FIZIOLOŠKI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING

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1 Proceedings (2013), Vol 4, ISSN FIZIOLOŠKI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING Tijana Radi{a 1 and Oliver Krička 1 1 Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Bosna i Hercegovina Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina doi : /SP UDK: ¹:612 COBISS.BH-ID: Summary Nordic Walking is relatively young physical activity and one of the fastest growing exercise activities in the world. Nordic Walking is actually normal walking with using of special poles what is including larger numbers of muscles than in Ordinary Walking. The main goal of this thesis was to investigate and compare metabolic and cardiovascular load durig Nordic and Ordinary Walking, with indicators as oxygen consuptions and heart rate. The long therm perspective of this work, which is part of bigger research, is to obtain important information about physical activity and their impact on the organism. The main goal was was to compare meatabolic (expressed in % VO 2 max) and cardiovascular (expressed in % MHR) load of Nordic and Ordinary Walking. Subobjectives were to analyse influence of speed and slope on the metabolic and cardiovascular load during Nordic and Ordinary Walking. Our experimental group consisted of ten volunteers (all men), students of the Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky Univesity in Olomouc. Age range was 26.9±3.5, BMI 23.7±2.2 kg m -2, maximal oxygen consuption (VO 2 max) 56±8 ml kg -1 min -1. Measurement was on three slopes (0%, 5%, 7,5%) and with four speeds (6.0 km h -1, 6.6 km h -1, 7.2 km h -1, and 7.8 km h -1 ). All test are done in ergometer LODE Valiant in standard laboratory conditions. Result of our study showed us that oxygen consuption is higher for 3.4 % and heart rate is increased for 5.9 % during Nordic Walking then during Ordinary Walking what was statistically significiant. Nordic Walking is perfect for people who want to increase their energy expenditure during some simple physical activity. We can recommend this activity as a perfect way for changing of lifestyle and doing something for their health. Sažetak Nordijsko hodanje je relativno nova fizička aktivnost i jedna od onih koja se najbrže razvija u svetu. Nordijsko hodanje je u su{tini normalno hodanje sa kori{tenjem specijalnih {tapova {to uključuje veći broj mi{ića nego obično hodanje. Cilj merenja jeste da istraži i uporedi metabolička i kardiovaskularna opterećenja pri nordijskom i običnom hodanju, pomoću potro{nje kiseonika i frekvencije srca. Perspektiva ovog rada koji je deo većeg istraživanja je traženje informacija o nordijskom hodanju i njegovom uticaju na organizam. Glavni cilj je uporediti metabolička (izražene u % VO 2 max) i kardiovaskularna opterećenja (izražene u % MHR ) u toku nordijskog i običnog hodanja. Dalji ciljevi su bili analizirati uticaj brzine i nagiba na metaboličke i kardiovaskularne sisteme. Eksperimentalna grupa se sastojala od 10 studenata Fakulteta fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta, Palacky Univesity u Olomouc (mu{karci), starosne dobi 26,9±3,5, BMI 23,7±2,2 kg m -2 i srednja vrednost VO 2 56±8 ml kg -1 min -1. Merenja su rađena na tri različita nagiba ( 0%, 5%, 7%), sa četiri brzine (6,0 km h -1, 6,6 km h -1, 7,2 km h -1 i 7,8 km h -1 ). Svi testovi su rađeni na ergometru u labaratorijskim uslovima. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je potro{nja kiseonika veća za 3,4% i da frekvencija srca se povećala za 5,9% u toku nordijskog hodanja. Nordijsko hodanje je idealno za ljude koji žele da povećaju svoju energetsku potro{nju u toku neke jednostavne fizičke aktivnosti. Možemo je preporučiti ljudima za promenu životnog stila i ljudima koji hoće da promene ne{to za svoje zdravlje. Key words: Nordic Walking, Ordinary Walking, step rate, oxygen consumption, intensity of load. Introduction Today s life bring us tehnological society with an increasingly negative impact on our health. The reason is bad life style and low oxysical activiy and high caloric intake, causing many diseases of civilisation, mostly obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure. One of the useful ways how to start with a walking as activity is physical activity called Nordic Walking. That is walking Ključne riječi: nordijsko hodanje, obično hodanje, frekvencija koraka, potro{nja kiseonika, intenzitet opterećenja. Uvod Savremeni život i razvoj tehnologije donosi nam negativne uticaje na na{e zdravlje. Razlog lo{eg životnog stila je niska fizička aktivnost i visok unos kalorija koji prouzrokuju mnoga oboljenja civilizacije, prvenstveno vi{kak kilograma, dijabetes i visoko krvni pritisak. Jedan od najkorisnijih načina kako početi sa hodanjem kao fizičkom aktivno{ću jeste Nordijsko hodanje. To hodanje 27

2 Radi{a, T. & Krička, O.: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING Proceedings 2012, with usin of special poles, what is helping us to increase our physical and psychiological condition, to afforce muscles of the legs and also upper limbs, on that way will be improving of posture of the body and relive back and cervical spine pain. First time Nordic Walking was mention in Finland in the thirties of last century where thay use this kind of activity as a part of summer training for ski runners. This physical activity became popular in recent years and was a hudge boom. Because of that this physical activiy became part of proffesional studies and researches, where thay measure different impact of Nordic Walking (usually comparing with Ordinary Walking), on human body, inmportance of the proper technique, testing of equipement, impact of enviroment etc. Nordic walking increase effect and safety of movement, helps to include uper body muscules, adjuced a posture, alleviate back pain, relief presureon joint, extending of possibilities of stretching and strenght exercises, which should be part of every walking or every training unit. Poles for nordic walking are very light, firmly and flexible and have all safety assumptions dealed with different modes of loading in the terrain, not only for walking but for different types of stenght exercise (Vystričil, 2005). Nordic walking started in beginig of 20th century in Finland as a part of training during the summer, for cross country skiers. Nordic walking as physical activity for population appears on January 5th 1988 in Helsinky where shoud be compettition in cross cuntry skiing. Because of deficit of snow, organisators had alternative solution. Thay started competition in nordic walking. After that competition starts a lot of research abouth influence and advantages of nordic walking. Progresssively nordic walking becomes favorite activity, not just for cross country skiers as a trening (Karda, 2008), but became a favorit activity in free time for people in Finland. Heart rate is on that area that we can feel good a lot of hours, and in the same time energy consumption is very high abouth 40%. Performance require from 600 muscles, what is abouth 90% of all body muscules. Influendce of Nordic walking on organism: Increase heart rate abouth 5-17 per min, Burns 40% more calories then ordinary walking, Poles suppliers guarantee stability on smooth and slippery surface, Helps to regulate weight, prevents development of diabetes and certain cancers (for example cancer of colon), Decrease of high blood presure and level of cholesterol, Reduce risks of heart disease and heart stroke, Increase of denstity of bones and helps to prevent begining of osteoporosis, Contribute to better brain oxygenation, impruves memory, Increase creativity and ability to solve a problem, Including 90% of muscles in the body, Ideal for back and shoulders muscules, Save knees and reduce the presure in people with overweight, Better coordination of movements. Nordic Walking Technique Technique of walking with poles is basicly simple. The most important is stride and his trample of heel. In nordic waking stride is longer then in onrdinary walking. The technique is a simple enhancement of normal arm swing during walking. The poles remain behind and pointing diagonally backwards at all times (Figure 1). podrazumjeva kori{ćenje specijalnih {tapova {to nam pomaže da povećamo na{u fizičku i fiziolo{ku kondiciju, ojačava mi{iće nogu a takođe i mi{iće ruku, oslobađa bol u leđima i vratnim pr{ljenovima. Prvi put Nordijsko hodanje se spominje u Finskoj, tridesetih godina pro{log vijeka gdje su koristili ovakav vid aktivnosti kao dio ljetnjih treninga za skija{ko trčanje. Ova aktivnost je postala popularna posljednjih godina i izazvala je pravi bum. Zbog toga je ova aktivnost postala dio profesionalnih studija i istraživanja gdje se mjeri uticaj Nordijskog hodanja (najče{će u poređenju sa običnim hodanjem) na ljudski organizam, važnost pravilne tehnike, testiranje opreme, uticaj na okolinu itd. Nordijsko hodanje povećava efekat i sigurnost pokreta, pomažući da se uključe mi{ići gornjeg dijela tijela, popravi držanje, olak{a bol u leđima, smanje opterećenja na zgolobove, pro{iri mogućnosti istezanja i vježbi snage koja bi trebala biti dio svakog hodanja i svake trenažne jedinice. [tapovi za nordijsko hodanje su veoma lagani, čvrsti i fleksibilni i omogućavaju stabilnost i različite modele opterećenja na terenu ne samo za hodanje nego i za različite vježbe snage (Vystričil, 2005). Nordijsko hodanje je nastalo početkom dvadesetog vijeka u Finskoj, kao dio treninga tokom ljeta za kros kantri skija{e. Nordijsko hodanje kao fizička aktivnost se za populaciju pojavilo 5. januara 1988 u Helsinkiju gdje je trebalo biti takmičenje u kros kantri skijanju. Zbog nedostatka snijega organizatori su imali alternativno rje{enje, i počeli su takmičenje u Nordijskom Hodanju. Nakon tog takmičenja je počela su istraživanja o uticaju i prednostima Nordijskog Hodanja. Postepeno Nordijsko Hodanje postaje omiljena aktivnost, ne samo za kros kantri skija{e kao dio treninga (Karda, 2008), nego takođe i omiljena aktivnost u slobono vrijeme za ljude u Finskoj. Srčana frekvencija je u opsegu koji omogućava da se možemo osjećati dobro mnogo sati, a u isto vrijeme potro{nja kiseonika je veoma visoka oko 40%. Izvođenje tehnike uključuje oko 600 mi{ića, {to je oko 90% cijele muskulature tijela. Uticaj Nordijskog hodanja na organizam: Povećavanje frekvencije srca za 5 do 17 otkucaja u minuti, Sagorjeva 40 % vi{e kalorija nego kod običnog hodanja, [tapovi osiguravaju stabilnost pri neravnoj i klizavoj podlozi, Pomaže u regulisanju tjelesne težine, sprečava razvoj dijabetesa i određenih vrsta kancera (npr. kancera debelog crijeva), Smanjuje krvni pritisak i nivo holesterola u krvi, Smanjuje rizike od nastanka srčanih oboljenja i srčanog udara, Povećava gustinu kostiju i sprečava nastajanje osteoporoze, Doprinosi veće snadbjevanje mozga kiseonikom, pobolj{ava memoriju, Povećava kreativnost i sposobnost rje{avanja problema, Uključuje 90% od ukupnog broja mi{ića, Idealno za mi{iće leđa i ramenog pojasa, [tedi koljena i redukuje pritisak na iste kod ljudi koji imaju preobleme sa težinom, Bolja koordinacija pokreta. Tehnika Nordijskog hodanja Tehnika hodanja sa {tapovima je u su{tini jednostavna. Najvažniji je korak i gaz na petu. Kod nordijskog hodanja korak je duži kod običnog hodanja. Tehnika je pobolj{ana normalnim kretanjem ruku tokom hodanja. [tapovi ostaju iza i usmjereni su dijagonalno unazad sve vrijeme (Slika 1). 28

3 Radi{a, T. i Krička, O.: FIZIOLO[KI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA Zbornik radova 2012, Slika 1: Tehnika hodanja sa {tapovima. Figure 1: Technique of walking with poles. Shoulders are relaxed and down; Poles are held close to the body; The hands are opened slightly to allow the poles to swing forward, the poles are not gipped but swing from the wrist straps; The leading foot strikes the ground; The opposite arm swing forward to waist height; The oposite pole strikes the ground level with the heel of the opposite foot; The poles remin pointing diagonally backwards, they are never in front of the body; Push the pole as far as possible, the arm straightening to form a continuous line with the fully extended arm, the hand opening of the grip by the end of the arm swing (Figure 2); The foot rolls throught the step to push off with the toe. This lengthens the stride behind the body, getting the most out of each stride; The arm motion is loose and relaxed. Ramena su opu{tena i prema dole; [tapovi se drže blizu tijela; Ruke su blago otvorene da bi dozvoljavale {tapovima da se kreću napred, {tapovi se zamahuju uz pomoć kai{a na ruci; Vodeća noga dodiruje zemlju; Suprotna ruka se kreće prema napret u visini struka; [tap dodiruje podlogu u nivou pete suprotne noge; [tapovi ostaju uvijek nazad, nikada nisu ispred tijela; Gurnuti {tap koliko je moguće, ruka se neprekidno ispravlja i {aka se se otvara na kraju kretanja ruke. (Slika 2); Stopalo ide kroz korak do guranja od prstiju. To produžuje korak iza tijela dobijajući najvi{e od svakog koraka; Kretanje ruke je labavo i opu{teno. Slika 2: Tehnika hodanja sa {tapovima. Figure 2: Technique of walking with poles. 29

4 Radi{a, T. & Krička, O.: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING Proceedings 2012, Equipement for Nordic Walking Oprema za Nordijsko Hodanje As any other sport, for nordic walking we have special equipement. Basic equipement for nordic walking are special kind of poles. Inadequat poles and wrong technique can produce some defects and lost of interest for physical activity for a long time. For that reason it is important the choose the adequate construction of the poles. For doing nordic walking three things are important: Poles high of the pole shoul be.68% of high of the body. If we are holding a pole vertically the angle in elbow shoul be 90 degrees. Instructor of nordic walking should be able to choose poles and set them. Sports shoes should be confortable and quality. Special shoes (Balance-Step), with special shape of sole, which helps to have good posture of the body are recomended. Chlothes should be sports, confortable that person can move without any problems. Physiology of Nordic Walking Nordic Walking is walking combined with the arm tachnique using poles. Presing into the ground with the poles supports motion and intensifies the exercise of the chest, shoulder an arm muscle. Because of that physical load and the calorie consumption during nordic walking is 20 to 50 percent higer then during normal walking. Using of poles significantly increases oxygen intake, heart rate and energy expediture for aproximetly 20% compared to walking without poles. In that research was included 31 people, 16 women an 15 men in the age range from 19 till 32 years, measurement was on treafmill 20 min, heart rate and VO 2 max were measured every minute, one walking with poles and second walking without them. It was found that during the walking with poles VO 2 max was around 23% higher, energy expenditure was 22% higher and heart rate around 16% higher (18bpm), (Porcari, Hendrickson, Walter, Terry, & Walsko, 1997). Anttila, Holopainen, and Jokinen (1999) aim of studies was comparing influence of Nordic Walking and training of running on muscles of the neck and shoulders. Attila follow 55 women during 12 weeks. Karbonem follow 31 men fron years which did not have any experience with nordic walking. All of them had 60 minutes of training, two times per week. Results showed that activity of muscles on neck shoulders and back were much bigger then in running. During the training of nordic walking mobility of mentioned mucsles was better. From more authors and their researches nordic walking improved physiological indicators for women and men. Nordic walking incresing aerobic capacity, indurance of muscles, work down all defects on neck and shoulders and has positive influence on phychical attitude. Subject of this paper is to compare metabolic (express in % VO 2 max) and cardiovascular (express in % MTR) load during Nordic and Ordinary walking Aims of this paper are: Analyse impact of speed and slope on metabolics and cardiovascular load during Nordic Walking. Analyse impact of speed and slope on metabolics and cardiovascular load during Ordinary Walking. Kao i svaki drugi sport i Nordijsko hodanje ima svoju specijalnu opremu. Osnovna oprema za Nordisko hodanje su specijalna vrsta {tapova. Neadekvatni {tapovi i pogre{na tehnika mogu izazvati neka o{tećenje i gubljenje interesovanja za fizičku aktivnost duže vrijeme. Iz tog razloga je veoma bitno izabrati odgovarajuće {tapove. Za Nordijsko hodanje su bitne tri stvari: [tapovi visina {tapova bi trebala da bude 0,68% od ukupne visine tijela. Ako držimo {tap vertikalno ugao u zglobu lakta bi trebao biti 90 stepeni. Instruktor nordijskog hodanja bi trebao biti vje{t u odabiru {tapova. Sportska obuća bi trebala biti udobna i kvalitetna. Specijalne cipele (Balance-Step) sa specijalnim oblikom đona koje nam pomažu da imamo dobro držanje tijela su preporučljive. Odjeća bi trebala biti sportska, udobna da bi osoba mogla da se kreće bez ikakvih problema. Fiziologija Nordijskog Hodanja Nordijsko hodanje je hodanje sa kori{ćenjem {tapova. Guranjem o podlogu sa {tapovima podupire kretanje i intenzitet vježbe grudnog ko{a, ramena i mi{ića ruku. Upravo zbog toga fizičko optrećenje i potro{nja kalorija tokom Nordijskog hodanja je 20 do 50% veća nego tokom običnog hodanja. Kori{ćenjem {tapova se značajno povećava potro{nja kiseonika, frekvencija srca i energetska potro{nja za prosječno 20% u odnosu na hodanje bez {tapova. U istraživanju koje je uključivalo 31 osobe, 16 žena i 15 mu{karaca starosne dobi od 19 do 32 godine u trajanju od 20 minuta studije koje su mjerile potro{nju kiseonika i energije tokom hodanja sa {tapovima i bez njih svake minute. Studije su pokazale da je potro{nja kiseonika za 23% veća a potro{nja energije za 22% veća, a frekvencija srca veća za 16% (18 otkucaja u minuti) (Porcari, Hendrickson, Walter, Terry i Walsko, 1997). Anttila, Holopainen i Jokinen (1999)su uradili studije poređenja uticaja Nordijskog hodanja i treninga trčanja na vrat i ramena. Atila je pratio 55 žena a Karbonem 31 mu{karca koji nisu imali iskustva sa Nordijskim hodanjem. Svi oni su trenirali 60 minuta, dva puta u sedmici. Rezultati studija su pokazali da aktivnost mi{ića vrata i ramena su bile mnogo veće nego tokom trčanja. Tokom treninga Nordijskog hodanja pokretljivost spomenutih mi{ića je bila bolja. Od mnogo autora i njihovih istraživanja Nordijsko hodanje je pobolj{alo indikatore kod žena i mu{karaca. Nordijsko hodanje povećava aerobni kapacitet, izdržljivost mi{ića, pomaže u pobolj{avanju o{tećenja vrata i ramena i ima pozitivan uticaj na fizički stav. Predmet ovog rada je uporediti metaboličko (izraženo u VO 2 max) i kardiovaskularno (izraženo u MHR) opterećenje tokom nordijskog i običnog hodanja. Ciljevi ovog rada su: Analizirati uticaj brzine i nagiba terena na metaboličko i kariovaskularno opterećenje tokom Nordijskog hodanja, Analizirati uticaj brzine i nagiba terena na metaboličko i kardiovaskularno opterećenje tokom običnog hodanja. 30

5 Radi{a, T. i Krička, O.: FIZIOLO[KI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA Zbornik radova 2012, Methods Characteristic of tested group Metode Karakteristike ispitanka Tested group consisted 0f 10 students and employers of Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky Universiti in Olomouc. Average age was 26.9±3.5 year, BMI 23.7±2.2 kg m 2, maximal oxygen consuption (VO 2 max) 56±8 ml kg -1 min -1. Conditions for measurement were standard, in laboratory. Temperature was from 20 till 24 degrees celsius, humidity from 40 til 60%. All candidates were introduced what kind of thest thay will do and with process of the test. Also all candidates were healthy. Candidates did not use any alcohol in the least 24 hours and did not smoke cigaretes in the last 12 hours befor test, and they did not have meal at least 2 hours before test. All volonteers acepted realisation of the test, and confirmed that with their signature. Basic statistic characteristics of test are years, weight, high, BMI and VO 2 max. Metodology of data colections All volonteers were doing the same test gradually to the maximum on ergometr for nordic Walking LODE Valiant ( Netherland). Analysis of breathing gas was measured with analyzer ZAN Ergo USB 600 (Germany). Heart rate was measured with belt on the chest Polar T 31 (Finland) and with reciver tranfer to the PC. The test began with worming up in which in 5 minutes should be achieved a speed of 8 km h -1. On the first 4 minutes slope is 0% and during fifth minute increase on 5%. During next minute of the test, speed is increase till 10 km h -1, slope does not change. After that begins individual test, every minute speed increases for 1 km h -1. In moment when speed increase till 15 km h -1 slope starts to increase every minut for 5%. Test is finished when organismus is exhausted, when volonteer are not able to overcome intesity. Obtained walues were oxigen consuption VO 2 max, and directly measuring of heart rate (HRmax). Details which were calculated are the weight of volunteers, speed and slope of treadmeel. Determination of the value of the maximum reserve of heart rate (MHR) MHR is difference between heart rate HRmax and heart rade before exercising in rest HRrest (MHR = HRmax - HRrest). Heart rate in rest was measured in the morning after waking up of volunteer without any physical execise minimum 24 hours before testing. HRmax was measured during the maximum of the test. Realisation of the test Before measurement all volunteers were practicing Nordic Walking technique with instructors to ensure correct technique of Nordic Walking during measurement. Measurement of Nordic Walking was on 3 slopes (0%, 5%, 7,5%) and with four speeds (6.0 km h -1, 6 6 km h -1, 7 2 km h -1 and 7.8 km h -1 ). Acoording to that there are twelve tests. All test were done on the same ergometr LODE Valiant (Netherland). All test were around 15 min. First five minutes were for worming up and preparing organism for 10 minutes of measurement when we got all necessary results. Processing of data Testirana grupa se sastojala od 10 studenata i zaposlenih Fakulteta tjelesne kulture, Unoverziteta Palackog u Olomoucu (Če{ka Republika). Prosječna starost je 26,9±3,5 godina, BMI 23,7±2,2 kg m 2, maksimalna potro{nja kiseonika, VO 2 max, 56±8 ml kg -1 min -1. Uslovi testiranja su bili standardni, u laboratoriji. Temperatura zraka je bila od 20 do 24 stepena celzijusa, a vlažnost vazduha od 40 do 60%. Svi kandidati su billi upoznati sa kavom testa i procestima testiranja. Svi kandidati su bili dobrog zdravstvenog stanja, nisu konzumirali alkohol najmanje 24 sata prije testiranja niti cigarete najmanje12 sati prije testiranja i nisu imali obrok najmanje 2 sata prije testa. Svi dobrovoljci su prihvatili realizaciju testa i to su potvrdili svojim potpisom. Osnovni statistički parametri su bili godine starosti, težina i visina, BMI, i maksimalna potro{nja kiseonika. Metodologija prikupljanja podataka Svi testirani su radili isti test na ergometru za Nordijsko hodanje, LODE Valiant (Holandija). Analiza razmjene gasova je mjerena sa analizatorm ZAN Ergo USB 600 (Njemačka). Frekvencija srca je mjerena sa pojasom na prsima Polar T 31 (Finska) i sa resiverom prebačena na računar. Test je počinjao sa zagrijavanjem organizma gdje se za 5 minuta dobila brzina od 8 km h -1. U prve 4 minute nagib terena je bio 0% a tokom pete minute se povećao na 5%. Tokom slijedeće minute testiranja povećavala se brzina do 10 km h -1, a nagib terena se nije mijenjao. Nakon toga počinjalo je testiranje gdje se svake minute povećavala brzina za 1 km h -1. U momentu kada brzina dostigne 15 km h -1 nagib terena počinje da se povećava svake minute za 5%. Test se prekidao kada je organizam bio zamoren i volonter nije bio sposoban da nadvlada intenzitet opterećenja. Dobijene vrijednosti su bile potro{nja kiseonika i direktno mjerenje frekvencije srca. Detalji koji su računali su težina volontera, brzina i nagib terena. Definisanje vrijednosti maksimalne rezerve frekvencije srca (MHR) MHR je razlika između maksimalne frekvencije srca i frekvencije srca u mirovanju, MHR = HRmax HRrest. Frekvencija srca u mirovanju je mjerena ujutro nakon buđenja prije ikakve fizičke vježbe minimum 24 sata prije testiranja dok se maksimalna frekvencija srca mjerila u toku maksimuma samog testa. Realizacija testa Prije testiranja svako od volontera pro{ao je obuku Nordijskog hodanja zbog pravilne tehnike tokom mjerenja. Mjerenje se radilo na 3 nagiba (0%, 5% i 7,5%) i četiri brzine (6,0 km h -1, 6,6 km h -1, 7,2 km h -1 i 7,8 km h -1 ). Prema tome radi se 12 testova. Svi testovi su rađeni na istom ergometru LODE Valiant (Nizozemska). Svi testovi su trajali oko 15 minuta. Prvih 5 minuta je bilo zagrijavanje i priprema organizma za desetominutno testiranje gdje smo dobili sve potrebne rezultate. Obrada podataka Measured values, oxygen consuption, heart rate we convert on the % of VO 2 max and % of MHR were measured average for 1 5 minutes, and from 6 10 min we measures Izmjerene vrijednosti, potro{nja kiseonika, frekvencija srca su pretvorena u % VO 2 max i % MHR gdje je mjerena prosječna vrijednost od 1. do 5. minute i od 6. do 10. minute se 31

6 Radi{a, T. & Krička, O.: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING Proceedings 2012, every minut idenpedently. The values we got were averaged for each speed and slope. For determining of variations we used standard deviation. The statistical data processing we used for Software Stastistica 8.0. To compare the dependent variables we used ANOVA for repeated measurements. We detemined significance deffereneces on the levels of.05,.01 and.001. Results mjerila za svaku minutu posebno. Za određivanje varijacija koristili smo standardnu devijaciju. Statistička obrada podataka se koristilo softver Statistica 8,0. Za poređenje zavisnih varijabli koristila se ANOVA za ponovljena mjerenja. Značajne razlike utvrdili smo na nivoima od 0,05; 0,01; 0,001. Rezultati Average intensity in the test, expresed on the precents of mximal Oxigen Consuption, if we ignore speed and slope, all volonteers was during the Ordinary Walking 46.4 % VO 2 max (SD=13.7) and during the Nordic Walking 49.8 % VO 2 max (SD=14.8). Intensity of load during Nordic Walking was significantly higher (p=.000) than in Ordinary Walking for 3.4% VO 2 max. Comparation of average values of oxygen consuption of all test subjects with all variants of speed and slope are shown in Table 1. The difference between Nordic Walking and Ordinary Walking we can see that for all part of the test oxygen consuption during the Nordic Walking is higher. Statistically ignificant levels of oxygen in Nordic Walking comparing ti the Ordinary Walking is found during speed of 6.6 km h -1 and 7.8 km h -1. Values close to statistical significance are at the speed of 6 km h -1 and slope of 5%, then at the speed 7.2 km h -1 and slope 7.5% and at the top of speed 7,8 km h -1 and in bigest slope 7.5%. Prosječan intenzitet u testu izražen u procentima maksimalne potro{nje kiseonika, ako zanemarimo brzinu i nagib terena, svi volonteri su tokom običnog hodanja 46,4% VO 2 max (SD=13,7) i tokom Nordijskog hodanja 49,8% VO 2 max (SD=14,8). Inenzitet opterećenja tokom Nordijskog hodanja je bio značajno veći (p=0,000) nego u toku običnog hodanja za 3,4% VO 2 max. Poređenje srednjih veličina potro{nje kiseonika za sve subjekte sa svim varijantama brzine i nagiba teretna su prikazana u Tabeli 1. Razlika između Nordijskog i običnog hodanja u svim etapama testa je pokazala je da je potro{nja kiseonika tokom Nordijskog hodanja veća. Značajne razlike u potro{nji kiseonika kada poredimo Nordijsko i obično hodanje su se pokazale na brzini od 6,6 km h -1 i 7,8 km h -1. Vrijednosti blizu statistički značajnim su bile na brzini od 6 km h -1 i nagibu terena 5%, zatim na brzini 7,2 km h -1 i nabibu teretna 7,5% i na najvećoj brzini 7,8 km h -1 i najvećem nagibu terena 7,5%. Tabela 1: Srednja vrijednost potro{nje kiseonika na svim varijantama brzine i nagiba terena. Table 1: Average value of oxygen consuption for all variants of speed and sloope. Speed (km/h) Slope (%) OW NW NW-OW M SD M SD difference Legend/Legenda: Speed - Brzina; Slope - Nagib; M Mean (Aritmetička sredina); SD Standard deviation (Standardna devijacija), OW Ordinary Walking (Obično hodanje); NW Nordic Walking (Nordijsko hodanje); NW-OW differenece - NW-OW razlika; p Probability (Vjerovatnića). p Comparation of the oxygen consuption in different speed and on the same slope always showed higer values in Nordic Walking then during Ordinary Walking. That increase was 1.4 % during speed of 6 km h -1, 4.7 % durng speed of 6.6 km h -1, 2.7 % during speed of 7.2 km h -1, and 6,2 % during speed of 7.8 km h -1 (Figure 3). All these differences we comapred using LSD tests are statistically significant. When we comapre oxygen consuption in same speed but in different slope, we got results that Oxygen consuption ncreased during Nordic Walkig comparing to Ordinary Poređenje potro{nje kiseonika na različitim brzinama a istom nagibu terena je pokazalo veću vrijednos kod Nordijskog hodanja nego kod običnog. Veća vrijednost je bila 1,4% kod brzine 6 km h -1, 4,7% tokom brzine od 6,6 km h -1, 2,7% kod brzine 7,2 km h -1 i 6,2% kod brzine od 7,8 km h -1 (Slika 3). Sve ove razlike koje smo upoređivali koristeći LSD testove su statistički značajne. Kada smo poredili potro{nju kiseonika pri istoj brzini a na različitim nagibima terena dobili smo rezultate koji su pokazali da je potro{nja kiseonika veća tokom Nordijskog hodanja. Porast potro{nje kiseonika je za 3,8% na nagibu 32

7 Radi{a, T. i Krička, O.: FIZIOLO[KI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA Zbornik radova 2012, Walking. That increase was 3.8 % in slope of 0 %, 3 % in slope of 5 and 7.5% (Figure 4). All these differences we comapred using LSD tests are statistically significant. terena od 0%, a 3% na nagibu terena 7,5% (Slika). Sve ove razlike koje smo upoređivali koristeći LSD testove su statistički značajni. Slika 3: Poređenje potro{nje kiseonika tokom običnog i nordijskog hodanja na istom nagibu kod različitih brzina. Figure 3: Comparing oxygen consuption during the Ordinay and Nordic Walking on the same slope but different speed %Vo2max ,6 7,2 7,8 v (km/h) OR Ordinary Walking NW Nordic Walking Legend/Legenda: % VO 2 max Precent of maximum oxygen consumption (Procenat maksimalne potro{nje kiseonika); v Speed (Brzina); Ordinary Walking - Obično hodanje; Nordic Walking - Nordijsko hodanje. Slika 4: Poređenje potro{nje kiseonika između nordijskog i običnog hodanja pri istoj brzini a različitom nagibu terena. Figure 4: Comparation of oxygen consumption between Nordic and Ordinary Walking with same speed but with different slope %Vo2max ,5 sklon (%) OR Ordinary Walking NW Nordic Walking Legend/Legenda: % VO 2 max Precent ox maximum oxygen consumption (Procenat maksimalne potro{nje kiseonika); Sklon - Nagib; Ordinary Walking - Obično hodanje; Nordic Walking - Nordijsko hodanje. 33

8 Radi{a, T. & Krička, O.: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING Proceedings 2012, During Nordic Walking was statistically significiant increase of the heart rate for 5.9 % of MHR. Average value of the heart rate in precents of MHR, all measured sections, regardless on the speed and slope, in all volonteers during Nordic Walking was 52.5 % (SD=14); During Ordinary Walkig value was 46.6 % (SD=13.1). Comparation of the average hearte rate expressed in percents of all volonteers of all versions of speed and slope we can see in Table 2. This table showing us, that in all loads of intensity heart rate was increase during Nordic Walking. Stastistically significant increase of heart rate in Nordic Walking in comparation with Ordinary Walking in speed of 6 km h -1 with slope of 5 %, in speed of 6.6 km h -1 and slope of 7.5 %, speed of 7.2 km h -1 on each slope (0 %, 5 %, 7.5 %); speed of 7.8 km h -1 on slope 0 and 5 %. The biggest differece between Ordinary and Nordic Walking is during speed of 7.2 km h -1 on flat where the difference is 11.2 % MHR. Tabela 2: Sredne vrijednosti frekvencije srca pri svim brzinama i nagibima. Table 2: Average value of Heart rate during different speed and slope. Speed (km/h) Slope (%) Tokom Nordijskog hodanja je statističk značajan porast frekvencije srca za 5,9 %MHR. Srednja vrijednost u %MHR za sve izmjerene sekcije, bez obzira na brzinu i nagb terena kod svih volontera tokom Nordijskog hodanja je bila 52,2% (SD=14), a tokom običnog hodanja 46,6% (SD=13,1). Poređenje srednjih vrijednosti izražene u procentima za sve volontere u svim varijantama brzine i nagiba terena su u Tabeli 2. Ova tabela nam pokazuje da pri svakom opterećenju se povećala frekvencija srca tokom Nordijskog hodanja. Statistički značajn porast frekvencije srca tokom Nordijskog hodanja u poređenju sa običnim je pri brzini od 6 km h -1 a nagibu 5%, pri brzini od 6,6 km h -1 i nagibu 7,5%, brzini od 7,2 km h -1 pri svakom nagibu (0%, 5%, 7,5%), brzini od 7,8 km h -1 na nagibu od 0 i 5%. Najveća razlika između nordijskog i običnog hodanja je bila pri brzn od 7,2 km h -1 na ravnom je bila 11,2% MHR. OW NW NW-OW M SD M SD difference p Legend/Legenda: Speed - Brzina; Slope - Nagib; M Mean (Aritmetička sredina); SD Standard deviation (Standardna devijacija), OR Ordinary Walking (Obično hodanje); NW Nordic Walking (Nordijsko hodanje); NW-OW differenece - NW-OW razlika; p Probability (Vjerovatnoća). The comparation showed that the heart rate expressed in % of the MHR at each speed regardless of the slope was alwayse higher in Nordic Walking. That increase amounted 4.6 % during speed of 6 km h -1, 6.4 % during speed 6.6 km h -1, 11.2 % during speed 7.2 km h -1 and 5.6 % during speed 7.8 km h -1 (Figure 5). All differences which are compared using LSD test are stastistically significant. Comparation in different slopes regladless on the speed showed that of the heart rate expressed in % MHR is higher in Nordic Walking then in the Ordinary Walking. The increase amount 8.3 % on field, 6.2 % on slope of 5 % and 3.9 % in slope 7.5 % (Figure 6). Discussion All test of Ordinary and Nordic Walking are done in laboratory of Physiology on Faculty of Phusical Education. That laboratory offers the same conditions for all measuremets and volonteers. All test were controled from head person who was trying to eleminate all possibel mistakes in techique, especially in Nordic Walking. We tryed as much as we could Poređenje nam je pokazalo da je frekvencija srca izražena u % MHR na svim brzinama neovisno o naginu terena veća tokom nordijskog hodanja. Povećanje frekvencije srca pri brzini od 6 km h -1 i iznosilo je 4,6%, 6,4% pri brzini od 6,6 km h -1, 11,2% pri brzini od 7,2 km h -1 i 5,6% pri brzini od 7,8 km h -1 (Slika 5). Sve ove razlike koje su upoređivane kori{ćenjem LSD testa su statistički značajne. %MHR na različitim nagibima neovisno o brzini, je veća tokom nordijskog hodanja u poređenju sa običnim. Na ravnom to povećanje je iznosilo 8,3% a 6,2% na nagibu od 5% u 3,9 na nagibu od 7,5% (Slika 6). Diskusija Svi testovi običnog i Nordijskog hodanja su rađeni u laboratoriji Fiziologije sporta na Fakultetu Fizičke Kulture. Ta laboratorija je imala iste uslove za sva mjerenja i volontere. Svi testovi su kontrolisani od strane odgovorne osobe koja je pomagala da se elimini{u sve moguće gre{ke u tehnici, 34

9 %MTR Radi{a, T. i Krička, O.: FIZIOLO[KI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA Zbornik radova 2012, Slika 5: Poređenje frekvencije srca izražene u %MHR tokom običnog i Nordijskog hodanja na svim brzinama nezavisno o nagibu terena. Figure 5: Comparation of heart rate expressed in % MHR, during Ordinary and Nordic Walking in all speeds regardless of slope % MTR ,6 7,2 7,8 v (km/h) OR Ordinary Walking NW Nordic Walking Legend/Legenda: % MTR Maximall reserve of heart rate (Maksimalna rezerva frekvencije srca); v Speed (Brzina); Ordinary Walking - Obično hodanje; Nordic Walking - Nordijsko hodanje. Slika 6: Poređenje frekvencije srca izražene u %MHR tokom običnog i nordijskog hodanja na različitim nagibima nezavisno o brzini. Figure 6: Comparation of heart rate expressed in % MHR during Ordinary and Nordic Walking, in different slopes regardless on the speed %MTR% MTR ,5 sklon (%) OW - Ordinary Walking NW - Nordic Walking Legend/Legenda: % MTR Maximall reserve of heart rate (Maksimalna rezerva frekvencije srca); Sklon - Nagib; Ordinary Walking - Obično hodanje; Nordic Walking - Nordijsko hodanje. 35

10 Radi{a, T. & Krička, O.: PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF NORDIC WALKING Proceedings 2012, to have standard conditions during measurements that we would not have mistakes in results. In the test were included ten volonteers. Main goal of this work is comparation of metabolics (expressed in % of VO 2 max) and cariovacular (expressed in % MHR) load during Ordinary and Nordic Walking. Results showed when we compared all measured sections we got a statistically significant increase during Nordic Walking in oxygen consuption for 3.4% more then during Ordinary Walking. Cardiovascular load was also statistically significantly increased during Nordic Walking for 5.9% of MHR. Reason of that increase we can explain on that way that during Nordic Walking including larger amount of muscles like muscles of shoulder girdle and upper back. When we are comaring heart rate, we got bigger increase during Nordic Walking then in oxygen consuption. Reason can be according to Hamar and Lipkova (2001) level of activated muscles group and their ability to extact oxygen from blood. For example, during running more muscles are included, that is shows better extraction of oxygen, and that means lower heart rate. During strength exercise that ratio is even higher, where is for low level of oxygen consuption reache a higher level of heart rate. During Nordic Walking strenth exercises are in muscles of upper limbs, and because of that there are not so big increase of oxygen consuption then in heart rate. Other reasons why is, during Nordic Walking, difference in heart rate bigger then differences in oxygen consuptio, can be involving in the work upper body which causing intrathoracic pressure. That pressure reducing systolic volume, and to maintain the total cardiac output, heart rate must be increased. Hamar and Lipkova (2001) cites that during intensity of 40 to 50 % maximal oxygen consuption reaches its maximum of systolic volume, so that means that furder increase of minut volume is ultimated only with increase of the heart rate. In first research question we were wondering what is the difference between meatabolic and cardiovasculat load during Nordic and Ordinary Walking. Results show us that during the Nordic Walking we always have bigger oxygen consuption and increasing heart rate then in Ordinary Walking no metter on speed and slope. If we are focusing on the absolute valuoe of oxygen consuption and converts it to the energy expenditure we found that consuption is during Nordic Walking.136 kcal kg -1 min -1 and during Ordinary Walking.127 kcal kg -1 min -1. We can compare that results with values which indicated Hamar and Lipková (2001), which during Ordinary Walking indicated energy consuption.080 kcal kg -1 min -1. Significiant difference between our and results of Hamar and Lipková, can be different speed of walking or slope, were already mentioned authors observed energy expenditure. Second research question is what kind of influence has speed of movements and slope on the metabolic and cardiovascular load durind Nordic and Ordinary Walking in different levels of intensity. In all cases when we are compering Ordinary and Nordic Walking we got increasing of oxygen consuption in Nordic Walking. Explanation can be that during Nordic Walking we are using more muscles then in Ordinary Walking, because of using poles where we have increase in oxygen consuption. Máček and Máčková (1997) cites that energy expenditure during walking depends of weight of person, clotes, loading, speed of walking, type of surface and incline. With increasing of speed and weight, energy expedeture is rising. Also with a bigger slope energy expenditure can increase up to 25 % more then in flat. It can be considered that during Ordinary Walking with a bigger slope energy expediture will increase, and during walking and using poles in the same time, energy expenditure will be even bigger, because of using more muscles. Parrey and Fabre (2008) did research on three slopes (flat, posebno tokom Nordijskog hodanja. Nastojalo se koliko je moguće da se obezbjede standardni uslovi tokom mjerenja da bi imali gre{ke u rezultatima. U testiranje je bilo uključeno deset volontera. Glavni cilj ovog projekta je bilo poređenje u metaboličkom (izraženo u % VO 2 max) i kardiovaskularnom (%MHR) opterećenju tokom običnog i Nordijskog hodanja. Nakon svih mjerenja rezultati su pokazali da statistički značajan porast mjerenjih vrijednosti u toku nordijskog hodanja u potro{nji kisonika za 3,4% vi{e nego kod običnog hodanja. Mjerenje kardiovaskularno opterećenja je takođe pokazalo veći % MHR za 5,9% u toku nordijskog hodanja. Razlozi zbog kojih smo dobilo ovakve rezultate možemo objasniti time {to se pri nordijskom hodanju uključuje veći broj mi{ića kao {to su mi{ići ramenog pojasa i gornjeg dijela leđa. U poređenju frekvencije srca, dobili smo veće povećanje tokom Nordijskog hodanja nego kod potro{nje kiseonika. Razlozi mogu biti, prema Hamaru i Lipkovoj (2001) broj uključenih mi{ićnih grupa i njihova sposobnost da absorbuju vi{e kiseonika iz krvi. Na primjer, tokom trčanja je vi{e uključeno {to pokazuje veću absorpciju kisenika a samim tim i manju frekvenciju srca. Tokom vježbi snage taj omjer je čak i veći, gdje se za manji niži nivo potro{nje kiseonika povećava frekvencija srca. Tokom nordijskog hodanja vježbe snage su u mi{ićima gornjih udova i zbog toga nismo dobili veću potro{nju kiseonika kao {to je to slučaj u frekvenciji srca. Drugi razlozi za{to je, tokom Nordijskog hodanja razlika u frekvencii srca veća od razlike u potro{nji kiseonika, može biti uključivanje gornjeg dijela tijela {to izaziva intratorakalni pritisak. Taj pritisak smanjuje sistolni volumen {to se odražava na rad cijelog srca i frekvencija srca se povećava. Hamar i Lipkova (2001) navode da tokom intenziteta od 40 i 50% maksimalna potro{nja kiseonika dostiže maksimom sistoličkog volumena, {to znači da dalje povečanje minutnog volumena uslovljeno povećanjem frekvencije srca. U prvom istraživačkom pitanju smo htjeli saznati razliku između metaboličkog i kardiovaskularnog opterećenja tokom Nordijskog i običnog hodanja. Rezultati su nam pokazali da tokom Nordijskog hodanja smo uvijek dobijali veću potro{nju kiseonika i porast frekvencije srca u odnosu na obično hodanje neovisno na brzinu i nagib terena. Ako se fokusiramo na absolutne vrijednosti potro{nje kiseonika i pretvorimo ih u potro{nju energije dobijamo da je potro{nja tokom nordijskog hodanja 0,136 kcal kg -1 min -1 a tokom običnog hodanja 0,127 kcal kg -1 min -1. Možemo porediti te rezultate sa vrijednostima koje su dobili Hamar i Lipkova (2001), koji su tokom običnog hodanja dobili potro{nju energije od 0,080 kcal kg -1 min -1. Razlozi značajne razlike među na{im rezultatima i rezultata Hamara i Lipove mogu biti razlike u brzini i nagibu teretna, ali nažalost u njihovom radu to nije spomenuto. Drugo istraživačko pitanje je koji je uticaj brzine i nagiba terena na kardiovaskularno i metaboličko opterećenje tokom Nordijskog i običnog hodanja. U svim svučajevima smo dobili povećanje potro{nje kiseonika kada smo poredili obično i Nordijsko sa običnim hodanjem. Obja{e vi{e mi{ića u rad nego kod običnog hodanja, zbog kori{ćenja {tapova. Máček i Máčková (1997) navode da oslobađanje energije tokom hodanja zavisi od težine osobe, odjeće, opterećenja, brzine hodanja, vrste podloge i nagiba terena. Sa povećanjem brzine i težine povećava se i oslobađanje energije. Takođe, pri većem nagibu oslobađanje energije se može povećati za 25% vi{e nego na ravnom. Parrey and Fabre (2008) su radili istraživanje na tri nagiba (ravnom, uzbrdo, nizbrdo) sa 36

11 Radi{a, T. i Krička, O.: FIZIOLO[KI ASPEKTI NORDIJSKOG HODANJA Zbornik radova 2012, uphill, downhill) with slopes of 15 % and got conclusion that during the walking with poles metabolic load are increased, especially in downhill walking and that using poles was not affect on cardiovascular load. That is in contrairety with our results, were we got increase in metabolic and cardiovascular load in bigger slope during Nording Walking against to Ordinary Walking. Máček and Máčková (1997) are also mentions that on lower speed enegy expenditure during walking is lower then during running on the same speed, and opposite, on higher speed energy expenditure is higher during walking then during running. Imact of speed on oxygen consuption analysed Church (2002) who indicates the differences in oxygen consuption in Porcari (1997), Rogers (1995). He explained that in Rogers research there was no so big oxgen consuption as in research of Porcari because thay used so high speed and all volonteers could not use poles effective. If we look in results of cardiovascular load in different versions of speed and slope, we find that when we were used poles in all intesities we got increase in heart rate (% MHR). Stastistica significance of the increasing in heart rate expressed in % MHR is found in eight cases, combinations of speed and slope, while for oxygen consuption we did ony in two cases. As we mentioned before, the reasons can be stength exercise during hands movements, which are insufficient supply of oxygen or in insufficient conditions for the heart work. If we summarize our results we can see that there is increase in matabolic and cardiovascular load with higher speed and bigger slope in Nordic and Ordinary Walking. Nordic Walking was in all cases of intensity, higher then Ordinary Walking. Perception of effott is objectively impossible to measure precisely. Percived effort values are infuenced by the condition of volonteer (stress, tiredness, psyche, illness etc.). Test were doing in couple days which can affect on results and also small nuber of volonteers (10). Because of that this data will be used in farther research, with bigger number of volonteers. Results of this research could be limited by the way we choose volunteers and with their numbers. Testing was not created randomly but was based on voluntariness. nagibima od 15% i zaključili da tokom hodanja sa {tapovima se povećalo metaboličko opterećenje, posebno kod hodanja nizbrdo, i da kori{tenje {tapova nije imalo efekat na kardiovaskularno opterećenje. To se ne kosi sa na{im rezultatima gdje smo dobili povećanje u metaboličkom i kardiovaskularnom opterećenju kod nordijskog hodanja. Máček i Máčková (1997) su takođe spomenuli da pri manjom brzinom olobađanje energije niže nego kod trčanja na istoj brzini i suprotno, na većoj brzini oslobađanje enerije je veće tokom hodanja nego trčanja. Oni takođe napominju da je pri brzini od 7 do 8 km h -1 je ista potro{nja kiseonika. Uticaj brzine na potro{nju kiseonika je analizirao Church (2002) koji ukazuje na razlike u potro{nji kisonika u radovima Prcarija (1997) i Rogersa (1995). On je objasnio da u Rogersovom istraživanju nije bilo velike potro{nje kiseonika kao u rezulatatima Porcarijevog istraživanja jer se radilo pri velikim brzinama i volinteri nisu mogli da efektivno koriste {tapove. Ako pogledamo rezultate kardiovaskularog opterećenja na različitim brzinama i nagibima terena, pronalazimo to da kada smo koristili {tapove dobijali smo veću frekvenciju srca (%MHR). Statistički značajno povećanje frekvencije srca smo prona{li u osam kombinacija brzine i nagiba terena, dok se za potro{nju kiseonika dobilo samo u 2 slučaja. Kao {to smo spomenuli ranije, razlog mogu biti vježbe snage tokom kretanja ruku, koje su nedovoljne za dopremanje kiseonika, odnosno za rad srca. Ako sumiramo na{e rezultate možemo vidjeti da se dobilo povećanje u metaboličkom i kardiovaskularnom opterećenju na većej brzini i nagibu terena tokom nordijskog hodanja. Nordijsko hodanje je u svim slučajevima po intenzitetu veće od običnog hodanja. Namjera da se testiranje izmjeri potpuno tačno je nemoguća. Dobijene vrijednosti zavise od stanja volontera (stres, umor, psiha, bolest i sl.). Test je rađen u par dana {to takođe može uticati na rezultate, a takođe i mali broj volontera (10). Zbog toga će se ovi podaci koristiti u daljnim istraživanjima sa većim brojem volontera. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu biti ograničeni zbog načina kako smo birali volontere i zbog njiohovog broja. Testiranje nije bilo nasumično nego na temelju dobrovoljnosti. Reference Anttila K., Holopainen G., & Jokinen S. (1999) Polewalking and the effect of regular 12-week polewalking exercise on neck and shoulder symptoms, the mobility of the cervical and thoracic spine and aerobic capacity. Final project work for the Helsinki IV College for health care professionals. Blahutková, M., Rehulka, E., & Dvoráková, [. (2005). Pohyb a du{evní zdraví ŠMovement and mental health¹. Brno, CZ: Paido. Borg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14(5), Crhová, A. (2010). Nordic walking aneb ideální pohyb nejen pro bojovníky s nadváhou ŠNordic walking or perfect movement not only for overweight fighters¹. Retrieved from Danek, K. (1989). Chuze znovu objevena ŠWalking rediscovered¹. Prague, CZ: Olympia. Frömel, F. (2002). Kompendium psaní a publikování v kinantropologii ŠCompendium of writing and publishing in kinantropology¹. Vysoko{kolská skripta. Olomouc, CZ: Univerzita Palackého, Fakulta telesné kultury. Hainer, V. (2004). Základy klinické obezitologie ŠFoundations of clinical obesity¹. Prague, CZ: Grada Publishing. Hamar, D., & Lipková, J. (2001). Fyziológia telesných cvičení ŠPhysiology of physical exercise¹. Bratislava, SK: Univerzita Komenského. Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., & Morss, G. M. (2002). Field testing of physiological responses associated with Nordic walking. Res Q Eserce Sport, 73(3), doi: INWA Instructor manual. (2005). Helsinki, SE: International Nordic Walking Association. Jakubec, A. (2009). Výzkumný design severské cheze ve svetle prvních výsledku ŠResearch design of Nordic Cheze in a biased the first results¹. Medicina Sportiva Bohemica Slavatica, 18(4), Jirák, Z. (2007). Fyziologie pro bakalárské studium na ZSF OU ŠPhysiology bachelor's degree at OU ZSF¹. Učební texty. Ostrava, CZ: Ostravská univerzita v Ostrave, Zdravotne sociální fakulta. Kaplan, R. M., Sallis, J. F., & Patterson, T. L. (1996). Zdravie a správanie človeka ŠHealth and behavior of humans¹. Bratislava, SK: Slovenské pedagogické nakladatelstvo. Kome{tík, B., & Fejta, M. (1997). Metodologie kinantropologického výzkumu ŠMethodology of Current Research Projects¹. Hradec Králové, CZ: Vysoká {kola pedagogická, Katedra telesné výchovy a rízení volného času. Krížová, J. (2007). Hypertenze vysoký krevní tlak ŠHypertension - high blood pressure¹. Retrieved from 37

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