Utilization of Screw Piles in High Seismicity Areas of Cold and Warm Permafrost

Transcription

1 University of Arkansas Alaska University Transportation Center Utilization of Screw Piles in High Seismicity Areas of Cold and Warm Permafrost Prepared By: Dr. Kenan Hazirbaba Dr. Brady Cox Dr. Clinton Wood July 2 Prepared For: Alaska University Transportation Center Duckering Building Room 245 P.O. Box 7559 Fairbanks, AK The University of Arkansas Department of Civil Engineering BELL 49 Fayetteville, AR 727 INE/AUTC.2

2 Shear Wave Velocity Profiling in High Seismicity Areas of Cold and Warm Permafrost a study performed in conjunction with the project Utilization of Screw Piles in High Seismicity Areas of Cold and Warm Permafrost PI: Dr. Kenan Hazirbaba for: Alaska University Transportation Center prepared by: Brady R. Cox, Ph.D. P.E. Assistant Professor The University of Arkansas Department of Civil Engineering BELL 49, Fayetteville, AR 727 Office: BELL 455A brcox@uark.edu Phone: (479) Fax: (479) Clinton M. Wood, EIT Gradute Research Assistant The University of Arkansas Department of Civil Engineering BELL 49, Fayetteville, AR 727 Office: ERC 23 cmwood@uark.edu Phone: (479) Fax: (479) July 22, 2

3 Table of Contents. Introduction Overview of SASW Test Method Field Equipment and Testing Procedures Data Reduction and Forward Modeling Procedures Site Locations and Selected Site Results Summary References

4 . Introduction This work was performed in support of the AUTC project Utilization of Screw Piles in High Seismicity Areas of Cold and Warm Permafrost under the direction of PI Dr. Kenan Hazirbaba. Surface wave testing was performed at 3 sites in the City of Fairbanks, AK from August 9-3, 9 by personnel from the University of Arkansas. The goal of the testing was to develop shear wave velocity profiles at selected research sites and at various areas of cold and warm permafrost. The shear wave velocity profiles provide a key parameter in determining the dynamic response of piles and soil-pile interaction under dynamic loading. The Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) method (Stokoe et al., 994) was used to determine shear wave velocity profile at each site to a depth of between 3 and 6 meters. 2. Overview of the SASW Test Method The SASW test method is a nondestructive and nonintrusive seismic method that utilizes the dispersive nature of Rayleigh-type surface waves propagating through a layered media to determine the shear wave velocity profile of the material (Stokoe et al., 994). Dispersion in surface wave velocity arises from changing stiffness properties of the soil and rock layers with depth, which caused the velocity to vary with wavelength or frequency. This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure for a multi-layered solid. A high-frequency surface wave, which propagates with a short wavelength, only stresses material near the exposed surface and thus only samples the properties of the shallow, near-surface material (Figure b). A lower-frequency surface wave, which has a longer wavelength, stresses material to a greater depth and thus samples the properties of the shallower and deeper materials (Figure c). Spectral analysis is used to separate the waves by frequency and wavelength to determine the experimental ("field") dispersion curve for the site. An analytical, forward-modeling procedure is then used to theoretically match the field dispersion curve with a one-dimensional layered system of varying layer stiffnesses and thicknesses (Joh, 996). The one-dimensional shear wave velocity profile that generates a dispersion curve that most closely matches the field dispersion curve is presented as the shear wave velocity profile at the site. 3

5 Air Layer Layer 2 2 Vertical Particle Motion Vertical Particle Motion 2 Layer 3 a. Material Profile Depth Depth b. Shorter c. Longer Wavelength, Wavelength, 2 Figure Illustration of Surface Waves with Different Wavelengths Sampling Different Materials in a Layered System which Results in Dispersion in Wave Velocities. 3. Field Equipment and Testing Procedures SASW testing in the field involves generating surface waves at one point on the exposed material surface and measuring the motions perpendicular to the surface created by the passage of surface waves past two or more measurement points. All measurement points are arranged on the exposed surface along a single radial path from the source. Successively longer spacings between the receivers and between the source and first receiver are used to measure progressively longer and longer wavelengths. This general testing configuration for one source/receiver set-up is illustrated in Figure 2. In this example, three receivers are used at each source/receiver set-up. This arrangement enables two sets of SASW test results to be obtained at the same time. The middle receiver (receiver #2) is located at the center line of the test array at all times. When different spacings are used and/or reverse directions are tested, only receivers # and #3 and the source are moved. Distances between receivers of.5 to 8 meters are typically used to profile to depths of about 3 to 6 m (larger spacings have been used with specialized vibroseis trucks to profile to depths of m). This number and progression of receiver spacings results in significant overlapping of the individual dispersion curves used to develop a composite field curve, thereby enhancing the test reliability and confirming global lateral uniformity over the test array. 4

6 C L (Source: Sledge Hammer or Vibroseis Truck) Receivers a. Forward: # #2 #3 X X Receivers 2X Source b. Reverse: #3 #2 # 2X X X Figure 2 Common-Middle-Receiver Geometry Used in SASW Testing With Three Receivers. Regardless of the spacing between receivers, at no point in the data analyses are wavelengths considered that are longer than twice the distance between the source and the first receiver in the receiver pair. This geometry results in minimizing near-field effects while simultaneously recording long wavelengths. For the testing in Fairbanks, typical spacings consisted of.6,.2, 2.4, 4.8, 7.6, 5.2, 3.5, 6. meters. A 4.5 kg sledgehammer was used as the surface wave source for spacings less than 7 meters to develop high frequency waves for near surface characterization. Both a forward and reverse receiver orientation was used with spacings less than 7 meters to improve data quality and account for variability in the soil and phase differences in receivers. For receiver spacings greater than 7 meters, a vibroseis source owned and operated by the University of Arkansas was used. Figure 3 is a photograph of this vibroseis truck, called The Hawg. The Hawg is capable of operating at frequencies between 2 Hz. However, its optimal frequency range is between Hz, where it can produce up to lbs of peak dynamic force ( lbs peak-to-peak). The use of the vibroseis truck significantly increased the depth of investigation at each site. Only a forward receiver orientation was used with the vibroseis truck due to position limitations. 5

7 Figure 3 Photograph of The Hawg vibroseis truck owned and operated by the University of Arkansas. Geospace model GS-D transducers, which have a natural frequency of 4.5 Hz, were used for spacing less than 7 meters, whereas Mark products Model L-4C transducers, which have a natural frequency of Hz, were used for longer spacings. These receivers are one-dimensional transducers that only measure vertical particle motion. The key points with regard to these receivers are that: () they have significant output over the measurement frequency range, (2) they are matched so that any differences in phase are negligible over the measurement frequency range, (3) they are coupled well to the soil or rock, and (4) the coupling is similar for each receiver. 4. Data Reduction and Forward Modeling Procedures In SASW testing, data is collected in the field in the form of phase plots and coherence function between individual receiver pairs. That data is reduced and interpreted using the program WinSASW, developed by Dr. Sung Ho Joh at the University of Texas at Austin (Joh, 996). Data Reduction consists of the following steps. For each receiver pair, the phase plot and 6

8 coherence function are loaded into WinSASW. A masking procedure is then performed to manually eliminate portions of the data with poor signal quality or portions of the data contaminated by the near-field waveform component. Figure 4 shows a typically phase and coherence plot from the 7.6 m spacing at Site 8 CRREL Array #2. The phase plots are unwrapped using the program and the surface wave phase velocity at each frequency is calculated using Equation below: V R f 36 x () where V R is the phase velocity in ft/sec or m/s, f is the frequency in Hertz (cycles per sec), is the phase angle in degrees (at frequency f), and x is the distance between the receivers in the same length units as used to represent V R. This process is repeated for each receiver spacing to develop a composite dispersion curve over the frequency/wavelength range of interest. The next data reduction step is to match a theoretical dispersion curve to the experimental dispersion curve measured in the field. The theoretical dispersion curve is generated based on a system of horizontal soil layers with various shear wave velocities, thicknesses, densities, and Poisson s ratios. Through an iterative process the properties of the layered system are changed to produce a match to the experimental dispersion curve. WinSASW, through an effective 3D solution, accounts for the multiple modes of surface wave propagation and all body waves produced by the source. In the analysis, the final shear wave velocity profile is presented to a depth equal to.5 times the maximum wavelength in the experimental dispersion curve. A typical experimental dispersion curve with theoretical match from Site 8 CRREL Array #2 is shown in Figure 5, and the associated shear wave velocity profile is shown in Figure Site Locations and Selected Site Results Thirty locations in the City of Fairbanks, AK were tested to obtain 43 separate shear wave velocity profiles. The sites were chosen based on a grid pattern and the local availability of a parking lot or road large enough to complete the testing. Locations of all 3 sites across the city are shown in Figure 7. The exact site locations (coordinates) and seismic site classification according to IBC (9), ASCE/SEI 7-5 and FEMA 4 for each test location are provided in 7

9 a. Cross Power Specturm b. Coherence Function Figure 4 Phase and coherence plot measured of the 7.6 m spacing during SASW testing at Site 8 CRREL Array #2. Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 5 Experimental and theoricatical dispersion curve for Array #2 at Site 8 (CRREL).. 8

10 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) Depth (m) 8 25 max /2 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 6 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #2 at Site 8 (CRREL). Table. Site classification for seismic design is preferably based on shear wave velocity measurements of the upper 3 m of the site subsurface profile. The site classification is useful for the design of structures in seismically active areas and useful for assessing the overall stiffness of a site. The majority of sites across the city classify as Site Class D (stiff soil), however several sites were stiff enough to classify as Site Class C (very dense soil and soft rock). There was no apparent pattern between the location of Site Class C and D locations; however sites/profiles with an undisturbed surface layer (e.g. Site #5 Bunnel) tended to have higher average velocities than sites/profiles with an improved surface layer. This is likely due to the loss of the surface insulation layer and warming of the permafrost layer. Several sites (7, 8, 2, 23, and 29) had large variations in the dispersion curve likely caused by lateral variability at the site. These variations in dispersion data lead to multiple interpretations of the experimental dispersion curve resulting in multiple shear wave velocity profiles at the site. The specific results for all test locations can be found in Appendix A. The results from the three primary test sites are discussed below. 9

11 Figure 7 SASW Site Locations (Fairbanks, AK) courtesy of Google Earth.

12 Table SASW site locations and seismic site classifications Site # Site Name Latitude Longitude Vs3 (m/s) Site Class Alaska Club N W D 2 Army Rd N W D 3 Auto Service Company N W D 4 Big Dipper Ice Arena N W C 5 Bunnel # N W D 5 Bunnel #2 N W C 5 Bunnel #3 N W C 6 CCHRC # N W C 6 CCHRC #2 N W D 6 CCHRC #3 N W D 6 CCHRC #4 N W D 6 CCHRC #5 N W C 7 Creamer Field N W D 8 CRREL # N W D 8 CRREL #2 N W D 8 CRREL #3 N W D 8 CRREL #4 N W D 9 Cushman St & 7th Ave N W D Fairbanks Airport N W D Fairbanks Chevy N W D 2 Frank Ave N W D 3 Home Depot N W C 4 Iniakuk Ave N W D 5 King Rd N W D 6 Lathrop High School N W D 7 Mail Trail Rd N W D 8 Monroe Catholic School N W D 9 North Peger Rd N W D 2 Old Pioneer Way N W D 2 Pioneer Park N W D 22 Sadlers N W D 23 Sams Club N W C-D 2 24 Sears N W D 25 Shell St N W D 26 Tanana Middle School N W D 27 UAF Farm N W D 28 West Valley High School N W D 29 WRRC # N W C-D 2 29 WRRC #2 N W C-D 2 29 WRRC #3 N W C 29 WRRC #4 N W D 29 WRRC #5 N W D 3 Zion Lutheran Church N W D Notes: ) Sites classified according to IBC 9. 2) C-D sites classifications are a result of lateral variability.

13 Three primary sites (#5 Bunnel, #6 CCHRC, and #8 CRREL) were investigated using multiple array locations to assess site variability for further project applications. Three separate array locations were used at Site #5 Bunnel. The Bunnel site map is shown in Figure 8. The arrays were positioned to provide a large coverage area without leaving the road. Array # is located directly on a gravel embankment and Arrays #2 and #3 are located to the right and left respectfully. The shear wave velocity profiles for each array location are shown in Figure 9. On initial inspection it is apparent Profiles 2 and 3 are stiffer than Profile and encounter the stiffer layers at shallower depths. Profiles 2 and 3 have an increase in stiffness at approximately 4 meters while Profile doesn t show that increase until 8 meters. Next, Profiles 2 and 3 encounter a high velocity layer, likely permafrost at a depth of 8 and 3 m. The layer is not seen on profile until a depth of 2m. Moreover, the velocity in Profile is 2 ft/sec lower, indicating a somewhat softer layer. Overall, the road seems to have a significant effect on the shear wave velocity compared to the unimproved areas of the site. Site #6 is located at the Cold Climate Housing Research Center (CCHRC). Surface wave array locations are shown in Figure. Array locations #, #2, and #3 are located on the gravel road with #3 being the closest to the research facility. Array location #4 is just north of the road and array location #5 is far south of the road in the forested area. The shear wave velocity profiles for each array location are shown in Figure. Profile is the stiffest of the five profiles with higher velocities at shallower depths than the other profiles. This does not fit the trend seen at the Bunnel Site, however Profile has undeveloped forested areas on both sides, which may influence the permafrost layer. Profiles 2 and 5 are very similar, with Profile 5 being slightly stiffer. This difference is likely caused by Profile 5 being further into the forested area than Profile 2. Profile 4 is the softest profile, which is different than the trend seen at the Bunnel Site; however, this area may have been modified when the building was constructed. Profile 3 has very similar shear wave velocities to Profiles 2 and 5, however Profile 3 encounters the final stiff layer almost m deeper than Profiles 2 and 5. The layering difference may be caused by the proximity of Profile 3 to the building. Overall, Site #6 CCHRC has significant variability across the site, with variable layer thickness and wide ranging shear wave velocities. The Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) is the location of Site #8. Array locations #, #2, and #3 are located on the west edge of the property near the pile 2

14 testing arrangement (Figure 2). Array location #4 is further north and on the east edge of the property. The shear wave velocities for each location are shown in Figure 3. It is clear that the different array locations have very similar profiles. All the profiles encounter a stiffer layer at approximately 6 m deep. The layer is likely lightly frozen permafrost and the depth, thickness, and stiffness of the permafrost layers is very uniform across the site with increasing stiffness with depth. Overall, Site #8 CRREL is a very uniform site with well defined layers. 6. Summary SASW surface wave testing was performed at 3 sites in the City of Fairbanks, AK. The majority of sites in the Fairbanks area classify as Site Class D according to IBC (9), however several sites had stiff subsurface layers that improved the Site Class to C. The three primary tests sites were located across Fairbanks and presented somewhat different subsurface stratification. Site #5 Bunnel showed some variability in the subsurface across the site. The array located on the road was significantly softer versus the off-road arrays. Overall, Bunnel had a very stiff subsurface profile with little variability once off the main road. Site # 6 CCHRC had the most variability with profiles varying considerably between array locations. The subsurface stiffness was similar to the Bunnel site, although a little softer, especially Profile #4. Site #8 CRREL had the most uniform subsurface across the site with only small differences between layer thicknesses. However, Bunnel and CCHRC had between 25% and % higher velocity than seen at the CRREL site. This is likely caused by a softening of the permafrost layer or a softer more weathered bedrock layer below the site. By and large, with 3 separate sites tested across the city of Fairbanks a good grid pattern has been established for future seismic/engineering work. 7. References Joh, S.-H. (996), Advances in the Data Interpretation Technique for Spectral- Analysis-of- Surface-Waves (SASW) Measurements, Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 24 pgs. Stokoe, K.H., II, Wright, S.G., Bay, J.A., and Roesset, J.M., 994. Characterization of geotechnical sites by SASW method, in Technical Report - Geophysical Characterization of Sites, Woods, R.D. (editor), ISSMFE Technical Committee : Oxford Publishers, 3th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, India. 3

15 Figure 8 SASW array location map for Site 5 (Bunnel). 4

16 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 9 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 5 (Bunnel). 5

17 Figure SASW Array location map for Site 6 (CCHRC). 6

18 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile Depth (m) 6 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 6 (CCHRC). 7

19 Figure 2 SASW Array location map for Site 8 (CRREL). 8

20 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 4 Depth (ft) 6 8 Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 2 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 3 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 8 (CRREL). 9

21 Appendix A 2

22 Site : Alaska Club Figure SASW Array location map for Site (Alaska Club). 2

23 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) 2 Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 2 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site (Alaska Club). 22

24 Table Final forward modeling soil profile for Site (Alaska Club). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 27 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 3 Shear wave velocity profile for Site (Alaska Club) 23

25 Site 2: Army Road Figure 4 SASW Array location map for Site 2 (Army Road). 24

26 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) 2 Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 5 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 2 (Army Road). 25

27 Table 2 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 2 (Army Road). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 326 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 6 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 2 (Army Road). 26

28 Site 3: Auto Service Company Figure 7 SASW Array location map for Site 3 (Auto Service Company). 27

29 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 8 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 3 (Auto Service Company). 28

30 Table 3 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 3 (Auto Service Company). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 256 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 9 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 3 (Auto Service Company). 29

31 Site 4: Big Dipper Ice Arena Figure SASW Array location map for Site 4 (Big Dipper Ice Arena). 3

32 Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 4 (Big Dipper Ice Arena). 3

33 Table 4 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 4 (Big Dipper Ice Arena). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) C Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 4 Depth (ft) Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 2 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 4 (Big Dipper Ice Arena). 32

34 Site 5: Bunnel Figure 3 SASW Array location map for Site 5 (Bunnel). 33

35 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) 2 Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 4 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array # at Site 5 (Bunnel). 34

36 Table 5 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array # at Site 5 (Bunnel). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Vs 3 (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 366 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 5 Shear wave velocity profile for Array # at Site 5 (Bunnel). 35

37 Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 6 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #2 at Site 5 (Bunnel). 36

38 Table 6 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #2 at Site 5 (Bunnel). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Vs 3 (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 5 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 8 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 7 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #2 at Site 5 (Bunnel). 37

39 Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 8 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #3 at Site 5 (Bunnel). 38

40 Table 7 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #3 at Site 5 (Bunnel). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Vs 3 (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 393 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 9 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #3 at Site 5 (Bunnel). 39

41 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Profile Profile 2 Profile Depth (ft) 3 8 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 2 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 5, -ft. (Bunnel). 4

42 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 2 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 5 (Bunnel). 4

43 Site #6 CCHRC Figure 22 SASW Array location map for Site 6 (CCHRC). 42

44 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) 3 Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 23 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array # at Site 6 (CCHRC). 43

45 Table 8 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array # at Site 6 (CCHRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 564 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 24 Shear wave velocity profile for Array # at Site 6 (CCHRC). 44

46 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 25 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #2 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 45

47 Table 9 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #2 at Site 6 (CCHRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 367 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 6 2 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 26 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #2 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 46

48 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 27 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #3 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 47

49 Table Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #3 at Site 5 (CCHRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 36 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 8 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 28 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #3 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 48

50 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 29 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #4 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 49

51 Table Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #4 at Site 6 (CCHRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 327 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 8 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 2 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #4 at Site 6 (CCHRC).

52 Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 3 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #5 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 5

53 Table 2 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #5 at Site 6 (CCHRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 449 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 32 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #5 at Site 6 (CCHRC). 52

54 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile Depth (ft) 3 8 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 33 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 6, -ft. (CCHRC). 53

55 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 Profile Depth (m) 6 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 34 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 6 (CCHRC). 54

56 Site 7: Creamer Field Figure 35 SASW Array location map for Site 7 (Creamer Field). 55

57 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 36 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 7 (Creamer Field). 56

58 Table 3 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 7 (Creamer Field). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 39 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 37 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 7 (Creamer Field). 57

59 Site 8: CRREL Figure 38 SASW Array location map for Site 8 (CRREL). 58

60 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 39 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array # at Site 8 (CRREL). 59

61 Table 4 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array # at Site 8 (CRREL). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 266 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 6 2 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 4 Shear wave velocity profile for Array # at Site 8 (CRREL). 6

62 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 4 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #2 at Site 8 (CRREL). 6

63 Table 5 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #2 at Site 8 (CRREL). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 296 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 42 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #2 at Site 8 (CRREL). 62

64 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 43 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #3 at Site 8 (CRREL). 63

65 Table 6 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #3 at Site 8 (CRREL). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 28 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 44 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #3 at Site 8 (CRREL). 64

66 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 45 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #4 at Site 8 (CRREL). 65

67 Table 7 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #4 at Site 8 (CRREL). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 3 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 8 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 46 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #4 at Site 8 (CRREL). 66

68 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 4 Depth (ft) 2 3 Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 47 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 8, -ft. (CRREL). 67

69 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 4 Depth (ft) 6 8 Profile Profile 2 Profile 3 Profile 4 2 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 48 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 8 (CRREL). 68

70 Site 9: Cushman & 7 th Avenue Figure 49 SASW Array location map for Site 9 (Cushman & 7 th Avenue). 69

71 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 9 (Cushman & 7 th Avenue). 7

72 Table 8 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 9 (Cushman & 7 th Avenue). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 325 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 5 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 9 (Cushman & 7 th Avenue). 7

73 Site : Fairbanks Airport Figure 52 SASW Array location map for Site (Fairbanks Airport). 72

74 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 53 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site (Fairbanks Airport). 73

75 Table 9 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site (Fairbanks Airport). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 295 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 54 Shear wave velocity profile for Site (Fairbanks Airport). 74

76 Site : Fairbanks Chevy Figure 55 SASW Array location map for Site (Fairbanks Chevy). 75

77 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Wavelength (ft) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Figure 56 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site (Fairbanks Chevy). 76

78 Table 2 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site (Fairbanks Chevy). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 323 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 57 Shear wave velocity profile for Site (Fairbanks Chevy). 77

79 Site 2: Frank Avenue Figure 58 SASW Array location map for Site 2 (Frank Avenue). 78

80 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 59 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 2 (Frank Avenue). 79

81 Table 2 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 2 (Frank Avenue). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 334 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 6 2 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 6 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 2 (Frank Avenue). 8

82 Site 3: Home Depot Figure 6 SASW Array location map for Site 3 (Home Depot). 8

83 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 62 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 3 (Home Depot). 82

84 Table 22 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 3 (Home Depot). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 383 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 63 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 3 (Home Depot). 83

85 Site 4: Iniakuk Avenue Figure 64 SASW Array location map for Site 4 (Iniakuk Avenue). 84

86 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 65 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 4 (Iniakuk Avenue). 85

87 Table 23 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 4 (Iniakuk Avenue). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) D Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 2 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 66 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 4 (Iniakuk Avenue). 86

88 Site 5: King Road Figure 67 SASW Array location map for Site 5 (King Road). 87

89 Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 68 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 5 (King Road). 88

90 Table 24 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 5 (King Road). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 326 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 69 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 5 (King Road). 89

91 Site 6: Lathrop High School Figure 7 SASW Array location map for Site 6 (Lathrop High School). 9

92 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 7 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 6 (Lathrop High School). 9

93 Table 25 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 6 (Lathrop High School). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 297 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 72 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 6 (Lathrop High School). 92

94 Site 7:Mail Trail Road Figure 73 SASW Array location map for Site 7 (Mail Trail Road). 93

95 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Upper Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Lower Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 74 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 7 (Mail Trail Road). Table 26 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 7, Upper Bound (Mail Trail Road). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 328 D 94

96 Table 27 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 7, Lower Bound (Mail Trail Road). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 279 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 Depth (ft) Upper Bound Lower Bound 2 3 Depth (m) 4 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) 95

97 Figure 75 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 7 (Mail Trail Road). Site 8: Monroe Catholic School Figure 76 SASW Array location map for Site 8 (Monroe Catholic School). 96

98 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Upper Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Lower Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 77 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 8 (Monroe Catholic School). Table 28 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 8, Upper Bound (Monroe Catholic School). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two D

99 Table 29 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 8, Lower Bound (Monroe Catholic School). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 28 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Upper Bound Lower Bound Depth (ft) Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) 98

100 Figure 78 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 8 (Monroe Catholic School). Site 9: North Peger Road Figure 79 SASW Array location map for Site 9 (North Peger Road). 99

101 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 8 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 9 (North Peger Road).

102 Table 3 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 9 (North Peger Road). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 244 D

103 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 8 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 9 (North Peger Road). Site 2: Old Pioneer Way 2

104 Figure 82 SASW Array location map for Site 2 (Old Pioneer Way). 3

105 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 83 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 2 (Old Pioneer Way). 4

106 Table 3 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 2 (Old Pioneer Way). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 32 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 84 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 2 (Old Pioneer Way). 5

107 Site 2: Pioneer Park Figure 85 SASW Array location map for Site 2 (Pioneer Park). 6

108 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Upper Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Lower Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 86 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 2 (Pioneer Park). Table 3 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 2 Upper Bound (Pioneer Park). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 39 D 7

109 Table 32 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 2 Lower Bound (Pioneer Park). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 276 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 Upper Bound Lower Bound 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 87 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 2 (Pioneer Park). 8

110 Site 22: Sadlers Figure 88 SASW Array location map for Site 22 (Sadlers). 9

111 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 89 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 22 (Sadlers).

112 Table 33 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 22 (Sadlers). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 263 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 9 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 22 (Sadlers).

113 Site 23: Sam s Club Figure 9 SASW Array location map for Site 23 (Sam s Club). 2

114 Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 92 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 23 Interpretation (Sam s Club). 3

115 Table 34 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 23 Interpretation (Sam s Club). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 454 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 93 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 23, Interpretation (Sam s Club). 4

116 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) 2 Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 94 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 23 Interpretation 2 (Sam s Club). 5

117 Table 35 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 23 Interpretation 2 (Sam s Club). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 354 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 95 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 23 Interpretation 2 (Sam s Club). 6

118 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) Interpretation Interpretation 2 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 96 Comparison of shear wave velocity profiles at Site 23 (Sam s Club) 7

119 Site 24: Sears Figure 97 SASW Array location map for Site 24 (Sears). 8

120 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 98 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 24 (Sears). 9

121 Table 36 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 24 (Sears). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 344 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 99 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 24 (Sears). 2

122 Site 25: Shell Street Figure SASW Array location map for Site 25 (Shell Street). 2

123 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 25 (Shell Street). 22

124 Table 37 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 25 (Shell Street). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 284 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) 4 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 2 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 25 (Shell Street). 23

125 Site 26: Tanana Middle School Figure 3 SASW Array location map for Site 26 (Tanana Middle School). 24

126 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 4 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 26 (Tanana Middle School). 25

127 Table 38 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 26 (Tanana Middle School). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 262 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) 26

128 Figure 5 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 26 (Tanana Middle School). Site 27: UAF Farm Figure 6 SASW Array location map for Site 27 (UAF Farm). 27

129 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve 7 3 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 7 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 27 (UAF Farm). 28

130 Table 39 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 27 (UAF Farm). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 32 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) 29

131 Figure 8 Shear wave velocity profile for Site 27 (UAF Farm). Site 28: WestValley High School Figure 9 SASW Array location map for Site 28 (West Valley High School). 3

132 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure Experimental and theoretical dispersion data at Site 28 (West Valley High School). 3

133 Table 4 Final forward modeling soil profile for Site 28 (West Valley High School). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 286 D 32

134 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure Shear wave velocity profile for Site 28 (West Valley High School). Site 29: WRRC (West Ridge Research Center) 33

135 Figure 2 SASW Array location map for Site 29 (WRRC). 34

136 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Upper Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Lower Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 3 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array # at Site 29 (WRRC). Table 4 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #, Site 29 Upper Bound (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) C Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 35

137 Table 42 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #, Site 29 Lower Bound (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 269 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 3 2 Depth (ft) Upper Bound Lower Bound 3 4 Depth (m) 6 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 4 Shear wave velocity profile for Array # at Site 29 (WRRC). 36

138 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Upper Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Lower Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 5 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #2 at Site 29 (WRRC). Table 43 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #2 Site 29 Upper Bound (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) C Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 37

139 Table 44 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #2 Site 29 Lower Bound (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) D Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Upper Bound Lower Bound 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) 6 3 Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 6 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #2 at Site 29 (WRRC). 38

140 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Upper Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Lower Bound Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 7 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #3 at Site 29 (WRRC). Table 45 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #3 Site 29 Upper Bound (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 578 C 39

141 Table 46 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #3, Site 29 Lower Bound (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 439 C Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) 3 8 Depth (m) 4 Upper Bound Lower Bound Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 8 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #3 at Site 29 (WRRC). 4

142 Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Wavelength (m) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 9 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #4 at Site 29 (WRRC). 4

143 Table 47 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #4 at Site 29 (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 34 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Depth (ft) Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 2 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #4 at Site 29 (WRRC). 42

144 Wavelength (m) Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (ft/sec) Experimental Dispersion Curve Theoretical Dispersion Curve Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocity (m/s) Wavelength (ft) Figure 2 Experimental and theoretical dispersion data for Array #5 at Site 29 (WRRC). 43

145 Table 48 Final forward modeling soil profile for Array #5 at Site 29 (WRRC). Layer Depth to P-wave Shear wave Poisson's Unit Vs 3 No. Thickness bottom velocity velocity Ratio Weight Site Class (m) (m) (m/s) (m/s) (kn/m^3) (m/s) Note: maximum depth of profile is approximately equal to maximum experimental wavelength/two. 34 D Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 22 Shear wave velocity profile for Array #5 at Site 29 (WRRC). 44

146 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) Upper Lower Bound Profile Upper Lower Bound Profile 2 Upper Lower Bound Profile 3 Prof ile 4 Prof ile Depth (ft) 2 6 Depth (m) Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 23 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 29, -4ft (WRRC). 45

147 Shear Wave Velocity (m/s) 2 Depth (ft) 3 4 Depth (m) Upper Lower Bound Profile Upper Lower Bound Profile 2 Upper Lower Bound Profile 3 Prof ile 4 Prof ile Shear Wave Velocity (ft/sec) Figure 24 Shear wave velocity profile comparison for Site 29 (WWRC). 46

148 Site 3: Zion Lutheran Church Figure 25 SASW Array location map for Site 3 (Zion Lutheran Church). 47