CARBONIZATION OF NIGERIAN COAL TO SERVE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR FIREWOOD IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT

Transcription

1 CARBONIZATION OF NIGERIAN COAL TO SERVE AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR FIREWOOD BY. IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI 97/6019EH A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG.) IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OCTOBER, 2003 ~ ~: -

2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project is my original work and has never to my knowledge been submitted else where. ----'~- -- T-r --- ~ -' Ibrahim Abdullahi 1")3-(0-03 ~ Date II

3 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project work was carried out by IBRAHIM ABDULLAHI Matric No. 97/6019EH of the Department of Chem ical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna. / ~ 1/ / \ " itngr. U.G. Akpan Project Supervisor ' (1)'3 Date Dr. F. A. Aberuagba Head of Department Date External Supervisor Date III

4 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Sayyadi Azaldru lsmaila (Ikon Allah), to my late Father Mallam B.Z. Ibrahim and to my loving mother, Mallama Salamatu Ibrahim. IV

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ALHAMDULILLAHI Y A-ARHAMAN, ALHADULILLAHI RABIL ALAMIN. My profound and endless gratitude is so lel y for Allah (S.W.T) for making my stay in F.U.T Minna a successful one. Moreso, my gratitude goes to my able supervisor, Mr..U.G. Akpan who has devoted his precious time to see to the success of this work. Also, my sincere appreciation goes to my late father Mall. S.Z Ibrahim who died on the 4th may, I know Saba you have this dream to see us become something in future but suddenly you passed on, we all love you but Allah love you most. May your gentle soul rest in perfect peace (Am in). I want to say thank you so much to my guardian, Mall. Ibrahim A. Abubakar and his family who were always there for me when I needed them. I also want to remember my uncle, Mall. Ibrahim Aminu for his fatherly assistance in the course of. my educational pursuit. This is to say a big thank you to my Aunty, Mallama Sa'adatu Nasidi who also touched my life in many ways. Moreso, my hearty appreciation goes to Alhaji Hanas and Alhaji Zakariyau Dagun who have been there for us as fathers with support and encouragement. Also, Mall Hussein Gabi and host of others. My acknowledgement is incomplete if I don 't say the names of some wonderful people who Allah had designed I will pas through then. They indeed, want me to become a man in the real sense of it. They trained and reformed me, touched every nook and crannies of my life both financially and what ever. They are indeed brothers to reckon on. These brothers are Ya-Hamisu/idi, Malik, Abugi, Muktar and others. May Allah in His infinite mercy continue to shower on then His blessings. v

6 I also want tosay a big thank you to all member of Tarriqqat Tijaniyyat F.U.T Minna, for the brother love we shared with one another. May Allah (S.W.T) continue to fill our heart with the love of Rasullula (S.A.W), sheikh Ahmad Tijjani (R.T.A) and sheikh Ibrahim Nyass (R.T.A) (All1in). I also want to say thank you to my wonderful lectures, coursemates and friends, Abdulahi Muhammad (Magida), Musa Abdulrazak (Oanjumal) Abenemi Abe~Francis Okhimamhe and others. Lastly, I say thank you so much to some one special that came into my life with supports and encouragement, she is Mallama Aishat Abduallahi. May Allah continue to bestow on her His Blessings (Am in) VI

7 TABLE OF'CONTENTS CONTENTS Page Title page Declaration II Certi fication III Dedication IV Acknowledgement V Abstract VII CHAPTER ONE Introduction Types of fuel Solid fuels Utilization of solid fuels Composition of Natura I fuel VIII

8 1.3.0 Desertification in Nigeria and the need to introduce coal in Nigeria families as a source of fuel Emission of Green house gases in vegetal coal production Carbonization Limitation of Research study Scope and objective 8 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIE W What is coal? Origin of coal Classification of coal Coal Rank Coal type Coal National premier industries Economic potentials of the Nigeria coal Utilization of Nigeria coals Method of coal Utilization 15 IX

9 2.6.0 Coal carbonization Carbonization processes Low Temperature Carbonization (LTC) Coal as a resources for Economic recovery in Nigeria Domestic fuel - smokeless coal briquettes Mechanism of carbonization Heat transfer Products of coal carbonization Coal composition Proximate Analysis Ultimate analysis Chemical effect of coking 23 CHAPTER THREE Materials and method Introduction Apparatus Laboratory Electric Furnace 24 x

10 3.3.0 Material to be used Research questions Methods (second attempt) Third attempt 27 CHAPTER FOUR Results Discussion of results 30 CHAPTER FIVE Conclusion and recommendation Conclusion Recommendation 33 Reference 34 Appendix one: proximate analysis 35 Appendix two: calculation of quantity of heat 40 Tables: 2.1 Chemical change with coal ranking 11 xi

11 2.2 Coal production from 1916 to Classification of carbonization Carbon (S, graphite) Results (second attempt) Results (third attempt) 29 Figures Fig I Percentage coke and ash composition (second attempt) 43 Fig 2 Percentage volatile matter composition (second attempt) 43 Fig 3 Percentage volatile matter (third attempt) 44 Fig 4 Percentage coke and ash composition (third attempt) 44 Fig 5 Coke versus charcoal competition 45 XII