Initial recovery of flora and fauna at restored mosquito impoundments in Indian River Lagoon, FL

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1 Initial recovery of flora and fauna at restored mosquito impoundments in Indian River Lagoon, FL Melinda Donnelly PhD Candidate, University of Central Florida Ron Brockmeyer, Linda Walters, William Greening, and Jonas Stewart Restore America s Estuaries Conference, November 15, 2010

2 Outline Study Site: Indian River Lagoon, FL History and Restoration of Mosquito Impoundments Monitoring Methods Results Initial Recovery of Flora and Fauna Setting Restoration Targets

3 Study Site: Indian River Lagoon Temperate- Subtropical Boundary Highly diverse estuary New Smyrna Beach From Dybas, 2002

4 What are mosquito impoundments? Purpose: Flood interior marsh to prevent mosquito breeding Estuary Dike Borrow Ditch Interior Marsh

5 Negative Effects of Mosquito Impoundments Altered community composition 21 native and nonnative terrestrial plant species Decrease in mangroves Average Mangrove Density: 0.4 trees/m 2 Decreased habitat Dike unavailable to marine fishes and invertebrates No fiddler crabs on peak of dike Brazilian pepper (non-native) Sable Palm Southern Cedar

6 How are mosquito impoundments restored? Restored Marsh Interior Marsh Remnant Borrow Ditch

7 Natural Regeneration Natural recruitment of plant species Benefits Low cost Natural community structure Does it work?

8 Restored Mosquito Impoundment Monitoring Volusia County Start: Fall impoundments 2 reference marshes 5 sites/impoundment Brevard County Start: impoundments 1 site/impoundment Pre/Post-Restoration monitoring for 2 years

9 Monitoring Methods Vegetation Fiddler Crabs Birds Interior Marsh Fish Remnant Borrow Ditch 100 m 2 quadrat Elevation Restored Marsh 0.25 m 2 quadrats Shoreline

10 Volusia County: Restoration of Natural Elevations Maximum Change in Elevation of Reference Marshes: less than 29 cm N = 15 During high water season, tidal inundation occurred across restored surface

11 Volusia County: Early Colonizers Black Mangrove, Avicennia germinans Sea purslane, Sesuvium portulacastrum Perennial Glasswort, Salicornia perennis Saltwort, Batis maritime

12 Volusia County: Plant Cover at Restored Mosquito Impoundments 2-yr old Black Mangrove Black Mangrove Seedlings Percent cover in reference marshes: greater than 95%

13 Volusia County: Brazilian Pepper - Brazilian pepper: nonnative from South America - Before restoration: - Relative abundance= 20% of vegetation - After restoration: - 13 trees over 15 acres of restored dike - Elevation: less than 15 cm prevented post-restoration recruitment

14 Volusia County: Fiddler Crabs Uca pugilator Uca pugnax Mean Density of Fiddler Crabs in Reference Marshes: ~20 crabs/m 2

15 Volusia County: Birds, Fishes, and Marine Invertebrates Birds: 19 total species Fishes and Invertebrates: 13 total species

16 Volusia County: Conclusions Elevation: key to restoring hydrology Intact mangrove and halophytic vegetation at shoreline promoted vegetation recovery Plant and fiddler crab recovery occurred within one month of substrate leveling

17 Brevard County Impoundment Restoration Volusia County Objective 1: Elevation Objective 2: Native plants Objective 3: Fiddler crabs Brevard County

18 Brevard County: Elevation Target: less than 15 cm maximum height Mean Maximum Height Pre-Restoration Post-Restoration 64.1 ± 6.5 cm 13.3 ± 1.0 Paired t-test: significant difference in pre- and post-restoration maximum height (t = 8.2, p<0.001)

19 Brevard County: Native Wetland Plants Targets: Native plants- 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months Non-native plants- less than 10%

20 Brevard County: Density of Fiddler Crabs Targets: 3 crabs/m 2

21 Brevard County: Preliminary Conclusions Restoration of natural elevation crucial to restoration of habitat Natural hydrology Decrease in Brazilian pepper Natural recruitment of mangroves and halophytes Targets exceed for 6 months and 1 year Fiddler crabs present one month after restoration

22 Thanks to.. Funding: NOAA Recovery Act, Volusia County Mosquito Control, St. Johns River Water Management District, University of Central Florida, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council Canaveral National Seashore, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, NASA, Mosquito Lagoon Aquatic Preserve Family, friends, and UCF undergraduate and graduate students for lab and field help

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