Glen Jamieson DFO Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo Colin Levings DFO West Vancouver Laboratory, Vancouver Brian Smiley DFO Institute of Ocean

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1 SPARS Sidney Pier Artificial Reef Science: Data Analyses of a Reefkeepers Project Using Volunteer Diver Monitoring Brian Smiley Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science Branch, Sidney, BC and Brenda Burd ECOSTAT Research Ltd, Sidney, B.C. OUR VISION BC SCIENCE in support of CITIZE D CITIZE in support of SCIENCE Citizen Science BC Our Aims _ Promote the protection, conservation and restoration of coastal habitats, their plants and animals; _ Enable coastal citizens to study marine ecosystems, and to monitor the status and trends of the sea; _ Educate and inform the public about ecosystem threats and human solutions; _ Produce comprehensive, defensible data for biologists and scientists who advise coastal managers and other decision-makers. Citizen Science BC Some benefits of citizen participation \ Volunteer networks ease cost of hiring staff for agencies with limited resources; \ Citizen monitoring increases comprehensiveness of data collection in terms of spatial and temporal range: \ Ecosystem monitoring is a valuable learning tool to bring people in closer contact with their natural surroundings; \ This awareness leads to greater sense of respect and care for the environment, and builds environmental stewardship in the community; \ Volunteers and scientists encourage and vitalize one other when working together with a common purpose. Citizen Science BC Some challenges of citizen participation \ Volunteers find it challenging to collect data accurately and in an unbiased manner for statistical analysis; \ Field training, manuals, equipment and ongoing support from the organization are difficult to match to the ability of the volunteers; \ Volunteers get frustrated, lose interest in the project and cannot commit enough time; \ Volunteers require quite alot of work, hand-holding, ongoing feedback and official recognition; \ Scientists too are limited by mandates and budgets. The APPROACH BC \ Develop monitoring protocols, training materials and data systems for volunteers including students and other citizens; \ Field-test these protocols with representative groups at various locations over a number of years; publish guides and curriculum; \ Employ young biologists for recruiting, training, surveying, coordination and promotion; 1

2 The APPROACH BC The APPROACH BC \ Promote with environmental groups, the public, schools and non government organizations; offer training courses for field leaders; \ Commence on Vancouver Island at sites-of-opportunity, working towards -1 strategic sites monitored coast- wide by dedicated, trained volunteer groups; \ Promote this initiative nationally for Canada s other coasts. Intertidal Monitoring The APPROACH BC LEADERSHIP TEAM BC Subtidal Monitoring The SCIENCE Leaders Glen Jamieson DFO Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo Colin Levings DFO West Vancouver Laboratory, Vancouver Brian Smiley DFO Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney LEADERSHIP TEAM BC Some ACCOMPLISHMENTS BC To date (since 199) [ Devised and advanced two MEQ Citizen Science initiatives called Shorekeepers and Reefkeepers under the leadership of DFO Science Branch in partnership with Habitat and Enhancement Branch, Oceans Directorate and Royal BC Museum; The STEWARDSHIP Leaders Donna Ogden Shorekeepers Gaye Sihin Reefkeepers Helen Silvester Linda Nichol Shorekeepers Kevin Conley Reefkeepers Shorekeepers Coordinator Reefkeepers & Reefkeepers Coordinator Silvester Special Projects Volunteer Shorekeepers Coordinator Reefkeepers and Shorekeepers Coordinator [ Developed, tested and published two protocols with training curriculum for monitoring intertidal and subtidal habitats and associated biota; two more protocols under development.

3 SOME ACCOMPLISHMENTS BC \ Recruited, trained and coordinated over representative individuals and groups including displaced fishers, youth interns, dive clubs, scuba instructors, school teachers, high school and university students, First Nations, community advisors, habitat biologists, non-government organizations and others; \ Employed six youth intern biologists to provide project coordination, volunteer recruitment, training courses and field surveys; organized seven - day training courses; Some ACCOMPLISHMENTS BC [ Monitoried 8 Shorekeepers sites (with + visits) and Reefkeepers sites (one with 16 surveys) largely on Vancouver Island for one to 4 years; \ Designed, tested and produced two custom PC-based information systems for producing survey forms, archiving data, and generating summary reports; Some ACCOMPLISHMENTS BC b Archived field-test datasets and verified the metrics such as species identification and enumeration, habitat types and size, substrate types, physical properties such as slope, elevation, visability, etc; b Commenced the analyses, interpretation and publication of findings qbout temporal and geographical trends of habitat properties and species diversity and abundance, as well as audits and evaluation of observer errors, sampling bias and data entry; Some ACCOMPLISHMENTS _ Designed and produced three public web pages for Shorekeepers, Reefkeepers and SPARS (Sidney Pier Artificial Reef Science): _ Presented/submitted papers at International Underwater Scientists Conference 1998, Conference on Artificial Reefs and Associated Habitats 1999, Coastal Zone Canada, SAMPA 1, Puget Sound Research 1 and National Marine Educators Conference 1. b Promoted regionally and nationally with other Branches and Directorates; embraced by DFO National Stewardship Strategy; uncertain future as program. Some ACCOMPLISHMENTS Some OUTCOMES [ Supported with DFO Science A-Base annually $k salaries, $-1k O&M, $k inkind [ Secured B-base monies approx. $k annually from - DFO Oceans Directorate - DFO Habitat and Enhancement Branch - Human Resources and Development Canada - Provincial Youth E Teams - DFO Youth Internships - Fisheries Renewal BC - Habitat Restoration/Salmon Enhancem. Program - PADI Project Aware, - National Habitat MC Fund - Aboriginal Fisheries Strategy - Tseycum Band and others. _ Marine biodiversity inventories _ Ecosystem research _ Trend monitoring _ Human impact assessment _ Recreation and sport _ School and public education _ Community stewardship _ Habitat compensation evaluation _ Youth mentoring _ Eco-tourism _ Technology showcasing

4 Observer: Dive Buddy : : TransectID: PS #1: SWIMMING & HIDING FISH (1 min) PS #: OTHER INVERTEBRATES ( min) Copper (S.caurinus) Rockfish Rock Jingle; Rock Oyster Bivalves (P. machrochisma) Quilback (S. maliger) Rock Scalop (C. gigantea) Black (S. melanops) Perch Swimming Scalop(Chlamyssp.) Chitons Shiner Pile (R.vacca) (C.aggregata) Gumboot Lined (T.lineata) (C. steleri) Striped (E.lateralis) WhiteLined(T.insignis) Kelp(B.frenatus) Greenlings Nudibranchs Lingcod (O.elongatus) Leopard(D. Clown(T.catalinae) sandiegensis) Painted Kelp(H. (O.pictus) decagrammus) White Spoted (H.stelleri) Monterey Sea dorid (A.montereyensis) White-lined Lemon(A. Dirona nobilis) (D.albolineata) Bufalo (E. bison) Sculpins Yelow-edged Cadlina (C. Sea luteomarginata) Anemones Cabezon Grunt (R. (S. marmoratus) richardsoni) Burrowing Brooding (P.fimbriatus) (Epiactis sp) Longfin (J. zonope) Dahlia(U.crassicornis) RedIrishLord (H.hemilepidotus) OtherFishes Stubby Blackeye Goby (C.nicholsi) WhitePlumed Tentacled (Metridiumsp) Anemone (U.coriacea) Sea Cucumbers Pacific Stickleback Hering (G. aculeatus) (C.pallasi) California(P. californicus) Tube-snout (A.flavidus) Creeping Orange (C.miniata) Pedal Cucumber (P. chitonoides) Required Required Duration Distance = 1 min m Actual Actual Duration Distance = = m min Sea Squirts Stalked Shiny Hairy Orange (B.villosa) (C. finmarkiensis) Blod (H.leviuscula) Sea Stars PS #:HIGHLY Crabs MOTILE INVERTEBRATES (min) GiantPink(P. brevispinus) Buterfly (C. typicus) Leather Morning (D.imbricata) Sun (S.dawsoni) Decorator Dungeness (O.gracilis) (C. magister) Motled (E. troschelii) Graceful Kelp (P. gracilis) Painted; Purple Rainbow (O.koehleri) Sun (S. or stimpsoni) Ochre (P.ochraceus) Horse Northern (T.cheiragonus) Kelp(P.producta) Red Rock(C.productus) Sunflower(P. Vermillion(Mediasteraequalis) helianthoides) Sharp- nosed (S.acutifrons) Coonstripe; Dock Shrimp (P.danae) Green (S. droebachiensis) SeaUrchins Purple (S.purpuratus) Two-spot Prawn (P.platyceros) Red (S.franciscanus) Snails Required Duration = min Actual Duration = min Hairy Oregon Triton(F. oregonensis) Required Distance = m Actual Distance = m Key-Hole Leafy Hornmouth Limpet (D. (C.foliatum) aspera) Other Species Observed Northern Abalone (H. kamtschatkana) White WrinkledWhelk Cap Limpet (N.lamellosa) (A.mitra) Other species Lamp Shel (T.transversa) Pacific Giant Octopus (O. dofleini) N Abbreviations: N=None (zero)s=single (one) F=Few S FMA (two to ten) M=Many (eleventoonehundred) Required Duration min Actual Duration min A=Abundant(> one hundred) Required Distance = m Actual Distance = m BC Reefkeepers BC Reefkeepers MODULE ONE - SETTING UP THE PROJECT Assemble the Planning Team Step 1 Consult a DFO representative Step Appoint the Project Co-ordinator Step Appoint Diving Safety Officer Step 4 Appoint Information Manager Step Enlist Assistance of Local Experts Design the Project Step 6 Set Project Objectives Step 7 Set a Project Timeline Establish the Study Site Step 8 Select the General Study Area Step 9 Research the Study Area Step 1 Determine the Study Site Location Step 11 Perform a Baseline Survey Step 1 Prepare a Site Map Step 1 Permanently Mark Survey Site Establish Methods and Protocols Step 14 Select Survey Passes Step 1 Develop a Species List Step 16 Customise Data Forms Subtidal Monitoring Establish the Monitoring Team Step 17 Recruit Volunteers Step 18 Train Volunteer Divers BC Reefkeepers BC Reefkeepers MODULE TWO - Plan the Survey Event SURVEYING WITH DIVERS Step 1 Produce a Survey Event Schedule Step Sign up Volunteer Divers Step Assign a Data Collection Officer Step 4 Assemble Survey Event Materials Conduct the Survey Event Step Prepare for the Diver Briefing Step 6 Brief the Divers Step 7 Assign Survey Event Teams Step 8 Measure Visibility Step 9 Conduct the Survey Passes Step 1 Perform Pass 1: Fish Step 11 Perform Pass : Motile Invertebrates Step 1 Perform Pass : Sessile Invertebrates Step 1 Perform Pass 4: Video Step 14 Assist in Site Supervision Step 1 Debrief the Divers Post Survey Event Activities Step 16 Brief the Project Co-ordinator Step 17 The End MODULE THREE - UNDERWATER DIVING SAFETY Set up Project Step 1 Determine Potential Safety Hazards Step Screen Volunteer Divers Plan the Dive Step Determine Safe Survey Event Time Step 4 Assign Dive Master Step Notify Appropriate Agencies Step 6 Obtain Functioning Emergency Equipment Supervise the Dive Step 7 Mark Perimeter of Study Site Step 8 Brief the Divers Step 9 Perform Equipment Checks Step 1 Ensure Safe Diver Entry Step 11 Maintain Constant Site Supervision Complete the Dive Step 1 Document Dive Completion Step 1 Notify Appropriate Agencies Step 14 Secure all Equipment Step 1 Debrief the Divers Step 16 Brief the Diving Safety Officer Post Survey Event Activities Step 16 Brief the Project Co-ordinator Step 17 The End MODULE FOUR - MAGING DATA & INFORMATION Set up Database Step 1 Establish a Workstation Step Install the Reefkeepers Database ARKS Step Enter Project Data Step 4 Enter Reef Data Step Enter Transect Data Step 6 Enter Observation Groups Data Step 7 Format Data Forms Step 8 Enter Participant Data Enter Survey Event Data Step 9 Enter Survey Event Data Step 1 Enter Photograph and Video Data Produce Project Result Reports Step 11 Produce Blank Data Forms Step 1 Produce Survey Event Feedback Reports Step 1 Produce Project Summary Reports MODULE FIVE - TRAINING CURRICULUM FOR ITRUCTORS Certification of Reefkeepers Coordinators and Diver Observers Learning Outcomes with Evaluation Criteria Course Outline with required time, equipment and supplies Grade 1 level reading, mathematics and science Part A: Setting up a Project Part B. Following Survey Protocols Part C: Identifying Species Part D: Diving Safely Part E: Managing the Data BC Reefkeepers PS #1: SWIMMING & HIDING FISH (1 min) Rockfish Copper (S. caurinus) Quillback (S. maliger) Black (S. melanops) Perch Shiner (C. aggregata) Pile (R. vacca) Striped (E. lateralis) Kelp (B. frenatus) Greenlings Lingcod (O. elongatus) Painted (O. pictus) Kelp (H. decagrammus) White Spotted (H. stelleri ) Sculpins Buffalo (E. bison) Cabezon (S. marmoratus) Observer : : Dive Buddy: Transect ID: PS #: OTHER INVERTEBRATES ( min) Bivalves Rock Jingle; Rock Oyster (P. machrochisma) Rock Scallop (C. gigantea) Swimming Scallop (Chlamys sp.) Chitons Gumboot (C. stelleri) Lined (T. lineata) White Lined (T. insignis) Nudibranchs Clown (T. catalinae) Leopard (D. sandiegensis) Monterey dorid (A. montereyensis) Sea Lemon (A. nobilis) White-lined Dirona (D. albolineata) Yellow-edged Cadlina (C. luteomarginata) Sea Anemones Brooding (Epiactis sp) BC Reefkeepers SPARS Survey Protocol metre permanent strip transect (marked with weighted rope) The swimming pattern of Diver #1 The swimming pattern of Diver # Pass # minutes -- Swimming Fish Pass # -- minutes -- Hiding Fish and Motile Invertebrates Pass # -- minutes -- Sessile Invertebrates Pass # minutes -- Rooted Macrophytes 4

5 BC Reefkeepers Carey Mel Rodin Goldstein Diver Retired Phycologist Brian Finn Student Kim Kyba Chris Mike Borkent Alfawicki Diver Diver Diver University of Victoria Bob Cools Diver Ocean Sports Dive Center Brian Emmett D. Johnson Christopher President Dive Student Archipelago Duncan Marine Dive Research ClubLtd. Bob SharpeMike Alger Instructor/Carter's Diver Diver University of Victoria Duncan Dive Club Mary Morris Kristine Heather Hakes Carter Phycologist Brass Charters Student Archipelago Marine Research Ltd. David Bremner Mike Murphy Diver Diver Diver Ocean University Sports Dive of Victoria Center Heather Duncan Dive Club Jill FitzSheldon Dan Boorse Feldman Davis Dive Master Dive / Instructor Manager Diver/Graphics Artist Axys Group University of Victoria Frank Hartmann Diver Ocean Sports Dive Center Lise-Ann Tish Isabelle Nick Soley Student Beaudet Panter Manager StudentBiologist, Coordination Dan Skaalard Diver Bayside Middle Duncan School Dive Club Ocean University Sports Dive of Victoria Center Kevin Wilson Diver Doug Biffard Chris Jason Paula Higgins Dunham Doucette Aquatic Media Biologist Graduate Reefkeepers Coordinator Student Coordinator Diane Gavilan Diver BC Parks Duncan Dive Club Royal University BC Museum of Victoria Randy Haight Diver A. Lanthier Gordon Jeff Doug Grace Phil Green Student Campbell Kristiansen Diver/ Student Diver Diver Taxonomist Camosun Duncan College Dive Club Royal University BC Museum of Victoria Randy John Wright Diver Alana Lye Jim Cosgrove Gavin Mark Ron Student Liaw Kusch Davis Student Diver/ Diver Diver Curator Camosun Duncan College University Dive Club of Victoria Royal BC Museum Tim Kulchyski Diver Edwin Hubert Kelly K. Sendall Brownell Giles Ronn Consultant Pease Glover Diver Student Diver / Taxonomist Diver Camosun Royal Duncan College University BC Dive Museum Club of Victoria Reg Teeney Ian Fuhr Phil K. Lambert Price Janice Samantha Seaker Student Engineer Diver/ Student Lawyer Curator Economic Development Camosun Royal College University BC Museum of Victoria Clara Nykodym Diver Ian Wrohan Pauline Kelly Jeff Landry Schwann Burgh Duncan Student Educator Student Diver Diver Camosun Science Esquimalt College University World Aquarius of Victoria Dive Club Crispin Murphy Diver J. Halloway M. Grinnell Jennifer Bartlett Student Student Diver Camosun Esquimalt College University Aquarius of Victoria Dive Club Gaye Sihin Sheila Biggers Biologist Diver SeaChange Marine Conservation Society Glen Klassen Diver J. Mchalich Michael M. Pinney Jim Harvey Carpenter Student Consultant Student Coordinator, Reefkeepers Camosun SeaChange Esquimalt College World University Aquatic Aquarius Marine of Victoria Sports Conservation Dive Club Society Kathy Bateman Diver K. Bunting Nikki Mark Jim Steve Wright Rapapport Utterson Robin Student Director Student Diver Diver Camosun SeaChange Esquimalt College University Aquarius Marine of Victoria Conservation Dive Club Society Lance Pickering Diver K. Greaves Sara Megan Joanne Steve Verstegen Pedersen Lessard Taylor Student Biologist+B Student Research Diver biologist Camosun Esquimalt Department SeaChange College University Aquarius Marine of Victoria Fisheries Conservation Dive Club and Oceans Society M. Lochhead Diver L. Roberge Sue Morgan John Tayt Bell Archer Soley Winnitoy Student Travel Web Economic Agent Page Diver Designer Development Camosun Sidney Esquimalt Town College University of Travel Aquarius Sidney of Victoria Dive Club Jolie Mario Roussel Navy diver M. Hofmann Brian Paula Garduno Todd Fitzgerald CaronBarber Diver Student Diver/Student Reefball Group Camosun Stelly's Esquimalt College University High Aquarius Dive of Club Victoria Dive Club Max Dempster Navy diver M. McLaughlin Carson R. Bateman Jon Edgell Farmer Student Diver/Student Student Diver Camosun Stelly's Esquimalt University CollegeHigh Aquarius Dive of Club Victoria Karen Palmer Dive Club Richard Glasner Dive Instructor M. Munger Clint Sarah Surry Cook Student Diver/Teacher Student Camosun Stelly's Esquimalt University CollegeHigh Aquarius Dive of Club Victoria Kate Howell Dive Club Scott James Paterson T. de Hook Monye Navy Diver/Student diver P. Buxton Keelie Student Barr Camosun Stelly's Esquimalt University CollegeHigh Aquarius Dive of Club Victoria Dive Club Trevor Kate Tom Duff Lovely Kagi Diver/Student / Student P. Klassen Kevin Student Conley SPARS Coordinator Camosun Stelly's Esquimalt University CollegeHigh Aquarius Dive of Club Victoria Dive Club Dan Zembal Gene Hemsworth Teacher Pamela Liona Dinn Shaw Diver/Student Director World Aquatic Sports Kevin Student Sanford Camosun Stelly's Fairburn World CollegeHigh School Aquatic Dive Club Sports; P Chris Ritchie Adam Kusch Dive Instructor S. Misirlis Michael Krista Walts Bentley Diver/Student Diver /Student Instructor Student Camosun Stelly's Frank CollegeWhite's High Dive Dive Club Store K. Alexander Paul Blake von Mark Brown Dickson Diver Diver Master Diver Stelly's Frank White's High Dive Dive Club Store T. Eberts Student Camosun College Manny Margy Bob Gavilan Mark Ransford Chapman Rutley Diver Educator Diver Diver Swan Frank Lake White's Dive Store W. Contois Student Camosun College Mike Dana Kalina Brenda Haggarty Markus Harfield Diver Student Pier-on-Bevan / Plumber volunteer Frank White's Dive Store Terry Curran Manager Canadian UBC Hydrographic Service+C Paul Dan Beilstein Brian St. Hirschbold Laurent Port Diver Exhibit Diver Diver Frank White's Dive Store Richard Lay Consultant Context Consulting Undersea Gardens T. Burgess B. Bapty Brian Marla Ridout Temoin Diver Student Diver Brian Smiley Research Biologist Department University Frank of Fisheries White's of Victoria & Dive Oceans Store Dave Zaharychuk Videographer Rob Russell Blake SoleyHabitat Management Web Page Designer Department University Ocean of Fisheries Sports of Victoria & Dive Oceans Center BC Reefkeepers BC Reefkeepers

6 Viewing Recreational fishing Crabbing and shrimping Sports diving _ Community leaders approached federal government scientists at neighbouring Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS), asking for guidance and support for their commitment of three years monitoring to the Reef Ball Foundation. _ Limited monies, busy researchers and few divers required that IOS collaborate and partner with the Royal BC Museum, other local agencies, private companies and interest groups. _ Objectives of the monitoring include: - rates of colonization for 1 selected taxa - trends in species richness and abundance - survey biases due to diver ID expertise - differences between reefs compared to control - effects of water temperature, salinity and currents - effects of adjacent habitats _ Results -- General concept of a Reefkeepers Guide protocol for non-professional marine monitoring -- plus specific pilot project called SPARS. 6

7 _ Over 9 project participants, 8 of which are volunteer sports divers who have taken one or more training workshops, and conducted one or more surveys. _ One third of these divers are PADI Divemasters and Instructors. _ Three are professional marine biologists and museum curators. _ Five divers have conducted 1 or more surveys. Diver Affiliation and Survey Effort iver ID Number Last name First name Role and affiliation Certification Total surverys Level Barr, Keelie Diver Advanced Open Water 1 9 Biffard, Doug Diver, BC Parks Open Water Campbell, Doug Diver Carter, Kristine Diver, Carter's Charters Dive Instructor 1 Chapman, Bob Diver Open Water 1 7 Conley, Kevin SPARS Open Water Coordinator 1 4 Edgell, Jon Diver Feldman, Dan Diver, Technician 4 19 Fitz, Jill Diver, Axys Group Dive Master Fuller, Heidi 1 Gavilan, Manny Diver Green, Gordon Diver, Royal BC Museum Hirschbold, Markus Diver 1 Dive Master 69 Howell, Kate Diver Open Water Kalina, Mike Diver Dive Master 6 8 Klokeid, Adam Open Water 1 Kusch, Adam Diver Advanced Open Water 1 4 Kusch, Ron Diver Dive Master 9 4 Kyba, Kim Diver Open Water Lambert, Phil Diver, Royal BC Museum Advanced Open Water 7 7 Palmer, Karen Diver 8 4 Robin, Steve Diver Divemaster 1 6 Schwann, Samanth a Diver 1 6 Seaker, Janice Diver Advanced Open Water 6 Sendall, Kelly Diver, Royal BC Advanced Open Water Museum 48 Soley, Tish Diver, Ocean Sports Dive Master 1 7 Taylor, Steve Diver, Forest ecologist Advanced Open Water 8 Utterson, Jim Diver Advanced Open Water 1 14 Zaharychuk, Dave Diver, Dive Master 7 Videographer _ Surveys conducted on all three reefs on 1 to dates over four years or 149 days -- from March 1, 1997 to April 14, 1. _ About 1 surveys, 9% of which are paired. _ Monitoring with most effort on artificial reefs, and less so on the adjacent natural reef. _ Ove, minutes of recorded observations along four standard passes. _ 1 video transect surveys for assisting species ID and for estimating vegetative cover. 7

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9 Sample Record of Water Temperature and Salinity, Current Speed and Direction Temperature Salinity Pressure from October 11, 1997 to April 1, 1998 Summary of Survey s Reef First survey date Last survey date Number of complete surveys Longest gap between surveys Reef Artificial North /1/97 4/14/1 61 November 1999 to April 1 Reef Artificial South //97 11// September 1999 to November Reef Natural South //97 4/14/1 16 August 1998 to April 1 Direction Speed List of Taxa for Diver Identification and Enumeration Pass ID # Species Name: Common Name FormGroup Number 1 Sebastes caurinus: Copper Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 Sebastes maliger: Quillback Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 Sebastes nebulosus: China Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 4 Sebastes melanops: Black Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 Sebastes flavidus: Yellowtail Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 6 Sebastes spp. (adult):other Adult Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 7 Sebastes spp. (juvenile): Juvenile Rockfish ROCKFISH 1 8 Cymatogaster aggregata: Shiner Perch SURFPERCH 1 9 Damalichthys vacca: Pile Perch SURFPERCH 1 1 Embiotoca lateralis: Striped Perch SURFPERCH 1 11 Brachyistius frenatus: Kelp Perch SURFPERCH 1 1 Ophiodon elongatus: Lingcod HEXAGRAMMIDS 1 1 Oxylebius pictus: Painted Greenling HEXAGRAMMIDS 1 14 Hexagrammos decagrammus: Kelp Greenling HEXAGRAMMIDS 1 1 Gasterosteus aculeatus: -Spine Stickleback STICKLEBACK&TUBESNOUT 1 16 Aulorhynchus flavidus: Tubesnout STICKLEBACK&TUBESNOUT 1 17 Engraulis mordax: Northern Anchovy SCHOOLING FISH 1 18 Clupea pallasii: Pacific Herring SCHOOLING FISH 1 19 Family Osmeridae: Smelt SCHOOLING FISH 1 Syngnathus leptorhynchus:bay Pipefish PIPEFISH 1 Scorpaenichthys marmoratus:cabezon SCULPI Jordania zonope:longfin Sculpin SCULPI Enophrys bison:buffalo Sculpin SCULPI 4 Rhamphocottus richardsonii:grunt Sculpin SCULPI Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus:great Sculpin SCULPI List of Taxa cont d 6 Hemilepidotus spp.:irish Lords IRISH LORDS 7 Eumicrotremus orbis:spiny Lumpsucker LUMPSUCKERS&CLINGFISH 8 Gobiesox maeandricus:northern Clingfish LUMPSUCKERS 9 Pholidae/Stichaeidae:Gunnels & Pricklebacks GUNNELS&PRICKLEBACKS Pleuronichthys coenosus:c-o Sole SOLE 1 Coryphopterus nicholsi:blackeye Goby GOBIES Pandalus danae:coonstripe Shrimp SHRIMP Cancer magister:dungeness Crab CRABS 4 Cancer productus:red Rock Crab CRABS Cancer gracilis:slender Crab CRABS 6 Pugettia producta:northern Kelp Crab CRABS 7 Pugettia gracilis:kelp Crab CRABS 8 Telmessus cheiragonus:helmet Crab CRABS 9 Scyra acutifrons:sharp-nosed Crab CRABS 4 Pagarus spp.:hermit Crab CRABS 41 Oregonia gracilis:decorator Crab CRABS 4 Porifera:Sponges SPONGES 4 Metridium senile:plumose Anemone SEA EMONES 44 Epiactis prolifera:brooding Anemone SEA EMONES 4 Serpula vermicularis:calcareous Tube Worm PLUME WORMS 46 Eudistylia:Feather Duster Tube Worm PLUME WORMS 47 Dirona albolineata:alabaster Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 48 Anisodoris nobilis:sea Lemon Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 49 Archidoris montereyensis:sea Lemon Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS Cadlina luteomarginata:com. Yellow-Margin Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 9

10 List of Taxa cont d 1 Acanthodoris hudsoni:hudson s Dorid Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS Acanthodoris nanaimoensis NUDIBRCHS Flabellina verrucosa NUDIBRCHS 4 Flabellina trilineata NUDIBRCHS Diaulula sandiegensis:brown Spotted Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 6 Triopha catalinae:common Orange Spotted Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 7 Phyllaplysia taylori NUDIBRCHS 8 Aeolidia papillosa NUDIBRCHS 9 Melibe leonina:hooded Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 6 Geitodoris (Discodoris) heathi NUDIBRCHS 61 Onchidoris bilamellata:brown Barnacle Nudibranch NUDIBRCHS 6 Tonicella lineata:lined Chiton CHITON 6 Tonicella insignis CHITON 64 Mopalia hindsi CHITON 6 Cryptochiton stelleri:gumboot Chiton CHITON 66 Hinnites giganteus:purple-hinged Scallop BIVALVES 67 Pododesmus macrochisma:jingle Shell or Rock Oyster BIVALVES 68 Diodora aspera:rough Keyhole Limpet SNAILS 69 Lacuna sp. SNAILS 7 Nucella lamellosa:wrinkled Whelk SNAILS 71 Fusitriton oregonensis:hairy Triton SNAILS 7 Henricia leviuscula:blood Seastar SETARS 7 Pycnopodia helianthoides:sunflower Seastar SETARS 74 Evasterias troschelli:mottled Seastar SETARS 7 Pisaster ochraceus:purple or Ochre Seastar SETARS List of Taxa cont d 76 Pisaster brevispinus:pink Short-Spined Seastar SETARS 77 Leptasterias:Six-Ray Seastar SETARS 78 Ophiopholis aculeata:daisy or Painted Brittlestar BRITTLESTARS 79 Amphiodia sp. BRITTLESTARS 8 Psolus chitonoides:creeping Pedal Sea Cucumber SEA CUCUMBERS 81 Cucumaria miniata:orange Sea Cucumber SEA CUCUMBERS 8 Eupentacta quinquesemita:white Sea Cucumber SEA CUCUMBERS 8 Parastichopus californicus:california Sea Cucumber SEA CUCUMBERS 84 Cnemidocarpa finmarkiensis:broad Base Tunicate SEA SQUIRTS 8 Metandrocarpa taylori:orange Social Tunicate SEA SQUIRTS 86 Pyura haustor:wrinkled Tunicate SEA SQUIRTS 87 Didemnum albidum SEA SQUIRTS 88 Balanus crenatus:acorn Barnacle BARNACLES 89 Balanus nubilis:giant Barnacle BARNACLES 9 Enteromorpha GREEN ALGAE 4 91 Ulva:Sea Lettuce GREEN ALGAE 4 9 Agarum GREEN ALGAE 4 9 Alaria BROWN ALGAE 4 94 Laminaria BROWN ALGAE 4 9 Nereocystis:Bull Kelp BROWN ALGAE 4 96 Sargassum BROWN ALGAE 4 97 Costaria BROWN ALGAE 4 98 Gigartina:Turkish Towel RED ALGAE 4 99 Iridaea RED ALGAE 4 1 Porphyra RED ALGAE 4 11 Gracilaria RED ALGAE 4 1 Zostera spp.:eel Grass ROOTED PLTS 4 Relative Number of Taxa Observed by Divers paired together with the same Expert Taxonomist Biologist Diver Bias in Total Taxa Counts per Survey Total taxa seen after May 1, 1997 Total taxa seen P. Lambert Other Total taxa seen per survey event 1 Dan Feldman Most Experienced Divers: 17,6,9, PersonID Expected range Most Experienced Reefkeepers 1 Adam Kusch 17 Gordon Green Karen Palmer 6 Kelly Sendall 6 Mike Kalina 9 Phil Lambert 4 Ron Kusch 48 Tish Soley 6 Janice Seaker 6 /11/97 9/7/97 4/1/98 11/1/98 //99 1/6/99 6// 1/9/1 Month/Day/Year Total Taxa Number for each reef and date Relationship between total taxa seen and number of divers for each reef and date Total taxa Total taxa 1 1 /11/97 1/7/97 //98 1/1/98 6/9/99 1// 8// //1 /11/97 1/7/97 //98 1/1/98 6/9/99 1// 8// //1 Artificial North Artificial South Total taxa seen per reef and date Total taxa 1 Natural South /11/97 1/7/97 //98 1/1/98 6/9/99 1// 8// // Number of replicate dives 1

11 Mean Abundance of all Taxa for all divers over time Mean Abundance of Taxa for selected divers over time Mean +/-SD abundance /11/97 8/8/97 1//98 6/4/98 11/1/98 /1/99 8/8/99 1// 6// 11// Natural South Artificial North Artificial South Mean +/-SD abundance /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 M e a n t a x a + / - SM De a n t a x a + / - S D M e a n t a x a + / - S D Mean Number of Taxa for selected divers over time / 1 1 / / 7 / / 1 / / 1 / 9 8 / / / 6 / / / 1 / 9 / / 1 1 / / 7 / / 1 / / 1 / 9 8 / / / 6 / / / 1 / 9 / / 1 1 / / 7 / / 1 / / 1 / 9 8 / / / 6 / / / 1 / 9 / 1 A N Artificial North A S Artificial South N S Natural South Overall Mean Abundance of Dominant Taxa Taxa Artificial North Artificial South Natural South Barnacles Sunflower Starfish Tubesnout Plumose Anemone Striped Perch Red Rock Crab Northern Kelp Crab Decorator Crab Sponges Sharp-nosed Crab orange social Tunicate Rock Oyster.1.. Kelp Crab.8..9 Purple of Ochre Seastar Copper Rockfish.4..9 Gunnels and Pricklebacks Orange Sea Cucumber Mean Abundance of JUVENILE ROCKFISH Juvenile Rockfish Mean Abundance of COPPER ROCKFISH Copper Rockfish ea 1 ab un da 1 nc 1 1 /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 11

12 Mean Abundance of SHINER PERCH Shiner Perch Mean Abundance of TUBESNOUT Tubesnout /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 Mean Abundance of COOTRIPE SHRIMP Coonstripe Shrimp Mean Abundance of DUNGENESS CRAB 7 Dungeness Crab /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 Mean Abundance of RED ROCK CRAB 71 Red Rock Crab Mean Abundance of ORGE SOCIAL TUNICATE Orange Social Tunicate /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 1

13 Mean Abundance of PLUMOSE EMONE Plumose anemone Mean Abundance of ACORN BARNACLE Acorn Barnacle /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 /11/97 8/18/97 1//98 7/4/98 1/11/98 //99 1/7/99 4/4/ 9/11/ /18/1 Pair-wise Dissimilarities between Artificial Reefs for concurrent surveys based on Total and Selected Diver Data Pair-wise dissimilarities between reefs for concurrent dates to all data to selected divers.8 Bray-Curtis dissimilarity Bray-Curtis dissimilarity.6.4 dissim to dissim to dissim to... /11/97 6/19/97 9/7/97 1//98 4/1/98 7/4/98 11/1/98 /9/99 //99 8/8/99. /11/97 8/8/97 1//98 6/4/98 11/1/98 /1/99 8/8/99 1// 6// 11// Example clusters with significance and power analysis (Nemec ) Total species abundance untransformed data: Bray-Curtis Index SIMILARITY Linkage Clusters Linked Similarity Prob(H) Sim(alpha) Alpha Power Total species presence/absence data: Sorensen s Index SIMILARITY Linkage Clusters Linked Similarity Prob(H) Sim(alpha) Alpha Power SOME FINDINGS Bias and errors 1% of multi-diver surveys had unacceptable sampling precision (based on total abundance) 4/ of these on ; Inexperienced divers usually saw fewer taxa, one saw considerably more taxa than any other divers Identification of species Counting bias (counts versus percent cover) >~ Search image (ubiquitous or background forms) Variable conditions: light, turbidity, current, algal cover 1

14 Return of community to natural conditions Mean Abundance (8-) and Mean (1-4) and Total Taxa (1-) within normal range of variability by summer 1998; Natural variability is considerable and still indeterminate; Presence/absence data shows that artificial reefs most similar to each other but still significantly distinct with high power; Return of community to natural conditions cont d Species abundance data combined over time shows that; artificial reefs most similar to each other but not homogeneous overall (low power); Artificial reefs different from natural reef at p= 17.7% (power 7%); No difference for selected diver data, log data, fish only or invertebrates only. Colonization, recruitment and seasonality Videos suggest algal cover more intense and protracted in winter 97-spring 98 (end of El Nino) than following years; Species found only on and reefs; Perch species and tubesnout virtually absent from natural reef, rockfish more common on artificial than natural reef; Colonization, recruitment and seasonality cont d Seasonality of fish species evident for rockfishes: differences between adult and juvenile rockfish, which are of conservation concern in Strait of Georgia; sea perch: mating and/or rearing and are known to migrate on/off shore; tubesnout: not much known; Dungeness crab: generally deeper on sand, move into shallow water for moulting. LESSO for Improving Future Monitoring Selecting the Taxa 1. The identification of various types of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) appears to be a problem. The natural variability of the copper rockfish markings and shape appeared to confuse some divers, who identified species that were never seen by the experts and were not likely there.. Taxa which are not reef dwellers such as several ophiuroid species and incidental pelagic fish should be eliminated from the taxa list.. In general, the taxa list needs to be reduced in number and/or simplified to help avoid mis-identifications. More rigorous training of the divers in species identification is another solution. Reducing Diver Bias 1. Detailed diver debriefing is essential at the end of each dive to pick up discrepencies between divers, but also to more clearly delineate how each diver counts and identifies different organisms. A clear knowledge of what each diver actually sees is vital, in order to apply fuzzy logic mathematical weighting schemes to this type of data (see Mumby et al. 1996). This debriefing can also help inexperienced divers to identify species that they could not during the dive, or to clear up any ambiguous notations on their dive sheets.. Extra habitat and behavioral information should be obtained and added to dive logs after dives, such as whether certain taxa tended to be obvious or hiding, on the north or south sides, on the upper or under sides of the reef, clumped together or territorial, and so on. 14

15 Reducing Diver Bias cont d. Shrimp appeared to be ubiquitous and numerous on all reefs from the beginning, but were frequently missed by divers because of the animals' hiding and scattering behaviour and lack of dive lights. Therefore, it is not feasible to count them. A video of each transect on each dive date would allow some corrections for mis-identifications, and help standardize the different search images of paired divers.. Potential divers and core volunteers should have training sessions using video and professional biologists to help clear up any misidentifications. Defining Survey Methods 1. More systematic seasonal sampling is required. The actual number of dive dates could be reduced considerably, but should include an intensive set of surveys 4 times a year, ideally at about the same times each year.. Each reef and date should be surveyed by at least one expert research diver with auxilliary divers providing additional data. Specifically, the expert diver(s) should attempt the enumeration and detailed identification whereas auxiliary divers map the general distribution of sessile organisms and rooted algaes. The expert and auxiliary divers can compare notes and match identifications with the maps.. The natural reef (or reference) should be surveyed on every dive date. Defining Survey Methods cont d 4. Divers should always use underwater lights to aid in species searching and identification.. Some distinction should be made between juvenile and non-juvenile fish and crabs. In addition, general size ranges for important colonizers such as barnacles, anemones and starfish will help to determine if these immigrate as adults, or by settling as juveniles. 6. The survey protocol should include a minimum survey time as well as required time expended by the diver for each pass reef. Training must stress that the divers are required to swim the entire transect during the prescribed time, and no more. Defining Survey Methods cont d 7. There should be separate counting strategies such as percent cover and reef location for colonial vegetative reproducers like some tunicates, anemones and sponges. Species that tend to settle en masse such as acorn barnacles should probably also be counted using the same method. 8. Rooted algae should be consistently surveyed as percent cover as usually standard for hard substrate surveys, on a rank scale appropriate to each species. This seasonal coverage is vital for understanding the distribution and abundance of fish and invertebrate organisms. Algal coverage data could also be obtained from systematic video transects rather than diver counts, freeing up the divers for more detailed biotic work. Managing the Data 9 1. More attention, time and effort are required on data standardization, both immediately following dives and at the time of data entry. This is important particularly for data from untrained divers. As such the post-dive protocols need to be tightened, especially those pertaining to the project's data manager.. Dive conditions such as visibility need to be recorded carefully and consistently.. Periodic testing procedures to assess diver bias in identifications and counting or coverage techniques should be conducted to help standardize data. 1

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