Modified Atmospheres Technology: Definitions and Uses. Prof. Shlomo Navarro

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1 Modified Atmospheres Technology: Definitions and Uses Prof. Shlomo Navarro FTIC Ltd. (Food Technology International Consultancy Ltd.) Israel

2 Alternativas no-qu químicas: A- Métodos físicos: f 1. Manipulación n de temperatura 2. Las atmósferas modificadas (AM) 3. Radiación 4. Polvos inertes B- Métodos biológicos 1. Control biológico 2. Feromonas 3. Trampas de insectos C- Integrated pest management (IPM) (Gerencia de peste integrada) Saneamiento

3 MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES A CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE IS A TYPE OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE

4 The concept of application of modified atmospheres (MA) treatments in stored Objectives: Insect control products Quality preservation Technological methods: Sustainable technological methods Environmentally user friendly Appropriate technologies That conforms GREEN SAFE HARMONY

5 Modified atmospheres Alterations in the atmospheric gas composition At low or high pressures At atmospheric pressure 1.Vacuum 2.High pressure CO 2 1.Modified atmospheres (hermetic) 2.Controlled atmospheres

6 Action of modified atmospheres on insects 1- Desiccation 2- Anoxia 3- Hypercarbia

7 Dry commodities no fungi activity, insect survival Aerobic fungi activity, limited CO 2 Anaerobic bacteria high CO 2 16 SORGHUM 14 CORN WHEAT AIR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)

8 A moth larva with spiracles along the body

9 Atriate spiracle with lip type of closing.

10 Anoxia (low oxygen concentration) Insect body segment Hypercarbia (high carbon dioxide concentration) At low humidities water loss results in desiccation 50% RH 100% RH Closed spiracle Open spiracle

11 Anoxia (low oxygen concentration) Insect body segment Hypercarbia (high carbon dioxide concentration) At high humidities no desiccation 100% RH 100% RH RH Closed spiracle Open spiracle

12 Adult emergence (%) from Ephestia cautella pupae exposed to atmospheres of 4.3% CO2 or 3.2% O2 at 26oC.

13 Calculated exposure times and carbon dioxide levels to produce 95% mortality for Tribolium castaneum adults at four oxygen concentrations and two temperatures at 57% RH.

14 Application of MAs at elevated temperatures E. cautella exposed to CO 2 concentrations LT values (hours to obtain 99% mortality) LT C 40 0 C 45 0 C CO 2 (%) Eggs Larvae Pupae adults

15 Trogoderma granarium diapausing larvae exposed to CO 2 concentrations LT 99 values (hours to obtain 99% mortality) CO 2 (%) 35 0 C 40 0 C 45 0 C N/A N/A 10

16 Commercial scale application of MAs at elevated temperatures by ECO 2 in rigid chambers, Rotterdam, Holland

17 Four methods of applying a modified atmosphere.

18 Controlled atmospheres in rigid structures for the preservation of cereals in Israel

19 Application of carbon dioxide based modified atmosphere in 10,000 tonnes capacity rigid structure in Kingston, NC.

20 Modified atmosphere storage of cereal grain in a flat storage in Chengdu, P.R. China

21 Suggested provisional dosage regimes for control of all stages of the 12 most common insect species of stored grain, using modified atmospheres at temperatures between 20 and 29 o C*. Atmospheric gas concentration <1% O2 O (in nitrogen) Constant % CO2 in air CO2 decay in air from >70 to 35% Pressurized CO2 at >20 bar Controls most common grain insects including Trogoderma granarium (yes/no) yes no no no yes no ** Exposure period (days) <0.08 * Data, except those on pressurized CO2. ** Available data are based only on Plodia interpunctella and Lasioderma serricorne.

22 Methods of application of modified atmospheres Methods of application Applicable MA Main advantages Main disadvantages 1. Purge a full silo from the top. CO2 Requires only one application. Labour requirements are minimal. Purging time is long. Some CO2 is lost in outflow with air mix. 2. Apply CO2 in the grain stream (snow, dry ice). CO2 Method is fast. No vaporization equipment is needed. Danger of explosion (static electricity). Constant supervision during application. 3. Lift the atmosphere out (air displacement method). Continuous purge from bottom. CO2 N2 GB* Labour requirements are low. No loss of gas in mixing. Works best with N2. Gas purging region of silo should be leak-free. With CO2 it creates high localized concentration, so blending may be necessary. 4. Blending and purging. CO2 Homogenous concentration is obtained. No loss of gas in mixing. Air CO2 mixing equipment is necessary. 5. Recirculation. CO2 GB Homogenous concentration is obtained. No loss of gas in mixing. Recirculation equip- ment is necessary. 6. Pressurized CO2 at >20 bar CO2 Short exposure time required for complete control. Method is costly and needs special exposure chamber. * GB, gas burner atmosphere, consisting of <1%O2, 15% CO2, and 84% N2).

23 Types of pressure relief valves.

24 Carbon dioxide treatment on dates stored in a flexible Volcani cube

25 Cross section of cube showing gas distribution from bottom at start of purge Pressure relief port Air out Air out Gas injection port CO 2 CO 2 purge

26 Cross section of cube showing gas distribution after 48 h from start of purge Pressure relief port closed port Uniform CO 2 concentration after 48 h. Gas injection port

27 CO 2 concentration in the application of a controlled atmosphere on stored dates % CO 2 TOP % CO 2 BOTTOM % O 2 CENTER 100 Concentration (%) Time in days

28 Cube with commodity stored under modified atmospheres (high CO 2 ) gas controller, flow-meter and gas cylinder with regulator and control valve.

29 High pressure CO 2 treatment of commodities

30 High pressure CO 2 treatment of figs Total 4 h exposure was necessary for complete kill of moths and mites at 20 bars

31 Pressure chamber of about 3 m 3 designed to hold CO 2 at 20 and 37 bar, liquid CO2 supply tank and regulator unit

32 LOW PRESSURE (VACUUM) TREATMENTS UNDER FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES

33 Linear relationship between atmospheric pressure (mm Hg) and oxygen concentration (%) %O mm Hg

34 When chamber empty, there is a linear relationship between atmospheric pressure (mm Hg) and air humidity (g/kg) 30 o C. When with commodity, the commodity moisture content dictates the ERH in the chamber Interstitial 60% ERH at any low pressures of cocoa beans at 6.2% moisture content Air humidity in empty chamber Air humidity (g water/kg air) mm Hg

35 Equipment used for applying vacuum Pump PVC enclosure 50 mm Hg one-way vacuum line valve Quick release connection Zipper

36 ARO, Bet-Dagan trials; Becker oil vacuum pump control panel filters

37 ARO Bet-Dagan trials; Jonathan, Simcha during vacuum tests of semolina and Ali

38 Boston, MA trials; Becker pump connected to the cube/cocoon

39 Vacuum treatment of dried fruits

40 Use of the vacuum cube containing cocoa beans in the field zipper attachment one-way vacuum line valve Quick release

41 Tabaco

42 The effect of 50 mm Hg on egg mortality at 55% r. h. and 30 C Test insects LT 99 values (hours to obtain 99% mortality) Trogoderma granarium Lasioderma serricorne Oryzaephilus surinamensis Tribolium castaneum Ephestia cautella Plodia interpunctella 46 h 91 h 32 h 22 h 45 h 49 h

43 Additional benefit of vacuum treatment on the aroma of stored spices {aroma score 0 to 5 Treatment Airflow (control) Hermetic storage High CO 2 Vacuum Burlap sack (control) (excellent)} Cumin Chilly seeds pods Coriander seeds Turmeric rhizomes

44 Vacuum or CO 2 treatments for durable dry commodities Cereals Nuts Dried fruits Spices Medicinal plants Cocoa and coffee

45 Conclusions for vacuum treatment 1- The system is transportable. 2- Simple to set up and practical where electricity is available. 3- Environmentally friendly. No chemicals used. 4- Safe to the operators (does not pose health hazard). 5- No need for ventilation time. 6- Same exposure time or shorter then phosphine. 7- Product quality is better preserved than in normal atmosphere.

46 Peste objetivo y método m de control Producto 1- Bulbos de narciso 2- Caqui 3- Higos 4- Arroz/salvado de arroz 5- Nueces 6- Café/cacao 7- Harina/s /sémola 8- Tabaco Peste objetivo Merodon eques Mosca de frutas Mediterránea (MFF) Coleóptero nitidulid,, polilla & ácaros Tribolium /rancidez Polilla,, Oryzaephilus & Tribolium E. cautella o C. cephalonica Tribolium y E. kuehniella Lasioderma Método de control Hermético, CO 2 o vació CO 2 o vació a temperatura alta CO 2 a presión n normal o alta Hermético Vació Vació Vació Vació

47 THE CONCEPT of BIOGENERATED ATMOSPHERES

48 What is a Biogenerated Atmosphere? It consists of generation of an oxygen-depleted and carbon dioxide-enriched enriched interstitial atmosphere by the respiration of the living organisms in the ecological system of a sealed storage.

49 Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Dr. Maria Otilia Carvalho of the Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Lisboa, for inviting me to make this presentation

50 Muito obrigado pela vossa atenção Thank you for your attention!!!

CORESTA GUIDE N 12. May 2013 CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR THE CONTROL OF CIGARETTE BEETLE AND TOBACCO MOTH

CORESTA GUIDE N 12. May 2013 CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR THE CONTROL OF CIGARETTE BEETLE AND TOBACCO MOTH CORESTA GUIDE N 12 May 2013 CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE PARAMETERS FOR THE CONTROL OF CIGARETTE BEETLE AND TOBACCO MOTH 1. Introduction Two insects, the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, and the tobacco