FM Verification of Detection 5-2

Transcription

1 There are four techniques for locating NBC contamination hazards: search, survey, sampling, and surveillance. NBC search and NBC survey techniques share a common aspect; both are intended to locate NBC contamination hazards. Search - this technique is used to find the contamination primarily while on the move. NBC recon platoons and squads should always be in search of NBC hazards along routes, in areas, zones, and points of interest. Survey this technique is conducted when the contamination has already been detected and identified, but the commander wants to know the boundaries of the contamination within his area of interest. NBC survey operations are conducted to define the limits or boundaries of contamination hazards within known locations (routes, areas, points, and zones). Surveys are required when the commander needs detailed information (type of agent, intensity/concentrations, and the boundary) about a contaminated area. Sampling - this technique is conducted when NBC search or NBC survey has been conducted, but samples are needed. NBC sampling is conducted to verify the contamination hazard located during NBC search and NBC survey. This is extremely important when trying to prove first use, or the identity of the contamination has not been determined. Sampling also supports technical intelligence operations. Surveillance - NBC surveillance is a technique used to support the NBC reconnaissance techniques of NBC search, NBC sampling, and NBC survey. The crew of the M93 FOX can only perform surveillance through visual observation of probable signatures of NBC attacks. The M93A1 FOX is equipped with M21 RSCAAL, allowing the crew to observe for chemical vapors. The M21 RSCAAL can only be operated when the FOX is stationary. 5-1

2 This section contains the procedures for NBC search and NBC survey. FOX vehicle commanders must train their crews to follow these procedures during conduct of NBC search and NBC survey techniques for NBC contamination hazards regardless of the NBC reconnaissance technique used. During the movement from the assembly area or lagger to the start point, the FOX will operate in the air high mode. At the start point the FOX will operate with the double wheel sampling system operating, and the mobile mass spectrometer (MM-1) in wheel/high. For multiple FOX missions, the lateral intervals between FOX teams are approximately 100 meters, based upon METT-T. If the MM-1 operator detects a trace level reading of contamination, (e.g., HD), he notifies the vehicle commander. The vehicle commander directs the driver to stop the FOX and notifies the vehicle commander of the other team and the commander of the supported force. At this point, the team that encountered the contamination continues to search for and attempt to verify the identity of the contamination. The other team(s) execute a search and survey pattern appropriate to the stated NBC recon mission and the situation. While they are conducting search and survey, the vehicle commanders of all FOXs turn control of the vehicle over to the their respective MM-1 operators. For single FOX missions, the FOX team warns the supported force, backs out of the contamination, drops a marker, executes a search and survey pattern appropriate to the stated NBC recon mission and situation, and then either continues with the supported unit or goes back to perimeter mark the contamination. Verification of Detection Step One. Change to method three, surface/low, and wait until the sampler line temperature has dropped to 110 degrees C. Step Two. When the temperature has dropped to 110 degrees C., MM-1 operator directs the surveyor to lower the probe to within 10, 5, and 1 centimeter of the ground and hold it there. Step Three. Watch the monitor until a maximum ion intensity (higher than 4) is displayed. 5-2

3 Step Four. After the MM-1 displays a maximum ion intensity indication, press the SPECTRUM/ AMOUNT VS. TIME button and directs the surveyor to put the probe back in its monitoring position. Step Five. Next, press the PRINT button. The ion fragments will be printed by mass and weight. Step Six. After printing is complete, assign the substance an extra substance number (61-68). Step Seven. Go to the LOG BOOK, move the cursor to the substance number and enter the extra substance number used (61-68). Step Eight. Change the monitor code to number 1 and then go back to the LOG BOOK. Step Nine. Check monitor list for extra substance (61-68) and press air monitor button. Step Ten. Lower the probe to the surface (4 to 5 seconds) to verify the extra substance against the original substance. Press the print button once the extra substance and the agent detected appear together on the screen. Step Eleven. or vice versa. Verify if the known agent has a higher reading. If so, delete the extra substance NOTE: If the agent is unknown, leave extra substance (61-68) on the monitor list. The vehicle commander inserts the information into an NBC 4 report and transmits it to higher headquarters. Vehicle commander then directs the driver to turn around (180 degrees) and move 200 meters or until the MM-1 shows normal readings. The vehicle commander directs the surveyor to drop a contamination marker (a minimum of 200 meters from the edge of contamination). The MM1 operator records the marker and location number in the MM-1 log book. If any samples are taken, these numbers are also recorded. The vehicle commander transmits the information to higher headquarters using the NBC 4 format. Once the search and identification team finishes the above steps, they rejoin the other team to continue the mission. NOTE: There is only one crewman in the rear of the M93A1. Some functions are automated, but the MM1 operator is the responsible party for both Surveyor 1 and Surveyor 2 tasks. There are seven general NBC reconnaissance search and survey patterns: Zig-Zag Box Star Cloverleaf Lane Near-side/Far-side Bounce and By-pass 5-3

4 As a general NBC recon technique rule, the zig-zag, lane, star, and bounce and by-pass are used with the search technique and the box, cloverleaf, and near side/far side pattern are used with the survey technique. Contamination markers are positioned to mark the limits of a contaminated area (perimeter marking) or to mark a by-pass route (by-pass marking). The NBC contamination hazard markers must be within line of sight of each other. Each time a marker is dropped, its location is sent to higher headquarters using an NBC 4 report. Fox markers are not easily seen by heavy forces conducting rapid movements. As a technique, unit SOPs should prescribe far NBC warning markers. These locally fabricated warning markers should be emplaced by unit scouts, engineer, or military police, not the FOX teams. Use of VS-17 recognition panels are excellent far NBC warning markers. FOX teams are more likely contaminated and should not break the seal of their overpressure system to emplace far NBC warning markers. Far NBC warning markers should be emplaced meters back from the FOX markers and positioned to facilitate bypass by rapidly moving forces. Traffic control around contaminated areas can be enhanced by establishing traffic control points manned by unit personnel. The following is a description of how to apply these patterns to NBC reconnaissance techniques with the M93-series FOX vehicle. These descriptions are stated assuming a FOX squad is available. All patterns and techniques can be adapted to team or section missions. Zig-Zag Pattern The zig-zag patten may be used with the squad, section or platoon on line. It would mainly be used while conducting a zone reconnaissance (an example would be reconnaissance of a mobility corridor, or an axis of advance). Figure 5-1 is an example of a FOX-equipped squad conducting a zone NBC reconnaissance of a mobility corridor using the zig-zag pattern. The teams will normally move parallel to each other but in a staggered formation along the corridor. 5-4

5 The squad checks all key terrain for NBC contamination hazard throughout the area where the commander intends to move his fighting force and the remainder of his troops. Key terrain includes road networks, low lying areas and designated critical points (choke points). In the example in Figure 5-1, Team 1 detects contamination in his assigned lane or sector. Team 1 then stops and the vehicle commander notifies Team 2. Team 1 verifies the presence of contamination, and sends an NBC 4 report to higher HQs and changes the sampler wheels. Team 2 continues to check for contamination in the assigned sector. Team 1 moves back approximately 200 meters to the last clean point in the azimuth of travel and places a contamination marker. (NOTE: The contamination marker must be visible). Team 1 then moves laterally meters (left or right), turns in the azimuth of the travel, and continues the zig-zig pattern. If contamination is encountered again, Team 1 moves laterally ( meters or until there is no longer a reading on the MM-1), drops marker, sends an NBC 4 report to higher headquarters, turns, and continues on the original azimuth travel in the zig-zag pattern. At the end of the survey, the team will have marked the outer boundary of the NBC contaminated area. Box Pattern Use the box pattern to conduct a survey when the commander wants to know the limits of contamination (boundaries). The box pattern is time consuming and should mainly be used in rear areas. In the example in Figure 5-2, Team 2 moving in a staggered column formation encounters contamination and notifies Team 1. Team 1 stops, and if no contamination is detected, places a contamination marker. Team 2 backs out of the contamination until their vehicle is even with the Team 1 marker, turns to the right 90 degrees and deploys a marker. Team 1 makes a 90 degree left turn. Team 1 moves along the new azimuth until contamination is found again. If no contamination is found after 200 meters of travel, team 1 makes a 90 degree turn along the original azimuth and drops a marker. After 100 or 200 meters of travel Team 1 makes a 90 degree turn perpendicular to the original azimuth and searches on that azimuth. 5-5

6 If Team 1 finds contamination, Team 1 moves back to the last known clean point and drops a marker. Team 1 then makes a 90 degree right turn and continues to check for contamination by moving 100 or 200 meters and making a 90 degree turn. Team 2 action is exactly as Team 1 but in the opposite direction (i.e., makes 90 degree left turns). As Team 1 and Team 2 find contamination, they move back to the last known clean point, place a contamination marker, then turn 90 degrees back to the azimuth of the original route of march and continue checking and marking until they link up on the far side of the contaminated area. Team 1 and Team 2 continue this procedure around the contaminated area until the limits of the contamination hazard are marked. Star Pattern Use the star pattern search technique when the commander wants to know roughly the size of the contaminated area. Figure 5-3 illustrates NBC recon elements using the star pattern. A small area of contamination is suspected. One reconnaissance team (one FOX) moves forward, using the star pattern to detect and verify the presence of contamination. If the area is large enough, two vehicles should be used to check the area. The - reconnaissance team also marks the boundary and submits an NBC 4 report to higher headquarters to notify the follow-on forces where to look for the NBC contaminated area. Once the area is reconnoitered, the FOX squad falls in behind the most forward element and continues with the mission. If only one FOX team is used to conduct the star pattern of the area, the second FOX team provides support. 5-6

7 Cloverleaf Pattern The cloverleaf is used when the commander wants to know the limits of the NBC contamination hazard at a location. This pattern is time consuming and is most likely to be used when the area is secured. Figure 5-4 illustrates an example of an NBC recon element using the cloverleaf pattern while conducting a survey. The FOX checks for NBC contamination hazard in a cloverleaf pattern over the point of interest in four different directions. The cloverleaf pattern can be used by an NBC reconnaissance team, a squad, a section, or a platoon. The cloverleaf pattern is used to perform an NBC survey in a specified area. The cloverleaf pattern is time consuming; however, it provides detailed coverage and information about an NBC contaminated area. Lane Pattern The lane pattern is similar to the zig-zag pattern and is used to locate contaminated areas. While the zig-- zag pattern can be used during NBC reconnaissance tactics (route, area, and zone), the lane pattern is used primarily during route reconnaissance. It could also be used for area NBC reconnaissance of long narrow pieces of terrain, such as defi!es. The NBC recon team begins its search at the line of departure (LD) with an interval not exceeding 200 meters between teams. For narrow routes to be surveyed, the reconnaissance team moves in a staggered column. Each team moves along a line until reaching the limit of advance (LOA) (see Figure 5-5). The teams monitor equipment for indications of contamination. The team begins a search of the mission area. This pattern is repeated until NBC contamination is detected or the complete mission area is searched (Figure 5-6). 5-7

8 Near-Side/Far-Side Pattern The objective of this pattern is to quickly establish the depth of the contaminated area. The recon element must determine the near side and the far side of the contamination (Figure 5-7). Actions of the NBC recon elements are: Once contamination is detected, an NBC 4 report is sent to higher headquarters. FOX team which detected the contamination will stop and identify/verify the agent using the MM-1. The second FOX team will provide area security and mark the near side of the contamination 200 meters from the edge. 5-8

9 FOX team which detected contamination will continue route reconnaissance using air/high to determine the far side of the contamination. Once the far side is determined, the contaminated area is marked 200 meters from the edge. Once the far side of contamination is marked, NBC reconnaissance teams request further mission instructions and decontamination support. The bounce and by-pass pattern is used to quickly find a by-pass route around contamination to avoid loss of maneuver force momentum or locate a uncontaminated route. The FOX team(s) that encounter contamination stops and bounces laterally meters left or right and then move in the original direction of travel. If contamination is encountered again, the team repeats the lateral movement (Figure 5-8). The maneuver commander will designate if the unit will by-pass the contamination to the right or left depending on the tactical situation. The maneuver commander must provide direct fire overwatch to the FOX team(s) as they conduct this pattern. The FOX team(s) must be prepared to react to enemy contact (direct and indirect fire, mines, and obstacles). Bounce and By-Pass Pattern 5-9

10 The M21 RSCAAL may be used to support any combat operation. Its primary use is to avoid contamination by standoff detection of chemical agent vapor clouds. The M21 RSCAAL has a range of approximately 5 km. Additionally, it can be used to augment point detectors such as the M8A1 when supporting static defensive combat operations. The M21 RSCAAL maybe used to support both offensive and defensive operations. There are two methods of employment, mounted and dismounted. Dismounted: In supporting defensive operations, the M21 RSCAAL can be dismounted on a tripod and powered by connecting a 65 foot cable to the vehicles slave receptacle or by removing the auxiliary batteries located in the back of the vehicle. A pair of M21 RSCAAL s should be employed so that their fields of view (FOV) interlock with each other. Mounted: In supporting offensive operations, the detector is mounted on the M93A1 FOX vehicle and used to provide forward area surveillance. The FOX vehicle can bound from one surveillance location to another in order to assist maneuver elements in avoiding chemical agent clouds and give the reconnaissance element a clue as to where to look for ground contamination. When moving with a combat element, the Fox squad will leap frog forward. One team should never be more than 3 km forward of the other team. A pair of M21 RSCAAL s should be employed so that their FOV interlock with each other. 5-10

11 The M21 RSCAAL may be employed using the following two employment techniques: FM Point Surveillance. This mission is typically conducted to ensure that time sensitive critical operations can be conducted without unwarned encounters with chemical agent vapor clouds. Point surveillance can be performed either mounted or dismounted. These missions are: Short in duration (usually less than 2 hours) Usually oriented on key terrain features. Examples are choke points, bridges, barriers, and road intersections Area Surveillance. This technique is used to provide greater detection capability in large areas. This technique is used by a FOX squad, section or platoon. Area surveillance can be performed either mounted or dismounted. The following characteristics of this technique: Concerned with a broader area Requires detailed planning Can be oriented upon the wind Examples of area surveillance are: Scan avenues of approach. Forward logistic areas. Hasty detection capability during halts/silent watch. sources. Confirm or deny NBC reports from other Keeping a previously cleared area under surveillance until used. This is done to ensure that no chemical employment has occurred. Vapor detection in support of movement operations. Mission Planning To ensure success, M21 RSCAAL missions must be planned to match the missions they are supporting. M21 RSCAAL systems will be provided by the NBCRS in mounted or dismounted operations. In either case, the role to the M21 RSCA- AL in supporting the mission must be preplanned. The commander s concept of the operation is the key to how the M21 RSCAAL can best support. At the operator level, guidance will be provided on employment on sites that require surveillance. It is the vehicle commander s responsibility to ensure that the M21 RSCAAL is employed to support the concept of the operation. A reconnaissance of these potential sites is required to ensure that the required coverage can be provided. This may be a map reconnaissance, or in some cases, a physical reconnaissance can be performed. An overlay of the plan is probably going to be provided. Using a map, conduct a hasty map reconnaissance of - the specified surveillance sites and assess their fields of view using the M21 RSCAAL 5-11

12 template (see Figure 5-12). If no surveillance sites have been specified then select general areas (six digit grid coordinates) that will provide you with the proper coverage. Always consider the commanders intent when selecting your locations. The following factors affect the selection of the M21 RSCAAL employ- Factors affecting site selection. ment site: Scheme of maneuver. Operational security. Emplacement/recovery time (dismounted operations). Mission requirements. Operational risks. Site selection criteria. A good site will meet the following criteria: Line of Sight (LOS) between the detector and target area. Without line of sight the detector cannot get the correct background readings. Radio and/or wire communications. Without communications to pass the alarm and detection data to affected units, the system is of little use. Routes for rapid displacement to the next employment site. Some missions will place the detector well forward and rapid displacement is essential to providing continuous support. Security by combat elements. This is essential to ensure that the system remains combat effective and is not destroyed or captured by enemy forces. Protection from direct and indirect fires and observation. Cover and when possible, concealment, improves the survivability of the system. Wind direction. When deployed in an area surveillance mission, the detector can be oriented towards the wind to warn of approaching chemical agent clouds. It is normal to plan at least three different sites for each surveillance mission. These sites are: Primary: The actual location of the detector, with orientation upon the target area. Usually the best site of those initially selected. Alternate: Another site with the same target area. This is usually identified as an alternative to the primary site in the event that the first site is compromised and or comes under enemy fire. Supplemental: A different location used to view a different target than that of the primary or alternate site. This may be due to a change in the plan for a surveillance mission or a change in the wind direction. Map Reconnaissance This is the easiest method to use but also is the least accurate. Obtaining aerial photographs from the S-2 can help with the accuracy. It is usually conducted to tentatively select employment sites. If adequate time is available, request a line of sight analysis from the S-2. The intelligence section sometimes has tools that allow stereoscopic analysis of the terrain. If you must conduct an unassisted map reconnaissance, use the following techniques: 5-12 Select a map with highest possible resolution. Use the M21 template. Select scale Mark site location Draw a line 5000 meters long on the Center Individual Field of View (CIFOV) Draw each vector (seven at 10 degrees) Number from left to right (1-7) Intersect vectors at 500m intervals

13 Label template Locate potential employment sites. Construct a range card once M21 RSCAAL is in position. (If dismounted). FM Physical Reconnaissance This is the best method to determine the actual line of sight available. This method is dependent on the tactical situation. Initial map reconnaissance is performed to select tentative sites. Then the following techniques are used: The FOX must have security provided by the supported unit when moving to the surveillance sites. Use a lensatic compass or the VOS-25 to determine azimuths for each potential Individual Field of View (IFOV) and record the LOS available on the M21 RSCAAL template or if used, range card. To construct a M21 range card, do the following: Range Card Construction Mark grid reference lines. Mark site location with a +. Draw seven vectors out to their maximum Individual Line of Sight (ILOS). Draw a small, perpendicular at the end of each vector. From left to right, label each vector line 1 to 7. Record distance along the side of each vector. Record the marginal data: Scale M21 RSCAAL location Reference Prepared by Sampling operations are particularly important if a previously unknown agent is used, or if the suspected use is the first use of a chemical or biological agent by a threat force. The collection of CB samples and the background information must be as detailed and comprehensive as possible. Each sample is processed and analyzed to provide data for intelligence analysts to use. The processing of CB samples includes: collecting, handling, transferring, and maintaining chain-of custody. Chemical samples are taken when directed by higher headquarters or when an agent cannot be identified by the MM-1. Biological samples are taken when directed by higher headquarters. Since the FOX does not have biological detection capability, the samples are taken in an area where suspected contamination exists (dead animals, plant life, etc.). Possible ground locations are low lying areas, wet or damp terrain or in shady areas. Grassy terrain provides better quality samples than rocky terrain. Do not chill a biological agent sample for at least four hours after taking the sample. 5-13

14 Sampling operations should be planned in advance. The procedures shown below are used when taking chemical and biological samples. Sample bottles will be marked with control numbers using china markers (grease pencils) or indelible markers. The Division/Corps NBCC assigns and controls control numbers. The NBCC will allocated block of sample numbers to the FOX platoon. The platoon leader will suballocate control numbers to each team. A sample control number is listed below: Sampling Procedures Step One on addition to conducting PMCS of all equipment, remove sample bottles and mark as directed above. Ensure all numbers assigned to sample bottles are entered into the crew log book. Step Two after arrival near the sample site, at least two samples outside the sample area must be taken. The samples are known as control samples that are not contaminated. The control samples are used as a comparison sample and to ensure that a compound is not naturally found in the area. These samples must be taken about 500 meters upwind of the sample area. Step Three once contamination is found and sample identified (dirt, vegetation, etc): into the bottle. point). Mount the protective work glove into work port. Insert your left arm into work glove. Release the latch on sample tray and pull tray out to fully extended position. Remove the top from sample bottle. Grasp the gripper tongs by the handle and slide tongs out of the tray. While watching through floor window use the tongs to grasp sample from ground and place Replace the tongs on the tray. Replace the cap on bottle. Transfer the samples to the proper organization (e.g., technical intelligence collection Sampling Information Reporting Although a sample collected from a sample area is significant, it can become useless if proper steps are not taken to record critical information about its collection. The following information is needed when collecting samples: How the sample was obtained. Where it was found (grid location). The physical state (solid, liquid, powder, apparent viscosity), color, approximate size, identity of the specimen (type of agent). A description of the general area (jungle, mountain, grassland, etc.) and changes in the vegetation 5-14

15 after agent deposition (color changes, wilting, drying, dead). The type animals that were or were not affected. Transferring Samples Once the samples are taken and the FOX team moves to the decontamination site, the team will conduct a change of custody of the samples at the site or grid coordinate given by the controlling headquarters. The controlling headquarters is responsible for getting personnel to the site to effect the transfer. Samples are typically transferred to Technical Intelligence Teams or Technical Escort teams. Items that need to accompany the samples are: The information that was noted above. (This information is put into the mission log by the crew.) The printout of information from the MM-1 (spectrum info, location, etc.). DD Form 1911, Material Courier Receipt. This information is passed through the glove port to personnel outside the vehicle. Fallout predictions provide a means of locating probable radiation hazards. Militarily significant fallout will occur within the predicted area. However, fallout predictions do not indicate exactly where the fallout will occur or what the dose rate will be at a specific location. Additionally, radiological contamination can also be created by rainout or washout. LOW altitide airbursts can create areas of neutron-induced gamma activity. Before planning operations in a nuclear environment, commanders must be aware of residual contamination hazards and measure the dose rate. FOX units use one of two methods to determine the extent and intensity of nuclear hazards - monitoring or recon. Consider the impact on future operations when assigning FOX teams the mission of conducting detailed nuclear survey, as this would severely reduce these teams ability to conduct future operations. Monitoring Routinely perform radiological monitoring to determine the presence and intensity of the residual radiation hazard. Perform monitoring while stationary. The AN/VDR-2 RADIAC meter is the basic instrument used to monitor for radiation and the ASG-1 RADIAC meter provides a secondary reading in the M93 FOX. Note: The ASG-1 was removed from the M93A1 FOX and will be removed from the M93 if major repairs are required. Since nuclear weapons may be employed at any time on the battlefield, all units monitor for radiation upon initial deployment. Monitoring is included in normal intelligence activities. It provides early warning and useful radiological information to units at all levels. There are two techniques for monitoring-periodic and continuous. 5-15

16 Periodic Monitoring Periodic monitoring is frequent checks of the unit area for radiation. Periodic monitoring assures the commander that the unit area is not contaminated and warns the unit if contamination arrives. Perform periodic monitoring upon deployment, or when the unit stops continuous monitoring. During periodic monitoring, take a reading with the AN/VDR-2 RADIAC meter at least once each hour. Unit SOPs may require more frequent readings and should provide detailed information on monitoring procedures. When a unit has more than one AN/VDR-2 RADIAC meter, only one is required for periodic monitoring. Continuous Monitoring Continuous monitoring is the surveillance for radiation in the unit area or position. Frequency of readings will depend on the current situation and unit SOP. Units will initiate continuous monitoring: so. When you observe, hear, or receive a report of a nuclear detonation. When an NBC 3 nuclear report is received and the unit is in the predicted area of contamination. When you read a dose rate of 1 centigray (cgy) per hour during periodic monitoring. When ordered by the unit commander. Units return to periodic monitoring when the dose rate falls below 1 cgy/hr, or when ordered to do To minimize the hazard to your troops, there are two techniques for conducting periodic or continuous monitoring: Direct and indirect. Normally you will use the indirect monitoring technique so that you are able to stay in the fight longer. Direct Monitoring Direct monitoring is the simplest and most precise of the monitoring techniques. A radiacmeter is used to get an unshielded dose rate. Determine the unshielded (outside the vehicle) dose rate by standing with the RADIAC meter held waist high and rotating your body 360 degrees. The highest reading observed is recorded as the dose rate. Take this reading in the open at least 10 meters away from buildings or other large structures or objects that may shield out a portion of the radiation. In cities or built-up areas, take readings in the center of the streets or at street intersections. If there are points of operational interest where you cannot get 10 meters away from interference, take additional readings. Thus, if a road through a narrow cut or defile is of operational interest, take readings in the open both near the cut and in the cut. Use the direct monitoring technique when: Monitoring for the initial detection or arrival of fallout. In low dose rate areas. Determining unshielded (outside) ground dose rates for transmission or correlation factors. Verifying the contamination status of a new position. Moving through a contaminated area on foot. Direct readings are used when conditions and operational exposure guidance permit. 5-16

17 Indirect Monitoring Indirect monitoring is done inside shelters or vehicles. This allows the unit to measure radiation levels and still keep exposure to a minimum. Indirect monitoring is the preferred technique when operating in a contaminated area. It is used whenever dose rates are high enough to be read inside the shielded location. When the indirect technique is used, most other readings are taken inside the vehicle or shelter. However, at least one outside reading is necessary to determine the correlation factor. Both the inside and outside reading must be taken within three minutes of each other. Both must be taken after fallout is complete. Take both readings before determining the correlation factor (CF). When taking reading inside the FOX, all readings are taken from one selected position. The readings taken inside the vehicle or shelter represent inside shielded dose rates. These readings must be converted to outside unshielded dose rates before forwarding. Readings are converted using the following formula: OD=IDxCF Calculate the CF using the following formula: Vehicle Correlation Factor Outside dose rate(od) CF= Inside dose rate(id) NOTE: CFs are always greater than 1. CFs are rounded to the nearest hundredth. In addition to the initial set of vehicle CF data, one or two additional sets of data should be taken at different locations so that the control team can use an average CF. The sites for obtaining CF data should be selected to approximate average foliage and ground surface conditions for the contaminated area. New data must be obtained if these conditions change significantly or if the survey meter or vehicle is changed. Additional correlation factor data taken because of these changes should not be averaged into previously collected data, but should be used for applicable routes or points. Meter readings for CF data should be taken within three minutes of one another. Note that the monitor never calculates or applies the CF to his data. Reporting Monitoring Information The format for monitoring reports follows that found in FM 3-3-1, Nuclear Contamination Avoidance. Only that part (NBC 4 report) which pertains to monitoring reports is discussed here. Monitoring reports contain the location of the reading, the dose rate, and the date/time group the reading was taken. Table 5-2 gives the NBC 4 report format. The location is set as UTM grid coordinates; the dose-rate reading is expressed in cgy/hr. Only outside (unshielded) dose rates are reported by the FOX team, and the date-time is reported. Certain words are associated with the dose rate to describe the circumstances surrounding the contamination. Note that the definition of line items Romeo has been expanded. Table 5-3 is a list of words used in preparing the NBC 4 nuclear report. 5-17

18 Report Formatting Instructions Line items Quebec, Romeo, and Sierra may be repeated as many times as necessary. when locations and times change, this gives a specific picture of the contamination throughout the area. A zero dose rate may be reported on line item Romeo. The NBCC provides guidance on precedence for an NBC 4 nuclear report in the SOP or other instructions. This guidance is based on whether the report is an automatic or a directed report. The precedence depends on the urgency of the report. It is usually sent IMMEDIATE, but may not be upgraded or downgraded as the situation dictates. SOPs will detail in general terms how automatic NBC nuclear reports travel from company level to the NBCC. When necessary, specified nets are used to allow timely flow and to avoid overload. Directed reports will be transmitted on the communications nets or other means specified by the NBCC. Table 5-4 shows an example of NBC 4 (Nuclear) reports. These reports follow the format and report formatting instructions. Line item Quebec is the unit s location and should be encoded for operations security (OPSEC) purposes. This data need not be encoded if the report is sent by secure means. Users of the NBC 4 nuclear report are not limited solely to the use of the line items shown in these examples. Other line items may be added at the user s discretion. 5-18

19 Automatic Reports FOX teams submit certain monitoring reports automatically. These provide the minimum essential information for warning, hazard evaluation, and survey planning. The purpose of establishing automatic reports is to prevent overload of communications. In this way units are obligated, yet limited, to certain types of reports. This also ensures that only meaningful data are reported. The automatic reports are initial, peak, and special (e.g., those specified by the NBCC or required by intermediate commanders for operational purposes). Initial Report The FOX normally conducts periodic monitoring. After noting a dose rate of 1 or more cgy/hr outside, the monitor notes the time and begins continuous monitoring. The FOX team reports that an outside dose rate of 1 cgy/hr or higher exists and gives the time of reading. The word initial is used with line item Romeo to alert the NBCC to the value of the report. Peak Report While performing continuous monitoring, the FOX team records dose rates on DA Form 1971-R according to the time intervals specified in unit SOP. Dose rates should be recorded at 15 minute intervals while fallout is arriving. The dose rate steadily rises until it reaches a peak and then it decreases. In some cases, the dose rate may fluctuate for a short time before beginning a constant decrease. Once there is a constant decrease, the FOX team takes an inside reading and then an outside reading in order to perform the CF calculation. First, the inside reading is recorded on DA Form 1971-R as the next reading in sequence (in the main body of the from) and also in the CF data portion of the form. Other entries for the CF block are completed. Within three minutes, the FOX team goes to the outside location previously used and takes an outside doses-rate reading. The FOX crew immediately returns to the vehicle. Exposure to radiation during this short period of time is minimal. 5-19

20 Record the highest outside dose-rate reading in the CF data block on DA Form 1971-R. Then report the location of the readings, the time of readings, the inside dose rate and the outside dose rate. The FOX team resumes continuous monitoring-recording dose rates at 30-minute intervals after the peak dose rate has been reported. This procedure is continued until the unit leaves the contaminated area or the radiation level drops to 1 cgy/hr or the commander directs that periodic monitoring begin. Special Reports TSOP/OPLAN/OPORD and other standing instructions may establish the requirement for special NBC 4 nuclear reports. These special reports are evaluated by the NBCC. They invite command attention to areas or conditions of serious concern. The operational situation, unit radiation status, and similar considerations determine the criteria for these special reports. They cannot be specified here. Generally, this report may be required when the ground dose rate goes above a specified value. When the dose rate increases after it has decreased, a special report may also be sent. In this case, the word overlapping could be used with line item Romeo. Special reports may be required after a specified period of time if the unit remains in the area. Nuclear Reconnaissance Nuclear reconnaissance is the act of detecting the presence of radiation and measuring it with RADIAC instruments while moving. It is done before the main body of the unit encounters the hazard. It is conducted only to initially detect or determine the extent of the contamination. Regardless of the source, recon concentrates on location rather than intensity of dose rate. Thus, recon provides information about the size of a contaminated area and little else. Once plotted, recon data provide the minimum essential information needed to evaluate the impact the contamination will have on current operations. Stated another way, recon provides: Information about uncontaminated or clean areas. Recon, then, permits avoidance of hazard areas. Warning of a hazard that otherwise might go undetected. Thus, nuclear recon alerts units on the move when they contact a contaminated area. Information to the unit commander about the extent or size of the hazard just encountered. Information to the unit commander about the location of clean or uncontaminated areas. Information about routes which can be used to avoid the contaminated area. If total avoidance cannot be accomplished, NBC recon may be able to determine the lowest dose-rate route to be used while crossing the area. Attack Indicators When reconnoitering for a radiological hazard, the team surveys the surroundings for indications of the mason for its existence and additional damage or obstacle indications. Some indicators are as follows: Arrival and settling of dust-like particles. Tree blow down. Scorching on one side of an object. Overturned objects. Evidence of treetop fires. Dead animals and birds. Rain or snow after an airburst occurs. 5-20

21 Nuclear Samples When directed, NBC recon element will take samples of the contamination. This sampling will be required when the dose rate or decay rate is unpredictable. Samples are taken in low dose rate areas. These samples are forwarded through channels specified by the NBCC. Units do not automatically take samples. Limitation of Nuclear Recon In nuclear recon plan to use the avoidance techniques and methods for complete protection from enemy action, minefield, and nuclear hazards. Radiation presets a penetrating hazard, and the only complete protection from radiological contamination is avoidance of the area entirely. At this stage of recon, when radiological hazards are initially located, there is no indication that the maximum dose rate that may be found. The process of determining the highest dose rate may be lethal to the team. The FOX team cannot conduct detailed assessment of the contamination. Keep in mind that the FOX teams must have a very low dose limit or OEG. The arbitrary setting of a high OEG will result in the loss of the team. These limitations restrict the FOX team to locating only the outer limit of the contaminated area. Further reconnaissance for terrain trafficability, enemy activity, obstacles, chemical contamination, and so forth, must stop if a low dose limit is to be maintained. Specify turn-back total dose (Dtb) for each mission. This total dose must be low enough to permit additional exposure to the contamination at later times. Nuclear Recon Techniques In nuclear recon, the most desirable information is the location of uncontaminated areas. Nuclear recon is rarely concerned with the determination of the dose rates inside contaminated areas. The same patterns used for chemical agent search (i.e.,zig-zag, lane, and star) are used by the FOX team for radiological reconnaissance. Dose rates found during nuclear recon are usually of secondary value. The location of the perimeter of the contamination or paths around or through the contamination is of principal value and importance. Knowledge of the perimeter location allows units to avoid the hazard completely. Prior to the nuclear recon, FOX teams must be provided with a specific dose rate level. During nuclear recon, this dose rate serves as the threshold for contamination. This dose rate may be a matter of SOP or may be provided in mission briefings. The dose rate should be an inside dose rate. Further, the dose rate should be low enough so that it can be easily read on RADIAC instruments while moving. This is not a Dtb. This threshold dose rate must be carefully considered and compared to the transmission factor (i.e., the inverse of the CF) for the vehicles. When FOX teams discover contamination, they report its location. They may also report dose rates and time of detection. The NBC 4 nuclear report format can be used to report these dates; however, most expeditious reporting requires only a simple statement that contamination is present at a specific location. When the NBC 4 nuclear report format is used, the word CONTACT is used with the dose rate or letter item Romeo. The word INITIAL is not used. Upon detecting contamination, the team records the reading, time, and location on DA Form 1971-R. A report is rendered to alert the main body or unit. The team then withdraws to an uncontaminated area. The team flanks the contamination, repeating the in-and-out process within the team s assigned area, section, or zone. 5-21

22 Marking Areas FOX team mark the outer boundaries of the contamination unless told not to do so. In some cases, this may provide benefit to the enemy about troop movements. NATO markers are erected only at logical points of entry facing away from the contamination. Data are not normally recorded on the signs due to time limitations in keeping with the expeditious nature of reconnaissance operations. Writing on the signs does not enhance the warning afforded by visual sighting or recognition. Washout The washing out of radiological fallout particles from the air can vastly effect FOX operations. If the rainout is caused by rain, the resulting contamination will collect in low areas, streams, ponds, and rivers, creating hot spots. However, large still bodies of water will allow heavier fallout particles to settle and provide shielding. If snow causes the rainout, the area will initially be evenly blanketed. Heavy snowfall may shield indications and readings of radiation levels, but it will eventually melt and the result will be the same as that caused by rain. A rainout area can be larger or smaller than a fallout area when given the same size attack employed as a surface burst. There is no satisfactory rainout prediction system. Essentially, prediction involves determining when it will rain, how much it will rain, and how large the raindrops (sleet, hail, or snow) will be. Rainout can also cause a significant hot spot in an otherwise normal fallout pattern. The FOX team should be aware of rainout and its effects on the mission. Rainout can cause residual contamination from what should have been a fallout free burst. 5-22