

44 Information Transfer Not a host employer Holding company owning, but not operating, generation plant Contractor, unless it operates or controls the operation (x) and

45 Information Transfer Contract employer Any contractor that performs covered work Subcontractors But not A host employer A contractor that is present at a covered installation, but does not performed covered work (x) and

46 Information Transfer Host provides information to contractors Characteristics listed in (a)(4) and (d) Known conditions listed in (a)(4) and (d) System design information needed for assessments Other known system information related to safety and requested by contractor (a)(3)(i) and (c)(1)

47 Assessments Provision Assessment Required Type of Information (e), (a) (e)(12), (m) Whether an enclosed space must be entered as a permit-required confined space Whether forced air ventilation has been maintained long enough that a safe atmosphere exists Whether an enclosed space contains hazards, other than electrical and atmospheric hazards, that could endanger the life of an entrant or could interfere with escape from the space The size of the enclosed space

48 Information Transfer Contractor instructs its employees in the hazardous conditions, relevant to employees work, of which the contractor is aware as a result of information communicated by the host (a)(3)(ii)(A) and (c)(2)(i)

49 Information Transfer Contractor advises the host of: Any unique hazardous conditions presented by the contract employer s work Any unanticipated hazardous conditions not mentioned by the host (a)(3)(ii)(B) & (C) and (c)(2)(ii) & (iii)

50 Information Transfer Contractor and host must coordinate work rules and procedures so that each employee is protected (a)(3)(iii) and (c)(3)

51 Medical Services & First Aid General industry and construction standards apply ( and ) First-aid training includes training in CPR (b) & (x) and (a) &

52 Medical Services & First Aid Field work work by 2 or more workers requires at least 2 workers trained in first aid Partial exception for line-clearance tree trimming Fixed work locations Reach an injured worker in 4 minutes, or all workers trained in first aid (b)(1) and (b)

53 Medical Services & First Aid First-aid supplies in weatherproof containers when exposed to weather First-aid kit maintenance Readily available for use Inspect to ensure replacement of supplies Inspect at least annually (b)(2) & (3)

54 Job Briefing Employer must provide the employee in charge with with all available information that relates to the determination of existing characteristics and conditions under (a)(4) and (d): Information on existing characteristics Information about existing conditions (c)(1)(i) and (a)(1)

55 Job Briefing Employee in charge conducts job briefing before start of work Job briefing to cover: Hazards associated with the job Work procedures involved Special precautions Energy-source controls PPE (c)(1)(ii) & (c)(2) and (a)(2) & (b)

56 Job Briefing Number of briefings: Single briefing at the start of the shift if work will be repetitive and similar Additional briefings when changes affecting safety occur (c)(3) and (c)

57 Job Briefing Extent of briefing Short discussion if work is routine and workers are trained to recognize and avoid hazards of the job More detail for complicated or particularly hazardous work More detail if employee might not recognize and avoid hazards of the job (c)(4) and (d)

58 Job Briefing Working alone No job briefing Plan the job as if a briefing took place (c)(5) and (e)

59 Enclosed Spaces (e) and

60 What Is an Enclosed Space? A working space, such as a manhole, vault, tunnel, or shaft, that has a limited means of egress or entry, that is designed for periodic employee entry under normal operating conditions, and that, under normal conditions, does not contain a hazardous atmosphere, but may contain a hazardous atmosphere under abnormal conditions (x) and

61 Manholes and Vaults

62 Tunnels and Shafts

63 Not an Enclosed Space Not designed for entry under normal operating conditions Contains a hazardous atmosphere under normal operating conditions Contains or develops a hazardous atmosphere that is not removed by compliance with standard Hazards remaining after compliance endanger the life of an entrant or could interfere with escape

64 Enclosed Spaces Definitions Entry The action by which a person passes through an opening into an enclosed space. Entry includes ensuing work activities in that space and is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant s body breaks the plane of an opening into the space. Attendant An employee assigned to remain immediately outside the entrance to an enclosed or other space to render assistance as needed to employees inside the space (x) and

65 Enclosed Spaces Hazardous atmosphere Definitions An atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from an enclosed space), injury, or acute illness from one or more of the following causes: (x) and

66 Enclosed Spaces Definitions Hazardous atmosphere (1) Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL); (x) and

67 Enclosed Spaces Definitions Hazardous atmosphere (2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL; Note to the definition of hazardous atmosphere (2): This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures vision at a distance of 1.52 meters (5 feet) or less (x) and

68 Enclosed Spaces Definitions Hazardous atmosphere (3) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent; (x) and

69 Enclosed Spaces Hazardous atmosphere Definitions (4) Atmospheric concentration of any substance for which a dose or a permissible exposure limit is published in Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, or in Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, of this part and which could result in employee exposure in excess of its dose or permissible exposure limit; Note to the definition of hazardous atmosphere (4): An atmospheric concentration of any substance that is not capable of causing death, incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects is not covered by this provision (x) and

70 Enclosed Spaces Hazardous atmosphere Definitions (5) Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health. Note to the definition of hazardous atmosphere (5): For air contaminants for which the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has not determined a dose or permissible exposure limit, other sources of information, such as Material Safety Data Sheets that comply with the Hazard Communication Standard, , published information, and internal documents can provide guidance in establishing acceptable atmospheric conditions (x) and

71 Enclosed Spaces Definitions Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) Any condition that poses an immediate or delayed threat to life or that would cause irreversible adverse health effects or that would interfere with an individual s ability to escape unaided from a permit space. Note to the definition of immediately dangerous to life or health : Some materials hydrogen fluoride gas and cadmium vapor, for example may produce immediate transient effects that, even if severe, may pass without medical attention, but are followed by sudden, possibly fatal collapse hours after exposure. The victim feels normal from recovery fromtransient effects until collapse. Such materials in hazardous quantities are considered to be immediately dangerous to life or health (x) and

72 Enclosed Spaces Establish safe work practices for entry into, and work in, enclosed spaces and for rescue of employees from such spaces Train entrants and attendants in entry and rescue procedures (e)(1) & (2) and (b) & (c)

73 Evaluating Hazards Determine whether the space is safe for entry: Check for temperature and pressure differences Check potential for hazardous atmosphere Remove unsafe conditions Guard opening after removing cover Attendant required for traffic hazards (e)(4), (5), & (7) and (e), (f) & (h)

74 Testing Atmosphere Instruments must be direct reading, be calibrated, and have an accuracy of ±10 percent Test for oxygen deficiency unless adequate ventilation is provided Test for flammable gases and vapors (e)(8) to (10) and (i) to (k)

75 Hazardous Atmosphere? No entry permitted if a hazardous atmosphere is present See (e)(8) to (10) and (i) to (k)

76 Ventilation and Monitoring If you find oxygen deficiency or flammable gases or vapors: Use forced-air ventilation to maintain oxygen at a safe level and to prevent a hazardous concentration of flammable gases and vapors from accumulating If you only detect flammable gases or vapors at safe levels, you can use continuous monitoring instead If you use open flames, test often enough to detect hazardous accumulation, but no less than once/hour (e)(11) & (14) and (l) & (o)

77 Ventilation and Monitoring Begin ventilation before entry and maintain long enough to ensure a safe atmosphere Directed to ventilate work area Clean air supply (e)(12) & (13) and (m) & (n)

78 Fall Protection

79 Fall Protection Types Fall restraint system A system that prevents the user from falling any distance Work positioning equipment A system rigged to allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface and work with both hands free while leaning Personal fall arrest equipment A system used to arrest an employee in a fall from a working level (x) and

80 Fall Restraint System

81 Work Positioning Equipment

82 Personal Fall Arrest Equipment

83 Fall Protection Design requirements Fall restraint guidelines only, 3,000-lb capacity Fall arrest 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart M plus 40-cal/cm 2 arc test Work positioning ASTM F (g)(2)(i), (ii), & (iii) and (b)(1) & (2)

84 Fall Protection Aerial Lifts Fall restraint system, or Personal fall arrest system (g)(2)(iv)(C) and (b)(3)(iii)

85 Fall Protection Poles, towers, and similar structures, more than 1.2 m above the ground Fall restraint system, Work positioning equipment, or Personal fall arrest system As appropriate (g)(2)(iv)(C) and (b)(3)(iii)

86 Fall Protection Use fall protection while climbing or changing location Limited exemption Provides anchorage Effective April 1, (g)(2)(iv)(C) and (b)(3)(iii)

87 Appropriate for Work Wood pole structure

88 Appropriate for Work Steel lattice structure

89 Multipurpose Harness Fall arrest or work positioning

90 WPFRD Wood pole fall restriction device

91 Retractable Lanyards

92 Fall Protection?

93 Fall Arrest Systems Inspect before each use Unless designed for the purpose, do not engage snaphooks To each other To a D-ring with another snaphook or connector To webbing, rope, or wire rope Horizontal lifeline Incompatible object (d)(6) & (21)

94 Fall Arrest Systems Rig so that worker cannot fall more than 1.8 meters or contact a lower level Use only for employee protection (d)(16)(iii) & (d)(18)

95 Work Positioning Equipment Inspect before each day s use Rig so that worker cannot fall more than 0.6 meters Unless designed for the purpose, do not engage snaphooks To each other To a D-ring with another snaphook or connector To webbing, rope, or wire rope Horizontal lifeline Incompatible object (g)(2)(iv) and (b)(3)

96 Portable Ladders and Platforms See 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart D for ladders used during maintenance operations See 29 CFR Part 1926, Subpart X for ladders used during construction (h)(1) and (a)

97 Special Ladders and Platforms (h)(1) and (a)

98 Special Ladders and Platforms Do not overload them Secure them from displacement Use only as intended (h)(2) and (b)

99 Cord- and Plug-Connected Equipment Grounded Double Insulated Low Voltage (i)(2) and (b)

100 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Tools (i)(4) and (d)

101 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Tools Maintain safe operating pressure Use near energized lines Designed for use Hydraulic tools check valves at > 10.7 meters Pneumatic tools protection against moisture accumulation (i)(4) and (d)

102 Live-Line Tools ASTM F711, Standard Specification for Fiberglass- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Rod and Tube Used in Live Line Tools (j) and

103 Live-Line Tools Wipe clean and visually inspect before each day s use If any defect or contamination is present, return for repair and testing (j)(2)(i) & (ii) and (b)(1) & (2)

104 Live-Line Tools Periodic cleaning, repair, and testing for tools used as primary protection Every 2 years Thorough examination Test after repair or refinish Test after exam without repair or refinish, except for FRP rod or foam-filled FRP tube Test must verify integrity of tool along working length (j)(2)(i) & (ii) and (b)(1) & (2)

105 Live-Line Tool Guidelines IEEE 516, IEEE Guide for Maintenance Methods on Energized Power Lines Protect tools from damage during storage Inspection guidelines what to look for Cleaning guidelines Testing guidelines how to test

106 Materials Handling and Storage For maintenance, see 29 CFR Part 1910, Subpart N For construction, see 29 CFR Part 1926, Subparts N and CC Material storage Unrestricted access, minimum clearance = 3 meters Restricted to qualified employees, minimum clearance = MAD (k) and

107 Mechanical Equipment (p) and

108 Mechanical Equipment Inspect critical safety components before use on each shift Critical safety components are components for which failure would result in free fall or free rotation of the boom (p)(1)(i) and (a)(2)

109 Mechanical Equipment Critical safety components include: Boom Outriggers Upper and lower bearing attachment weld and bolts Lift cylinders and attachments Hydraulic system Elbow (p)(1)(i) and (a)(2)

110 Mechanical Equipment Operator may not leave position while load is suspended, unless no employees are endangered Use outriggers unless terrain precludes use Extend and retract outriggers in full view of operator or keep workers outside of range of movement (p)(1)(iv) & (2) and (a)(3) & (b)

111 Mechanical Equipment Near Overhead Lines Maintain MAD from overhead power lines The insulated portion of an aerial lift may approach closer than MAD Use an observer unless the operator can accurately determine and maintain the distance (p)(4)(i) & (ii) and (d)(1) & (2)

112 Mechanical Equipment Near Overhead Lines If equipment could become energized: Cover lines, or Use insulated boom where it could come within MAD, or Protect workers from hazards arising from contact (p)(4)(iii) and (d)(3)

113 Mechanical Equipment Near Overhead Lines Protect workers from hazards arising from contact by: Using the best available ground Bond mechanical equipment together Ground mats to extend area of protection Use insulating equipment or barriers to protect against any remaining hazardous voltage (p)(4)(iii) and (d)(3)

114 Working On or Near Exposed Energized Parts Two-person rule MAD Working position Protection from electric arcs (arc flash) (l) and

115 Working On or Near Exposed Energized Parts How close is near? Who is a qualified employee? What work is restricted to qualified employees? When are lines and equipment energized? (l) and

116 How Close is Near? Near = close enough to expose worker to hazard Electric shock Hazards from electric arcs (l) and (a)

117 Who Is a Qualified Employee? An employee (person) knowledgeable in the construction and operation of the electric power generation, transmission, and distribution equipment involved, along with the associated hazards (x) and

118 Who Is a Qualified Employee? An employee must have the training required for qualified employees to be a qualified employee. Generally, an employee who is undergoing on-the-job training and who has demonstrated, in the course of such training, an ability to perform duties safely at his or her level of training and who is under the direct supervision of a qualified person is a qualified person for the performance of those duties (x) and

119 What Work Is Restricted to Qualified Employees? Work on or with exposed energized lines or parts of equipment Work in areas containing unguarded, uninsulated energized lines or parts of equipment operating at 50 volts or more (l)(1)(i) & (ii) and (b)(1)

120 When Are Lines and Equipment Energized? Unless they have been deenergized in accordance with the requirements in the standards for deenergizing lines and equipment Generation Transmission and distribution (l)(1)(iii) and (b)(2)

121 Two-Person Rule Install, remove, repair lines >600 V Install, remove, repair deenergized line with exposure to >600 V Install, remove, repair equipment with exposure to >600 V Mechanical equipment, other than insulated aerial lifts, near parts >600 V Other work posing similar hazards (l)(2)(i) and (b)(3)(i)

122 Exposed to Contact Not isolated or guarded Insulated parts are exposed to contact unless isolated or guarded (x) and

123 Two-Person Rule Exceptions: Routine circuit switching when safe Work with live-line tools when out of reach of energized parts Emergency repairs to safeguard the public (l)(2)(ii) and (b)(3)(ii)

124 Minimum Approach Distances (MAD)

125 MAD Employer must establish minimum approach distances based on formulas in the standard For voltages >72.5 kv, employer must determine maximum transient overvoltage (TOV) Based on engineering analysis or Use default values (l)(3)(i) & (ii) and (c)(1)(i) & (ii)

126 MAD Maintain MAD between the worker and live parts, unless: Worker is insulated from live parts (gloves or gloves and sleeves if employee has control of parts), Live parts are insulated from worker, or Live-line barehand work (l)(3)(iii) and (c)(1)(iii)

127 What Is the Distance? For voltages up to 72.5 kv, generally use the default table For voltages >72.5 kv, the distances are based on the equations (D = TOV (C + a) + M) MAD is based on probability of 1/1000 of sparkover Table R-3 and Subpart V Table V-2

128 MAD for 72.5 kv (showing difference compared to old ) Voltage (kv phase-tophase) 0.50 to Avoid contact m ft to (+0.33) 1.09 (+1.09) to (-0.01) 2.07 (-0.01) 5.1 to (+0.01) 2.14 (+0.06) 15.1 to (+0.05) 2.53 (+0.20) 36.1 to (+0.07) 2.76 (+0.18) 46.1 to (+0.10) 3.29 (+0.29) Table R-6 and Subpart V Table V-5

129 MAD for >72.5 kv MAD = (C + a)vl-gta + M C = constant, 0.01 or 0.011, depending on exposure a = saturation factor (per equations in Table R-3) VL-G = phase-to-ground rms voltage, in kv T = maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage (for phase-to-phase exposures, T = 1.35TL-G ) A = altitude correction factor from Table R 5 or Table V-4 M = 0.31 m (1.0 ft), the inadvertent movement factor Table R-3 and Subpart V Table V-2

130 Changes for Voltages >72.5 kv Maximum transient overvoltage (TOV) Highest is 3.5 rather than 3.0 Standards anticipates that most employers will determine maximum TOV Appendix B includes MAD tables for various values of maximum TOV MAD for phase-to-phase exposures increases substantially for voltages >350 kv because of error Table R-3 and Subpart V Table V-2

131 Portable Protective Gap Ground end Line end

132 Using Rubber Gloves and Sleeves When a worker is using the rubber glove method: He or she must also wear rubber sleeves, or Exposed energized parts not being worked on must be insulated, and the worker must install this insulation from a position where his or her upper arm is not exposed to contact (l)(4)(i) and (c)(2)(i)

133 Working Position Where to put on and take off rubber gloves Where may unprotected employees work? (l)(4)(ii) & (5)(ii) and (c)(2)(ii) & (d)(2)

134 Don & Doff Rubber Gloves Put on and take off rubber insulating gloves in a position where the worker cannot reach into MAD (l)(4)(ii) and (c)(2)(ii)

135 Unprotected Workers For work near live parts of >600 volts but 72.5 kv, work from a position where the worker cannot reach into MAD, except: wearing rubber insulating gloves, protected by insulating equipment, using live-line tools, and performing live-line barehand work (l)(5)(ii) and (d)(2)

136 Electric Arc Protection

137 Electric Arc Protection

138 Principle Requirements Assess workplace for hazards from flames or electric arcs If there is exposure, estimate incident energy Prohibit clothing when incident energy could ignite clothing Require FR under certain conditions Select clothing with an arc rating greater than the estimated incident energy (l)(8) and (g)

139 Appendix E Guidelines Assessment guidelines with examples Estimating available heat energy Selecting an appropriate calculation method Selecting reasonable input parameters (in particular, distance to arc and arc gap) Tables for single-phase arc in open air Selecting protective clothing and other protective equipment Appendix E to and Subpart V

140 Assessment Guidelines Arc and Flame Sources Sources of electric arcs Unguarded, uninsulated live parts Switches that arc in normal operation Sliding parts subject to faults Electric equipment subject to failure Sources of flames Open flames Ignitible material near flames or arcs Appendix E to and Subpart V

141 Assessment Guidelines Probability of Arc Whether conductive objects can fall on live parts Whether employee is inside MAD Whether operation of electric equipment is part of normal operation or occurs during servicing Evidence of impending failure Appendix E to and Subpart V

142 Assessment Examples Normal operation Servicing and maintenance Task Proper maintenance and no evidence of impending failure Evidence of arcing or overheating Evidence of inadequate maintenance All Exposure No Yes Yes Yes

143 Assessment Examples Task Exposure Inspection with exposed live parts Worker outside of MAD and holding no conductive objects Worker holding conductive object Worker inside MAD No Yes Yes Using open flames All Yes

144 Guidelines for Calculation Methods Appendix E to and Subpart V

145 Notes on Calculation Methods Heat flux calculator NFPA 70E Task Table 2012 edition 2015 edition ARCPRO v. 2.0 v Appendix E to and Subpart V

146 Guidelines on Arc Gap Appendix E to and Subpart V

147 Appendix E Incident-Energy Tables Appendix E to and Subpart V

148 Arc-Rated Protection Outer layer of clothing must be FR for incident energy exceeding 2.0 cal/cm 2 Arc-rated protection must cover entire body, with certain exceptions: Protection for hands (rubber gloves with protectors or, for exposures 14 cal/cm 2, heavy-duty (12-oz) leather work gloves) Protection for feet (heavy work shoes or boots) Protection for the head under certain conditions (l)(8)(v) and (g)(5)

149 Head and Face Protection Starts at 9 cal/cm 2 for single-phase arcs in air Starts at 5 cal/cm 2 for other exposures May be hard hat and face shield for these exposures: < 13 cal/cm 2 for single-phase arc in open air < 9 cal/cm 2 for other exposures For open-air, single-phase arc exposures, the required arc rating is reduced by 4 cal/cm (l)(8)(v)(C) - (D) and (g)(5)(iii) - (v)

150 Compliance Deadlines Incident energy estimates January 1, 2015 Use FR clothing when incident energy exceeds 2.0 cal/cm 2 April 1, 2015 Arc-flash protection April 1, 2015 Everything else July 10, (l)(8)(vi) and (g)(6)

151 Making Connections Attaching deenergized equipment to energized attached deenergized part first Removing equipment from energized circuit remove the source end first (l)(6) and (e)

152 Conductive Articles Don t wear conductive articles when working within reach of exposed energized parts unless articles do not increase hazards You can render them nonconductive instead (l)(7) and (f)

153 Fuse Handling If the voltage exceeds 300 V or if live parts of 50 V or more are present, use rated tools or gloves When installing or removing expulsion-type fuses energized at > 300 V, wear eye protection, use a rated tool, and stand clear of the exhaust path (l)(9) and (h)

154 Treat as Energized Covered conductors Non-current-carry metal parts, unless determined to be grounded Transformer cases Circuit breaker housings Other equipment enclosures (l)(10) & (11) and (i) & (j)

155 Opening and Closing Circuits Under Load Use devices designed to carry or interrupt current under load (l)(12) and (k)

156 Deenergizing Lines and Equipment and Lockout-Tagout Generation Lockout-tagout Transmission and distribution System operator (dispatcher) Protection against outside energization

157 Hazardous Energy Control (Lockout-Tagout) A program to ensure that, before servicing or maintenance where the unexpected energizing, start up, or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment is isolated from the energy source and rendered inoperative Energy control procedures Employee training Periodic inspections (d)(2)(i)

158 Lockout-Tagout Lockout Tags plus Removal of isolating circuit element Blocking a controlling switch Opening extra disconnect Removal of valve handle (d)(2)(ii)

159 Lockout-Tagout Procedures Written procedures covering the scope, purpose, responsibility, authorization, rules, and techniques to be applied to the control of hazardous energy, and the measures to enforce compliance Statement of the intended use Specific steps for controlling energy for machines and equipment Specific steps for placing, removing, and transferring lockouttagout devices Specific requirements for testing machines or equipment to verify the effectiveness of lockout-tagout measures (d)(2)(iii) & (iv)

160 Annual Inspection Performed by an authorized employee who is not using the energy control procedure being inspected Designed to identify and correct any deviations or inadequacies Include a review, between the inspector and each authorized employee, of that employee s responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, with a review of tagout elements if applicable Certify inspections (d)(2)(v)

161 Training Must ensure that: The purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees The knowledge and skills required for the safe application, use, and removal of energy controls are acquired by employees (d)(2)(vi)

162 Definitions Authorized employee. An employee who locks out or tags out machines or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. An affected employee becomes an authorized employee when that employee s duties include performing servicing or maintenance. Affected employee. An employee whose job requires him or her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout, or whose job requires him or her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed (x)

163 Training Authorized Employees Recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources The type and magnitude of energy available in the workplace The methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control (d)(2)(vi)(A)

164 Training Affected Employees The purpose and use of the energy control procedure (d)(2)(vi)(B)

165 Training All Other Employees About the procedures About the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment that are locked out or tagged out (d)(2)(vi)(C)

166 Training Tagout About the limitations of tags: Warning devices that do not provide a physical restraint Not removed without authorization of the person responsible for it Do not bypass, defeat, or ignore (d)(2)(vii)(A) & (B)

167 Training Tagout About the limitations of tags: Must be understandable to be effective Must be capable of withstanding the environment May evoke a false sense of security Must be securely attached (d)(2)(vii)(C) - (F)

168 Retraining Required for changes Job assignment Machines, equipment, or processes Energy control procedures (d)(2)(viii)(A)

169 Retraining Inadequacies in worker s knowledge or use of energy control procedures Detected by inspection Other reason to believe inadequacies exist (d)(2)(viii)(B)

170 Retraining Reestablish proficiency Introduce any new or revised procedures (d)(2)(viii)(C)

171 Protective Materials and Hardware Hardware for isolating, securing, or blocking energy provided by employer LOTO devices singularly identified and used only for LOTO LOTO devices capable of withstanding environment so that they don t come off or otherwise become ineffective LOTO devices must provide for identification of employee applying the device (d)(3)

172 LOTO Procedures LOTO device application and removal only by authorized employee performing the servicing Notification of affected employees Before After (d)(4) & (5)

173 LOTO Procedures LOTO application Orderly shutdown in accordance with procedures Isolate machine or equipment Affix LOTO devices Remove stored or residual energy and prevent reaccumulation Verify isolation (d)(6)

174 Release from LOTO Inspect work area to ensure safe startup Check to ensure that all employees are out of work area After LOTO device removal but before startup, notify affected employees (d)(7)

175 Removal of LOTO Device Remove LOTO device by authorized employee who applied it If that worker is unavailable: Verify that he or she is not at the facility Make reasonable efforts to contact him or her Make sure that he or she is aware of removal before resuming work at the facility Procedures must afford equivalent safety (d)(7)(iv)

176 Testing and Positioning Clear the area of tools and materials Remove workers from the area Remove LOTO devices Energize and proceed with testing or positioning Deenergize and reapply energy control measures (d)(8)(i)

177 Group LOTO Assign one authorized employee with primary responsibility Primary authorized employee must ascertain exposure status of group members When more than one group is involved, designate authorized employee to coordinate groups Each authorized employee must affix a personal LOTO device to the group mechanism Ensure protection equivalent to personal LOTO (d)(8)(ii)

178 Shift Changes Ensure continuity of protection during shift and other personnel changes Orderly transfer of LOTO protection (d)(8)(iii)

179 Outside Personnel Onsite and outside employers must inform each other of their respective procedures Each employer must ensure that its employees follow all applicable energy control procedures (d)(8)(iv)

180 System Operator Energy isolating devices are centrally located and under the exclusive control of the system operator System operator places and removes LOTO devices for authorized employee Provisions to: Identify authorized employee being protected by LOTO device Transfer LOTO device responsibility Ensure that employee requesting LOTO device removal or transfer is the authorized employee is the one responsible for it Equivalent to personal LOTO (d)(8)(v)

181 Deenergizing T&D System operator? Yes Requests go thru SO, who reenergizes and tags No Employee in charge takes place of SO No tags or communication with SO required One crew only Disconnects are accessible and visible to, and under the sole control of, the employee in charge (m)(2)(i) - (iii) and (b)(1) - (3)

182 Deenergizing T&D Multiple crews working on the same lines or equipment: Coordinate activities with one employee in charge of the clearance Independent crews if no system operator, crews must have separate tags and must coordinate energizing and deenergizing (m)(2)(iv) and (b)(4)

183 Deenergizing T&D Disconnects accessible to the individuals outside the employers control must be rendered inoperable (m)(2)(v) and (b)(5)

184 Deenergizing Procedures Employee in charge requests clearance from system operator Isolate from all known sources of energy Disable if design permits Tag (m)(3)(i) & (ii) and (c)(1) & (2)

185 Deenergizing Procedures Tag automatic and remote points of control Render inoperable if design permits (m)(3)(iii) and (c)(3)

186 Network Protectors Need not tag network protectors if: Maintained so that they will immediately open if closed when a primary conductor is deenergized Workers cannot manually override, and the manual position is disabled Procedures for overriding protector: The line is not deenergized for worker protection The primary line is energized (m)(3)(iv) and (c)(4)

187 Deenergizing Procedures Tags must prohibit operation and indicate that employees are at work Test the lines and equipment with device designed to detect voltage Install required protective grounds Lines and equipment may now be considered as deenergized (m)(3)(v) - (viii) and (c)(4) - (c)(8)

188 Transferring Clearance Employee in charge (or, in case of emergency, the supervisor) must inform the system operator and crew members New employee in charge becomes responsible for clearance (m)(3)(ix) and (c)(9)

189 Releasing Clearance Employee in charge must: Notify employees in crew of release Make sure that all employees are clear Ensure that protective grounds have been removed Report to system operator and release clearance Employee releasing clearance must be employee in charge (m)(3)(x) & (xi) and (c)(10) & (11)

190 Reenergizing Tags may not be removed without release of associated clearance No action to reenergize until: All grounds are removed All crews have released clearances All tags removed from point of connection (m)(3)(xii) & (xiii) and (c)(12) & (13)

191 Grounding Grounding requirements apply to: Generation, transmission, and distribution Ampacity and impedance requirements apply to grounding mechanical equipment (n)(1) and (a)

192 Grounding Transmission and distribution lines and equipment worked as deenergized must be grounded, except for: Installation of ground is impracticable Grounding presents a greater hazard (n)(2) and (b)

193 Work Without Grounds Lines and equipment are deenergized in accordance with standard and No possibility of contact with other energized source and No induced voltage hazard (n)(2) and (b)

194 Equipotential Zone Grounds must protect against hazardous differences in potential Appendix C contains guidance and safe-harbor grounding practices (n)(3) and (c)

195 Appendix C Appendix C to and Subpart V

196 Appendix C Appendix C to and Subpart V

197 Appendix C Appendix C to and Subpart V

198 Appendix C Appendix C to and Subpart V

199 Appendix C Appendix C to and Subpart V

200 Protective Grounding Equipment Must be able to conduct maximum fault current until the fault is cleared Ampacity No. 2 AWG copper Impedance low enough so that there is no delay in the operation of protective devices See ASTM F855 and IEEE Std (n)(4) and (d)

201 Test Before Ground Test lines and equipment and verify the absence of nominal voltage before employees install any ground (n)(5) and (e)

202 Connecting and Removing Grounds Attach ground end first Remove line-end first Use live-line tool, except for 600-V if the employer can demonstrate safety (n)(6) and (f)

203 Potential Transfer For work on cables with remote terminals, do not ground the terminal if there is a possibility of hazardous transfer of potential during faults (n)(7) and (g)

204 Removal of Grounds for Test Workers must use insulating equipment Isolate workers from hazards Implement additional measures to ensure that workers are protected in case the lines or equipment become energized (n)(8) and (h)

205 Testing and Test Facilities High-voltage and high-power testing Laboratories Shops Substations Field Transmission and distribution lines and equipment (o)(1) and (a)

206 Testing and Test Facilities Does not apply to: Testing involving continuous measurements Normal line work (o)(1) and (a)

207 Testing General Establish work practices Training (o)(2) and (b)

208 Testing Guarding of Test Areas Safeguarding to control access and protect against contact with live parts Permanent areas walls, fences, other barriers Temporary barriers, barricades, observers Remove safeguards whenever they are not necessary (o)(3) and (c)

209 Testing Grounding Safe grounding practices Apply grounds automatically or by use of insulated tools Isolated ground return Ground when employees enter test area Ground test vehicles and protect against hazardous differences in potential (o)(4) and (d)

210 Testing Control and Measuring Circuits Run in metallic enclosure Isolate meters and instruments Protect temporary wiring and separate signal, control, ground, and power cables Test observer when workers are present in test area (o)(5) and (e)

211 Testing Safety Check At the beginning of each series of tests, check: Safeguards System test status signals, if used Availability of clearly marked emergency disconnects Clearly identified ground connections PPE Proper separation between signal, ground, and power cables (o)(6) and (f)

212 Overhead Lines; Live-Line Barehand Work

213 Overhead Lines; Live-Line Barehand Work General requirements Installing and removing overhead lines Live-line barehand work Towers and structures (q) and

214 General Requirements Check structure, brace if necessary Setting and moving poles Pole may not contact conductor Use electrical protective equipment or insulating devices to handle poles Guard or attend pole holes (q)(1) and (a)(2) & (3)

215 Installing and Removing Lines When lines can contact energized parts, use barriers, tension stringing method, or equivalent measures Disable the automatic reclosing feature of circuitinterrupting devices when the design of the device permits and the installed or removed line crosses a line energized at > 600 V (q)(2)(i) & (iii) and (b)(1) & (3)

216 Installing and Removing Lines Use methods to protect against hazardous differences in potential whenever these failures could energize pulling equipment or the line: Failure of pulling equipment Failure of the line being pulled Failure of previously installed lines (q)(2)(ii) and (b)(2)

217 Installing and Removing Lines Induced Voltage Determine if hazardous induced voltages will be present or treat installed or removed lines as energized with hazardous induced voltage To protect against induced voltages, install grounds in a manner that will protect against hazardous differences in potential (q)(2)(iv) and (b)(4)

218 Installing and Removing Lines Operating Conditions Pulling equipment must be leveled and in safe operating condition Do not exceed load ratings of pulling equipment, hardware, and accessories Repair or replace defective pulling lines and accessories (q)(2)(v) - (vii) and (b)(5) - (7)

219 Installing and Removing Lines Operating Conditions Use grips as designed Maintain reliable communications via radio or equivalent means Operate pulling equipment only when safe to do so Do not work under operations or on crossarms while pulling, except as necessary (q)(2)(viii) - (xi) and (b)(8) - (11)

220 Live-Line Barehand Work Train workers in live-line barehand techniques Determine: voltage, clearances to ground, voltage limitations for equipment Insulated tools and devices designed and tested for live-line barehand work Keep this equipment clean and dry (q)(3)(i) - (iv) and (c)(1) - (3)

221 Live-Line Barehand Work Disable automatic reclosing feature Do not perform this work during adverse weather Use conductive bucket liner or other device to bond worker to energized line Use electrostatic shielding if necessary (q)(3)(v) - (vii) and (c)(4) - (6)

222 Live-Line Barehand Work Bond conductive device to energized line Keep it connected throughout work Aerial lifts must have upper and lower controls Operate lower controls only in emergency (q)(3)(viii) - (x) and (c)(7) - (9)

223 Live-Line Barehand Work Check controls for proper operation Ground or barricade body of aerial lift truck Boom-current test Contact for 3 minutes 1 μa per kv (Φ-g) Suspend work on indication of malfunction (q)(3)(xi) - (xiii) and (c)(10) - (12)

224 Live-Line Barehand Work Maintain MAD Nonconductive measuring device Nonconductive handlines from conductor to ground only Do not use these ropes for other purposes Do not pass uninsulated equipment or material between pole or structure and worker in aerial lift (q)(3)(xiv) - (xix) and (c)(13) - (18)

225 Towers and Structures Do not work under tower or structure except as necessary to assist Use tag lines to control tower sections being raised or positioned Secure load before detaching from loadline Except for emergency restoration, do not work in adverse weather (q)(4) and (d)

226 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming

227 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Electrical Line-clearance tree trimmers only Determine voltage Second line-clearance tree trimmer if: Voltage > 750 V and the worker will be < 3.05 m Branches closer than MAD to lines > 750 V Roping is necessary (r)(1)(i) & (ii)

228 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Electrical Maintain MAD Remove branches closer than MAD with insulating equipment Do not work in adverse weather Train workers performing work under emergency conditions in special hazards of this work (r)(1)(iii) - (vi)

229 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Chippers Maintain access panels in place during operation Chock when not connected to truck Nearby workers must use PPE (r)(2)

230 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Sprayers Use slip-resistant material, guardrails, or slipresistant footwear on walking-working surfaces Protect workers with guardrails if the equipment is moved with workers onboard (r)(3)

231 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Stump Cutters Equip stump cutters with guards or enclosures Nearby workers must use PPE (r)(4)

232 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Power Saws Gasoline power saw operations must meet (e) Support saws weighing > 6.8 kg with separate line, unless work is from aerial lift or is topping or removing operation Adjust clutch so that it will not engage when idling (r)(5)(i) & (iii)

233 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Power Saws Support saws when starting Start only when workers are clear Running saws may not be carried up into tree Stop saws for fueling, cleaning, adjustments, and repairs, except per manufacturer (r)(5)(iv) - (vii)

234 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Backpack Units Keep workers at least 3.05 m from cutting head of brush saws Stop units for fueling, cleaning, adjustments, and repairs, except per manufacturer (r)(6)

235 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Rope Use climbing ropes when aloft in trees Minimum diameter of 12 mm Minimum breaking strength of 10.2 kn Inspect before use Store away from sharp objects and damaging chemicals (r)(7)(i) - (iii)

236 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Rope Store rope coiled, piled, or suspended so that air can circulate Secure ends to prevent unraveling Do not splice climbing ropes Do not use rope near energized lines when: Wet Contaminated Otherwise is uninsulated (r)(7)(iv) - (vii)

237 Line-Clearance Tree Trimming Fall Protection Except when ascending, workers in trees must use climbing ropes and saddles (r)(8)

238 Underground Lines Use ladders for access to manholes or subsurface vaults > 1.22 m deep Hoisting equipment must be capable of supporting loads and checked before use Clear area under openings before lowering tools or equipment (t)(1) & (2) and (b) & (c)

239 Underground Lines Attendants Attendant with first aid training must be on surface, except: Attendant may enter briefly to provide nonemergency assistance No attendant for brief entries involving inspection, housekeeping, reading, and similar Reliable communications among all employees (t)(3) and (d)

240 Underground Lines Install duct rods in the least hazardous direction Station worker at far end to maintain MAD When multiple cables are present, identify the correct one Protect other cables from damage Inspect cables before movement (t)(4) - (6) and (e) - (g)

241 Underground Lines Protection Against Faults Deenergize cables with abnormalities (leaking oil, broken sheaths, swollen joints) Except for service-load conditions Deenergize cables where work could cause fault Except for service-load conditions (t)(7) and (h)

242 Underground Lines Maintain sheath continuity or treat sheath as energized (t)(8) and (i)

243 Substations Maintain adequate access and working space about electric equipment Remove or insert draw-out breakers in open position; disable control circuit when design permits When expanding a fence or removing a fence section, isolate, ground, or bond the fence to protect against hazardous potential differences (u)(1) - (3) and (b) - (d)

244 Substations Guarding When to guard: Rooms and Spaces Exposed live parts V < 2.4 m above ground Live parts V < 2.4 m above ground and guarded only by location Live parts > 600 V unless: In metal-enclosed enclosures Installed at a sufficient height (u)(4) and (e)

245 Substations Guarding Rooms and Spaces How to guard: Space is guarded by barriers to restrict access to qualified employees only Unqualified employees may not enter Display warning signs at entrance Lock or attend the space (u)(4) and (e)

246 Substations Guarding Live Parts Provide guards around live equipment > 150 V unless: Insulated Isolated (guarding by location) Maintain guards during maintenance and operation, except for fuse replacement and other necessary access Install barriers around work area when guards are removed (u)(5) and (f)

247 Substations Report presence upon entry, except for employees regularly working in the substation Job briefing must cover special system conditions affecting employee safety Location of energized equipment in or adjacent to the work area Limits of any deenergized work area (u)(6) and (g)

248 Generation Maintain interlocks in safe condition; do not defeat, except for test, repair, or adjustment When changing generator or exciter brushes while the generator is in service, check for ground condition Maintain adequate access and working space about electric equipment (v)(1) - (3)

249 Generation Guarding When to guard: Rooms and Spaces Exposed live parts V < 2.4 m above ground Live parts V < 2.4 m above ground and guarded only by location Live parts > 600 V unless: In metal-enclosed enclosures Installed at a sufficient height (v)(4)

250 Generation Guarding Rooms and Spaces How to guard: Space is guarded by barriers to restrict access to qualified employees only Unqualified employees may not enter Display warning signs at entrance Lock or attend the space (v)(4)

251 Generation Guarding Live Parts Provide guards around live equipment > 150 V unless: Insulated Isolated (guarding by location) Maintain guards during maintenance and operation, except for fuse replacement and other necessary access Install barriers around work area when guards are removed (v)(5)

252 Generation Water or Steam Spaces Inspect spaces before and after work Wear eye or full face protection when condenser, heater, or boiler tubes are being cleaned Install shields to protect employees working near tube ends during cleaning (v)(6)

253 Generation Chemical Cleaning of Boilers Cordon off areas where chemical cleaning is being performed If flammable or combustible materials are used: Post warning signs restricting entry Prohibit ignition sources Restrict personnel to those needed to do the work Provide ready access to water or showers Use PPE (protective clothing, boots, goggles, gloves) (v)(7)

254 Generation Chlorine Systems Post warning signs restricting entry Restrict personnel to those needed to do the work Emergency repair kits must be available for quickly repairing leaks Purge system and isolate from chlorine sources before maintenance Do not mix chlorine with reactive materials (v)(8)

255 Generation Boilers Inspect area for potential falling objects and protect workers as necessary (with nets for example) When opening the door of an operating boiler, stand clear to avoid heat blast and gases (v)(9)

256 Generation Turbine Generators Prohibit ignition sources Correct excessive hydrogen makeup (emergency condition) Have inert gas available to purge the hydrogen from the largest generator (v)(10)

257 Generation Coal and Ash Handling Rail Use designated employees to operate railroad equipment Warn workers in the area before moving locomotive Do not use your feet to line up drawheads Do not shift drawheads or knuckles while locomotive or railcars are in motion Secure stopped railcars from displacement Have emergency stops for railcar dumping operations (v)(11)(i) - (vi)