1745: John Campbell and the Jacobite Occupation of Edinburgh

Transcription

1 1745: John Campbell and the Jacobite Occupation of Edinburgh Pupil Activity Sheets Contents Glossary Activity 1: John Campbell Activity 2: Edinburgh Prepares Activity 3: The Royal Bank Prepares Activity 4: The Route to Edinburgh Activity 5: Bonnie Prince Charles ie Arrives at Holyroodhouse Activity 6: The Battle of Prestonpans Activity 7: Drastic Action! Activity 8: John Campbell and the Earl of Breadalbane Activity 9: The Threat to the Bank Activity 10: A Change of Plan Activity 11: The Jacobites Leave Edinburgh Activity 12: Jacobite Occupation of Edinburgh Timeline Activity 13: Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? These activity sheets are intended to be photocopied for use in the classroom by individual pupils. The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc Registered Office: 36 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh EH2 2YB. Registered in Scotland No Web Site: These activity sheets may be freely copied for schools use.

2 Glossary John Campbell wrote his diary more than two hundred and fifty years ago. Some words have changed their meaning since then, or their spelling has changed. This glossary will help you to understand some of the words in the diary. It also explains the meaning of some other words that appear in the activity sheets. Abbey another name for Hanoverian supporter of King George II, Holyroodhouse whose family name was Hanover accompts accounts; records of Jacobite supporter of the claim of the money matters Stuarts to rule Britain bonnet a soft flat cap lodged deposited, or kept temporarily cashier chief official of a bank Lord Provost the person in charge of the city of Edinburgh City Guard soldiers responsible for protecting the city per according to closs close, nearby proclamation announcement commotion busy activity protest declaration consternation confusion, uncertainty rout to defeat completely Courant The Evening Courant, an Royal Infirmary the hospital in Edinburgh Edinburgh newspaper solus alone distress to seize goods or property specie coins dragoon soldier on horseback, armed with a gun sundry several effects property vintner wine-seller (Mrs Clerk s Vintner was an inn in Edinburgh) estate house and land voucher receipt failzure failure fastness a stronghold, or a safe and secure place

3 Activity 1 John Campbell Source 1: Painting of John Campbell A Study the painting of John Campbell (Source 1) above and complete the picture next to it by adding the following:! The pattern and type of clothes worn.! The objects lying on the table.! All the weapons. B Source 1a is an enlargement of the banknote on the table in Source 1. If you look closely, you will see a date on it. This is the artist s way of telling us when he painted the picture.! Date of the painting Source 1a: Enlargement of part of Source 1

4 Activity 1 (continued) John Campbell C Painters often included objects in portraits as clues about the job of the person in the painting. What objects can you see in Source 1?! Objects in the picture The surviving section of the diary was written during the Jacobite occupation of Edinburgh in the autumn of It is a very valuable source of information about the occupation, because it is an eyewitness account. What do you think John Campbell s job might have been?! John Campbell was a John Campbell was an important man in Edinburgh in the 1740s. As Cashier of a bank, he looked after money belonging to many people and companies. He also had many powerful friends and relatives. He is significant to us because he kept a diary, in which he wrote about events in his life and in the lives of the people around him. Part of his diary still exists today. Historians can use it to learn about life in Edinburgh in John Campbell s time. Source 2: Page from John Campbell s diary Wherever you see this icon you will find an extract from John Campbell s diary. These extracts tell us about what happened during the Jacobite occupation of Edinburgh and give us some clues about what John Campbell thought. The clues you find might help you to decide whether you think John Campbell was a Jacobite or a Hanoverian. Wherever you see this icon, you should write down the clue you have found, and what you think it means. At the end, you will be able to gather together all your clues and decide what you think. Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? The clothes John Campbell is wearing in the portrait are a clue to what he thought of the Jacobites. Evidence Source

5 Activity 2 8 September 1745 Edinburgh Prepares Early in September 1745, people in Edinburgh heard that a Jacobite army was marching towards their city. Some people were worried, and a proposal was made to raise a regiment to defend the city. Two hundred and fifty men enlisted to protect the town, but in the end they did nothing. It was agreed to help repair the city walls. Cannons were brought up from Leith, but the walls were too weak to support them, and special platforms had to be made. It was the time of the city elections, so most workmen were not interested in helping to repair the broken walls. To make matters worse, there were no gunners to fire the cannons. One idea was to get gunners from the warships that lay in the Firth of Forth, but the Lord Provost disagreed with this suggestion. When asked why, he said that the gunners could not be trusted to aim carefully: they would fire upon and murder the inhabitants as well as defend the town against the rebels. Source 3: Bomb and bomb mortar. A Answer the following questions:! How many people were enlisted to defend Edinburgh?! What did they do?! Why did the Lord Provost not want to use the gunners from the ships? B The picture below shows what the city walls might have looked like before the changes described above. Change the picture to show what they looked like after the changes.

6 Activity 3 14 and 15 September 1745 The Royal Bank Prepares In 1745, The Royal Bank of Scotland was eighteen years old. Its office was located at the bottom of Ship Close in Edinburgh. The bank had a staff of eight, including John Campbell, the Cashier. It was part of John Campbell s job to make sure that he was always available to oversee bank business, so he lived in the bank s office, in rooms which had been furnished for him as living quarters.! A Highlight the location of The Royal Bank of Scotland on the map (Source 5). 14 September 1745 On news of the highland army s approach, all the effects of the Bank were packt up, and partly transported to the C[astle] this night. Source 4: Extract from John Campbell s diary.! D Draw a cartoon in the box below to show what action John Campbell took when he heard that the Jacobite army was approaching.! B Which main street was the Royal Bank close to?! C Which two buildings were at either end of this street? and On 14 September 1745, the staff of the bank heard that the Jacobites were moving towards Edinburgh. When they heard this, they started making preparations for their arrival. Source 4 tells you what they did.! E Why did the Royal Bank move its effects to the Castle? Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? John Campbell s actions provide a clue as to how he felt about the Jacobites getting their hands on the bank s money. Evidence Source

7 The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc Registered Office: 36 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh EH2 2YB. Registered in Scotland No This sheet may be freely copied for schools use. Source 5: Map of Edinburgh as it would have appeared in and 15 September 1745 The Royal Bank Prepares Activity 3 (continued) Edinburgh Castle Landmarket Parliament Close The North Loch Ship Close Key to the map 9 6. The Royal Mile 7. Netherbow 8. Calton Hill 9. Canongate Kirk 10. Holyrood House 10 Edinburgh City Libraries

8 Activity 4 16 September 1745 The Route to Edinburgh Bonnie Prince Charlie reached Corstorphine, just outside Edinburgh, the next day. He sent a demand to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh to surrender the town, and then marched by Saughton to Slateford. The army encamped on the banks of the Water of Leith near Slateford, and the Prince himself lodged in the farmhouse of Gray s Mill, near Inglis Green. B Look at source 6. Why do you think The town is in consternation all day? Half of the Prince s army was sent quietly, via Merchiston, to Netherbow Port, which was one of the gates into the city of Edinburgh. The Jacobites rushed through the gates, overpowered the City Guard and took control of Edinburgh. A Use the description to add the following information to Source 8.! Using coloured arrows, show the route the Jacobites took into Edinburgh. Start at Corstorphine.! Use a different colour to mark the army camp.! Complete the key. 16 September 1745 Highland army near Edinburgh per Courant. Saw the Dragoons run off along the North side of Edinburgh. The town is in consternation all day. Source 6: Account from John Campbell s diary. Source 7: Drawing of a Jacobite soldier

9 Activity 4 (continued) 16 September 1745 The Route to Edinburgh Source 8: Map of the area around Edinburgh as it would have looked in The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc Registered Office: 36 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh EH2 2YB. Registered in Scotland No This sheet may be freely copied for schools use. Key Route taken by the Jacobite army into Edinburgh Army camp Edinburgh City Libraries

10 Activity 5 17 September 1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie Arrives at Holyroodhouse 17 September 1745 Edinburgh taken by the Highland army 1200 men sent in early in the morning. Numbers of highlanders crowd in to town all the day long. Sundry proclamations over the Cross. Prince enters Holyroodhouse. His army encamps in the King s park. Source 9: Extract from John Campbell s diary. The next day, a crowd of 20,000 people gathered to see the arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie at Holyroodhouse. One person in the crowd described the Prince as being tall and handsome. He had a light coloured wig, with his own hair combed over the front. He wore a short tartan coat, crimson velvet trousers and military boots. He wore a blue bonnet on his head, and on his coat was the star of the Order of St Andrew. Source 10: Engraving of Bonnie Prince Charlie.! A In the description left, underline the words that tell you about Bonnie Prince Charlie s appearance.! B Using the description and sources 9 and 10, draw Bonnie Prince Charlie arriving at Holyroodhouse in the box below. Remember to draw the star of the order of St Andrew on his coat

11 Activity 6 21 September 1745 The Battle of Prestonpans 20 September 1745 Highland army march towards Tranent and ly on their arms all night thereabouts. General Cope gets in to a fastness below and to the north of the sea. Source 11: Extract from John Campbell s diary. 21 September 1745 Battle of Gladsmuir or Tranent fought wherin the highlanders routed General Cope. Source 12: Extract from John Campbell s diary. The battle John Campbell describes in his diary came to be known as the Battle of Prestonpans. The Battle of Prestonpans was fought on 21 September 1745 on a flat piece of ground to the east of Edinburgh. The government s commander, General Sir John Cope, thought that this would help his infantry and cavalry, but the Jacobites came from an unexpected direction and defeated Cope and his army in fifteen minutes. After the Jacobites had won the battle, the Prince ordered his soldiers to stop killing the Hanoverians. He made sure that the wounded of both sides were treated for their injuries, and that the dead were buried properly. He arranged for the soldiers with the worst injuries to be taken to the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh. Friend and foe alike were treated with equal humanity.! A Using the description of the Battle of Prestonpans, write what you think about Bonnie Prince Charlie s behaviour after the battle.! B Why was Bonnie Prince Charlie taking a risk by having his enemies injuries treated? Source 13: Engraving of the Battle of Prestonpans

12 Activity 7 23 September 1745 Drastic Action! Source 14: Twenty shillings banknote, 1742 A Look carefully at Source 14 and make a copy of it using the outline beside it. B Read Source 15. Change your drawing to show what happened to the banknotes. Two days after the Battle of Prestonpans, John Campbell made a note in his diary about banknotes. C Why did the Royal Bank burn its banknotes? 23 September 1745 Directors proposed to burn notes in the C[astle] and sent me there to obtain access for them. Source 15: Extract from John Campbell s diary. Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? The bank s decision to burn its banknotes is a clue to how it felt about the Jacobites getting their hands on the money. Evidence Source

13 Activity 8 27 September John Campbell and the Earl of Breadalbane The 2nd Earl of Breadalbane was John Campbell s uncle. He was very old by 1745 and was no longer involved in political matters, but 30 years earlier, he had supported the Jacobite cause in the Rising of He had an apartment in Holyroodhouse. Bonnie Prince Charlie also stayed at Holyroodhouse during his occupation of Edinburgh, and we know that the two men spent time together there. The Earl was more than an uncle to John Campbell. After John Campbell was orphaned at the age of five, he moved to the Earl s home at Finlarig, Perthshire, where he spent the rest of his childhood. Even after John Campbell had grown up, the Earl helped him. He was a very important customer of The Royal Bank of Scotland, and he probably helped John Campbell to get his first job at the bank. 27 September 1745 Went to the Abbey to see E[arl of] B[readalbane] who told me the Pr[ince] was visiting him last night. Source 16: Extract from John Campbell s diary. A Using the information you have been given, answer these questions.! What do you think the Earl of Breadalbane thought of Bonnie Prince Charlie?! What do you think John Campbell thought of his uncle, the Earl of Breadalbane? John Campbell s diary tells us that he and the Earl of Breadalbane ate dinner together on the 27th and 30th of September and on the 5th, 13th, 19th, 21st and 26th of October Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? John Campbell s relationship with his uncle gives us a clue about what he might have thought of the Jacobites. Evidence Source

14 Activity October 1745 The Threat to the Bank 1 October 1745 Between 6 and 7 a clock at night a protest was then taken against me as Cashier of the R[oyal] Bank by John Murray of Broughton esquire as Secretary to the Prince for payment of 857 Royal Bank notes (which he exhibited) in the current coin of the kingdom, and on failzure thereof within 48 hours, that the estates and effects of the directors and managers should be distressed for the same. I answered that by reason of the commotions in the countrey, the effects of the bank were lately carried up to the Castle, Use Sources 17 and 18 and your knowledge of the Jacobites to answer the following questions.! A Why do you think Bonnie Prince Charlie needed to exchange Royal Bank of Scotland notes for coins?! B What would happen to John Campbell if he didn t carry out this exchange? Source 17: Extract from John Campbell s diary 2 October 1745 notified to me as Cashier that the Prince had a further demand of current specie from the R[oyal] Bank for the sum of 2,307! C Why could John Campbell not exchange the money straight away? Source 18: Extract from John Campbell s diary Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? Look again at Sources 17 and 18. John Campbell refers to Bonnie Prince Charlie as the Prince. Evidence Source

15 Activity 10 3 October 1745 A Change of Plan The next day, John Campbell and five men from the Royal Bank went to the Castle to get the money that Bonnie Prince Charlie had demanded. The following extracts from John Campbell s diary tell us about what he did. 3 October 1745 I wrote a letter to General Guest in the Castle that he would please to give the proper orders to the Captain of the Guard to give us admittance upon our displaying a white flagg. About 8 a clock the five gentleman met at my house, and after breakfast we proceeded on our expedition. I then hoisted my white flag. And as we approachd the Castle gate waved it often, on our arrival at the bridge, telling who we were, twas lett down, proceeded to the place where all the Bank things are lodged, and executed the affairs we came about, During our continuance in the Castle which was about 9 till near three a clock, there was closs firing. I again raised my white flagg, and with my friends returned to town in safety, landed at my house from whence we adjournd to dine at Mrs Clerk s vintner. Source 19: Extracts from John Campbell s diary! A Using Source 19, put the following seven events in order to tell the story of what happened on 3 October To help you, the first one and the last one have already been done. They went to the room in the Castle where the bank's property had been placed, and set to work getting the money for Bonnie Prince Charlie. Before setting off, John Campbell 1 made arrangements to be allowed into the Castle. They stayed nearly all day. As they worked, they could hear shooting between soldiers in the Castle and Bonnie Prince Charlie s supporters outside. As they walked through the streets, Campbell waved a white flag. John Campbell and his friends ate breakfast together, and then set off towards the Castle. When they had finished, they left the 7 Castle. John Campbell waved his white flag again as they walked through the streets. They went straight back to John Campbell s house, and then went out for dinner together. At the Castle gate, John Campbell told the guards who he was, and they let the drawbridge down so that he and his colleagues could go inside.

16 Activity 10 (continued) 3 October 1745 A Change of Plan! B Source 19 tells us about the events of 3 October 1745 from John Campbell s point of view. Read the source again carefully, and then rewrite the story from the point of view of one of the guards at the castle. Make sure you only use information that the guard would have known about, and only describe events that he could have seen. Source 20: View of Edinburgh Castle in the early 18th Century! C Why do you think John Campbell gave Bonnie Prince Charlie the money? Was it because he wanted to or because he had to? I think John Campbell to give Bonnie Prince Charlie the money, because Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? John Campbell risked his life going to the Castle to get the money for Bonnie Prince Charlie. Evidence Source

17 Activity 11 1 November 1745 The Jacobites Leave Edinburgh 1 November 1745 Mr Trotter calld at me from Miles Provost Coutts to know if I had any message for him, told him the directors were willing to take what partial payments he could conveniently make. D[ined] s[olus]. Drew out a second copy of Inveraw s account. Sorted several parcells of letters from St Germans, in order to put the vouchers of his accompts in order. Highland Edinburgh Moffat Carlisle Penrith Jacobite advance N W E S left this place wholly today. Archibald McDiarmid in Inshewen in Glenlochay Lancaster lodged 30. Preston Manchester Source 21: Extract from John Campbell s diary Derby! A On what date did the Jacobites leave Edinburgh? London! B Look at Source 22, which shows the route of the Jacobite army after leaving Edinburgh. What was the most southerly English city that the Jacobites reached? Source 22: The route of the Jacobite army after leaving Edinburgh Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? Look at how John Campbell records this significant event in his diary. Does he make it seem very important, or not important at all? Evidence Source

18 Activity 12 Jacobite Occupation of Edinburgh 1745 Timeline! A Using the previous worksheets, write a brief note of the key events that happened on each of the dates listed on the timeline below Event 23 July 19 August 14 and 15 September Bonnie Prince Charlie arrives in Scotland Royal Standard raised at Glenfinnan Royal Bank effects taken to Castle 16 September 17 September 20 and 21 September 23 September 1 October 3 October 1 November

19 Activity 13 Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? Now it is time to weigh up the evidence. Do you think Campbell was a Jacobite or a Hanoverian?! A Use the evidence you have gathered in the worksheets to complete the table below. The main clues are recorded in boxes next to this symbol. If you think you have noticed any more clues, you can add these on the back of this sheet. Activity Source Suggests he was a Jacobite Suggests he was a Hanoverian 1 1 He wore Highland dress, like the Jacobites & ! B I think John Campbell was a because

20 Activity 13 (continued) Was John Campbell a Jacobite or a Hanoverian? John Campbell s diary is a valuable historical source, but to use it properly, we have to decide how reliable we think it is. Think about what you have learnt about John Campbell and the times he lived in, as well as what you know about diaries.! C In the table below, list reasons why John Campbell s account of the 1745 Jacobite occupation of Edinburgh could be considered a reliable or unreliable historical source. Reliable Unreliable