Ecological Services and Drivers of Caribbean Freshwater Fisheries

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1 Ecological Services and Drivers of Caribbean Freshwater Fisheries Thomas Kwak U.S. Geological Survey, North Carolina State University, USA Augustin Engman and Jesse Fischer North Carolina State University, USA Craig Lilyestrom Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, USA

2 Acknowledgments PR DRNA José Berríos Diaz Miguel García Aitza Pabon Valentin Lourdes Olmeda Darien Lopez Nitza Massini Padilla Astrid Rodriguez Nora Álvarez Berríos Aida Rosario Daniel Matos Caraballo Miguel Fernandez NCSU Denny Padilla Andy Maurer Patrick Cooney Will Smith Justin Dycus Ed Malindzak Keith Gibbs Aaron Bevill Michael Fisk Philip Lung Gretchen Stokes Christin Brown UPR Río Piedras Alonso Ramirez USFWS Fernando Núñez García Tamara McCandless Leo Miranda PRGAP Bill Gould Fid. de Conservación Sandra Franqui Zamira Pagan

3 Caribbean Fishing

4 Human Population 3.6 million 406 people/km 2 99% urban 15 km

5 km 46 major drainages 0 natural lakes 29 large reservoirs Puerto Rico Rivers drinking water hydroelectric power irrigation cultural value recreation habitat

6 Native Diadromous Fishes Smallscaled spinycheek sleeper (Morón), Eleotris perniger Bigmouth sleeper (Guavina), Gobiomorus dormitor Sirajo goby (Olivo), Sicydium spp. River goby (Saga), Awaous banana American eel (Anguila), Anguilla rostrata Mountain mullet (Dajao), Agonostomus monticola

7 Marine Fishes Mojarras (Gerreidae) Grunts (Haemulidae) Snooks (Centropomidae) Snappers (Lutjanidae)

8 Poeciliids Exotic Fishes Cichlids Centrarchids Loricariids Newly discovered

9 Standardized Sampling Protocol Electrofishing Backpack or barge Three-pass removal Highest accuracy and efficiency Habitat Survey Cross-sectional transects Physicochemistry Watershed/Riparian PR Gap GIS land-cover

10 Fish and Habitat Sampling km Fish distribution and abundance 118 sample reaches All 46 river drainages

11 Native Fish Species Richness km Not detected 1 2 species 3 4 species 5 6 species

12 Hierarchical Modeling Fish Assemblage Conclusions Watershed variables most influential Dominant dam effect Habitat Variables Instream Stream width % cover Water quality Temperature Conductivity Turbidity Nitrate Watershed/Riparian Watershed area River kilometer Downstream reservoir Road density % of watershed owned publicly % of 30-m riparian is forest % of watershed is forest

13 Amphidromous Life Cycle Freshwater Estuary Marine Drifting larva Egg Pelagic larva Adult Post-larva Freshwater Estuary Marine

14 Amphidromous Life Cycle Freshwater Estuary Marine Drifting larva Egg Habitat connectivity is critical Pelagic larva Adult Post-larva Freshwater Estuary Marine

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17 Fish Assemblage and Barrier Surveys Fish sampling sites 118 Assemblages 28 species 16 families Artificial barrier sites 335 Fish Barriers 29 high dams 208 low dams 98 road crossings

18 Upstream Loss of Native Species Exotic Fish assemblage Native No natives All exotics River headwaters Dam > 32 m Native gobies Few exotics Waterfall > 4 m Native gobies Few exotics Dam 32 m > > 4 m or waterfall Complete native fish assemblage Dam < 4 m or waterfall Complete native fish assemblage Atlantic Ocean

19 Island-Wide Habitat Loss km Native assemblage accessible (no artificial barrier) Native assemblage accessible (dam affected) Non-goby extirpated, Goby restricted Native assemblage extirpated 75% of river length affected by dams 22% of river length extirpated of native fishes

20 Gonadosomatic index Spawning Chronology A: Bigmouth A: Bigmouth sleeper sleeper females (female) Expected Observed D: Sirajo D: Sirajo goby goby females (female) Gonadosomatic index B: B: Bigmouth Bigmouth sleeper sleeper males (male) E: E: River River goby goby females (female) C: Mountain mullet C: Mountain mullet (both sexes) (both sexes) Jan Mar May Jul Sept Nov F: Peak F: Peak gonadosamatic gonadosomatic index index Bigmouth sleeper Bigmouth sleeper females (female) Bigmouth sleeper Bigmouth sleeper males (male) Mountain Mountain mullet mullet (both (both sexes) sexes) Sirajo River goby goby females (female) River Sirajo goby goby females (female) Jan Mar May Jul Sept Nov Month Late spring early fall spawning

21 Regional Median Fish Contaminant Concentrations (ppb wet weight) Mercury PCBs PR Streams US Streams US Lakes: Bottomfeeders US Lakes: Predators 0 PR Streams US Lakes: Bottomfeeders US Lakes: Predators Chlordane DDT PR Streams Hawaiian Streams US Streams US Lakes: Bottom-feeders US Lakes: Predators PR Streams Hawaiian Streams US Streams US Lakes: Bottom-feeders US Lakes: Predators

22 Artisanal Cetí Fishery (Goby post-larvae)

23 Early Life History Dynamics Abundance Phenology Age and growth Habitat Exploitation Otolith

24 Research to Inform Management Research Management 1. Developed fish sampling protocol Accurately assess fish populations 2. Surveyed 118 stream sites Defined the fishery resource 3. Models to explain fish abundance Management at appropriate scale 4. Surveyed 335 dams Prioritize removal or passage 5. Amphidromy sampling and tagging Manage proper life stages and timing Develop fishing regulations 6. Quantified contaminants Advise anglers on consumption 7. Early life history studies Recruitment dynamics and scale

25 Primary Drivers Amphidromous Life Cycle River flow Pollution Freshwater Estuary Marine Dams Land use Drifting larva Pollution Exploitation Egg Pelagic larva Exotic species Adult Post-larva Climate change Dams Freshwater Estuary Marine River flow Pollution Exploitation

26 Primary Drivers Multiplicative Impacts (among life stages and habitats) Amphidromous Life Cycle River flow Pollution Freshwater Estuary Marine Dams Land use Drifting larva Pollution Exploitation Egg Pelagic larva Exotic species Adult Post-larva Climate change Dams Freshwater Estuary Marine River flow Pollution Exploitation

27 Read more about it! FisheriesFish News VOL 34 NO 11 NOVEMBER 2009 Legislative Update Journal Highlights Calendar Job Center in Puert o Rico Fisheries 521

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ABSTRACT. Amphidromous fishes are ubiquitous on oceanic tropical islands where they typically

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