M THE ONLY PEOPLE N THE WORLD WHO MANUFACTURE A FULL RANGE OF DVNG EQUPMENT N THER OWN FACTORY o. OWEN J. CARTER (SUPPLES) LTD..Ve-r Alb Cl* ESTA BL S

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1 H.M.S. VERNON No. 2 Vol. 5 DVNG APPARATUS OF ALL TYPES Orgnal Desgners and Manufacturers of " Self- Contaned " Apparatus on whch all types are based. 'ESSJEE' AQUALU NGS Marcon Sebe, Gorman Underwater Televson Equpment Cuttng and Weldng Equpment Dver's Loudspeakng Telephones Underwater Lamps, etc. Davs Submarne Escape Apparatus Davs Submersble Decompresson Chambers Davs Submarne Escape Chambers ncludng one-man type CONTRACTORS TO THE ADMRALTY FOR OVER A CENTURY EVERYTHNG FOR SAFETY EVERYWHERE -7 DAVS RD. CHESSNGTON SURREY...4, L 'W. 80.THSEA.

2 M THE ONLY PEOPLE N THE WORLD WHO MANUFACTURE A FULL RANGE OF DVNG EQUPMENT N THER OWN FACTORY o. OWEN J. CARTER (SUPPLES) LTD..Ve-r Alb Cl* ESTA BL SHED 804 AMMMM Standard and Harbour- Type Dvng Equpment Dvng Dresses Dvng -loses Delta Dry Underwater Swmmng Suts Wet Suts The Hans Hass range of Fns and Masks lenke Lungs llenke Demand-valve Regulators -hgh-pressure Ar Chargng Unts for Aqua-lung CylnchTs Pump Gear of all types Motor Compressors Hand Pumps Dver Phone Sets Knves, Compasses, Gloves, Weght-belts, etc. C. E. HENKE & CO. LTD. 87 Grange Rd., Bermondsey, S.E. Tel. Bermondsey MM= \ SHPPERS OF FNE WNES AND SUPPLERS TO THE!! ROYAL NAVY t OF WNES, SPRTS, TOBACCO & CGARETTES Our am : 'Servce to the Servce' Head Offce: 3/3A HALF MOON STREET, THE HARD PORTSMOUTH Telephone /2 Branches at:. DEVONPORT 25 WLLAM STREET CHATHAM 37/4 HGH STREET MALTA 27/28 PNTO WHARF, VALLETTA GLASGOW 220/220A BROOMELAW "A

3 CONTENTS EDTOR'S NOTES TREASURER'S NOTES SUMMER TERM OBSERVATONS 'THE HOPE OF THNGS TO COME' 'Yo-Yo' (H.M.S. ADAMANT) 7 'GNGER'S' MED. NTERLUDE 8!.\( R.N. Dvng Magazne EDTORAL STAFF Petty Offcer R. W. COLLAR, Edtor. Leutenant P. A. HAWKE, R.A.N., Treasurer. nstructor Leutenant F. J. D. KELLY, B.Sc., R.N., Secretary. Leutenant (S.D.) W. Y. MCLANACHAN} Chef Petty Offcer R. FOORD, R.A.N Employment Bureau. Vol. 5 July, 957 No. 2 50TH CLEARANCE DVNG TEAM, MAY, 957 REVEW OF DVER'S DSEASES THE FAR EAST STATON CLEARANCE DVNG TEAMS 2 DEEP DVNG 23 CHATTY CHATS 28 DVERS' X-WORD No WHY USE A SNORKEL? 3 NOTES FROM H.M.S. 'SAFEGUARD' 32 NTERLUDE N NORWAY 35 BOOK REVEW THE EMANCPATON OF NELLE DVER'S EMPLOYMENT BUREAU 39 2 rt Dear Readers, EDTOR'S NOTES regret the delay n gettng ths edton crculated, but the magazne was left wthout an Edtor as PO Collar has departed for a short spell n Chrstmas sland. However, volunteered to become temporary Edtor for ths edton only, as my future commtments wll not allow the tme requred. To my horror, dscovered that even at ths late date, June 4th, only a very small amount of materal had arrved. The magazne was launched for the sngle purpose of lnkng up all three Royal Naval dvng schools along wth ther dvng teams and unts both at home and abroad, and more recently t has embraced Sub-Aqua Clubs and many other 'Dvng Happy' cvlan readers. To all readers, especally regular subscrbers of nterestng stores, dvng scence and progress and news letters, the great success of our magazne owes ts very beng. They are the only source of materal, so please! please!! don't fall over now. mplore regular wrters to keep up the good work and also readers who have done somethng of nterest to send n ther contrbutons now! Make t early and a good magazne wll contnue to be produced on tme. Leutenant Gllum s leavng very soon for servce n Persa, though we wll be hearng from hm from tme to tme. The Crossword he has so kndly contrbuted each edton wll now be lost. Would some other crossword fend consder the gap? Cheero! EDTOR (Temp.) 3

4 Dear Readers, TREASURER'S NOTES The fnancal stuaton s stll sound due to a steady ncrease n sales. The last volume was ncreased from 900 copes to,000 copes of whch we stll have a few left to sell. Any offers? f you have read the Edtor's Notes you wll see that ths ssue was touch and go. t s not as large as last tme and s late n beng publshed, due to the fact that artcles are not beng sent n by you. We ask you to rally round and not let us down wth the next one due to be publshed n September, any artcle small or large, cartoon or photograph, wll be gladly welcomed. t s good to know that our Sub-Aqua Club frends have started to supply artcles for the magazne, and we hope they keep up the good work. TREASURER. SUMMER TERM OBSERVATONS Now that the warm weather has set n have come out of hdng, to rear my ugly head around and see what has happened n the cold, cold world. Frst we sad cheero to Lt. Barrngton and hs three musketeers, namely, CPO Locke, PO Collar and PO Kerr who have flown to the sunny Pacfc to recover moorngs at Chrstmas sland. The latest bulletn s a coloured card from Honolulu statng the mllonares wsh to be forgotten by old drafty and left to rot amdst the palm trees and wavng grass skrts. Any old bath chars or crutches we could borrow to ssue on temporary loan to the heroes on return n about eght weeks tme? Congratulatons to the offcers and ratngs who ganed honours through workng on the German `G' mne n the West nda Docks, London on 25th January last. They are Lt.-Cdr. Lesle G. Gutterdge, R.N. (Retd.) the 0.B.E., Lt.-Cdr. Mark Terrell, R.N. (Snce Retd.), Lt. (S.D.) Charles W. Heatley, R.N. the M.B.E. and PO Peter J. C. Cobby, L/Sea Peter H. Alderton and AB Erc S. Harrs the B.E.M. Whlst on the subject of congratulatons we wsh the new CDO'S all the best n ther frst appontments as CDO's. They are Lt. Cuthbert, R.N., jonng the Australan Navy for a spell, Sub.-Lt. (S.D.) Wrght, R.N., who s takng over the Clearance Dvng Team attached to HMUDE Portland and last but not least Sub.-Lt. Allen, R.N.V.R. who s completng hs R.N.V.R. tranng. We are losng a lot of old faces n the dvng world, PO Ben Claxton has left the Navy and has set up busness outsde, tranng cvlan (lvers, dong any type of under-water work and organsng trps lmn ertan Butlns Holday camps for people nterested n spendng half-a ( ar der water sght-seeng, all equpment suppled. Probably he \ local. us nformed of hs success and of any vacances for the tea-boy n. Lt.-Cdr. Mark Terrll has retred and has also set up n bn,, he outsde dvng world. f you should see a famlar face outsde Vernon's gates sellng boot laces and drty post cards t wll most lkely be our old frend Curre hyphen Daves who has just retred. t s rumoured he has a job as general manager of a banana plantaton n the Mdlands startng at a mere pttance g0,000 a week. Anyway best of luck to them all n ther new adventure n the large cold bleak world outsde the R.N. Lt. Mke Gllum s off to Persa to tran a few Persans n dvng. t s rumoured the base s a ffteen day camel rde from any cvlsaton. He s eager to purchase a DUNLOPLLO camel saddle, anyone knowng of one gong cheaply please contact hm. Watch ths page closely for further news of cheap lnes n drty postcards, hashsh, camels, etc., whch can be purchased drect from Shek Al Gllum. P.S. Address wll be suppled on request, prce 0/-. P.P.S. Regret Harems cannot be suppled: STOP PRESS The Queen's Brthday Honours Lst has brought the branches to the fore agan. Frst Lt. Harry Parker (C.D.), R.N. has been Mentoned n Despatches for the part he played as CO of the CDT (A), durng the team's great work n the Suez epsode, the team's photo appeared n the last edton, page 9, and Lt. Parker s the only one n the photo standng to attenton. Secondly the steamers have made the grade and appear n the Honours Lst. We refer to Lt. (S.D.) George Wookey, R.N. who receved the M.B.E. and CPO Robert Lnscott the B.E.M. for ther part n the two world records, dvng sut to 600 ft and observaton chamber to,000 ft. Well done the steamers, slow but steady plodders. The pen s runnng dry and so s news from ths quarter so must say cheero for ths edton. A. N. OTHER 'THE HOPE OF THNGS TO COME' `Oxygen Pete' has had us all beat and many frends from us he has parted. The physologcal lab. have been drven qute mad by the antcs and capers he started. Ths Jeckyll and Hyde preyed upon Alverstoke's mnd, for ther efforts he had so long ressted. `Tll,at last n despar surgeon Mles and hs par decded hs lfe be for-fet-ed. So wth needles and plls they've now cured 0 2 lls and 'Old Pete' from ths earth has departed., \ a ' Now we know our anoxa symptoms we'll go on to Oz posonng!

5 Queen Street 6 Trafalgar nsttute Ednburgh Road 'YO-YO' (H.M.S. ADAMANT) The Dvng Magazne keeps askng for materal from 'Steamers' afar whkh we presume ncludes Outcasts n the sle of Bute so, wth four Dvers breathng heavy beer fumes down my neck, the tme has come to recount what has happened n ro Yo' durng the past month or so. PO Rolly Rackett made the boat lghter (lterally speakng,that s or should we say fguratvely... we don't know), when he left u s n md-. March. He was releved by PO Nck Querpel whlst we weren the process of changng boats from 84 back to the old 'Yo Yo,' MFV 077. After the change there were varous odd jobs to do, the most nterestng of whch was probably the mne that had to be rendered safe. Corkheads mght note that 'Steamers' can deal wth mnes too. Mnd you, we rendered t safe wth a rfle but that's nether here not there. And then t happened! We were steamng from Rothesay to the Gareloch when everybody got a dose of what dvers dread the most.e., the shakes. However, 'Stokes' stopped the engne and everyone ceased to shake. t turned out that a blade of the screw had' dropped off. Yes, Chef, t just fell off Ths caused a bt of a panc as t seemed almost mpossble to get the 'Yo Yo' leanng over on to her sde aganst a jetty before a fast ebbng tde left us n the mud of Caswell Bay. t all worked out n the end and two or three hundred Dockyard Mateys were soon at work replacng the screw. 7 Able Seaman Moore joned and releved 'Pete' Holder who now rejoces n the name of Mster (best of luck to hm). Snce then there has been a farly regular pattern of work to do, varyng from the perpetual farng off of submarne propellors to the recovery of the launch whch tred to mtate a submarne. Monday, 27th May, dragged peacefully to a close. t was a quarterto-four, and the natves were all lned up ready for the gun. n 'Yo Yo' t was really peaceful. They were pantng shp, but you would never have guessed t. Twce 'Pony' Moore fell off hs brush, 'Steamer', our pup, was takng fve wth 'Blacke,' the Dver, as hs attendant and 'Frank' was nboard supposedly shoppng. t was hot for ths part of the world and that alone should have warned us as ten mnutes later, n the words of a famous Naval worthy, the game was on. The orderly panc started wth a telephone call from an Apothecary n Dunoon. A Norwegan dver had the 'Bends', and boy what `bends' they turned out to be. Wth Sub.-Leutenant Smmons, our Dvng Offcer, and the Doctor aboard the 'Yo Yo' we dd a full power tral towards our patent who was pcked up half-an-hour later lookng a delcate shade of blue and practcally unconscous. t was decded that unless he was put nto the pressure cooker at once he would have absolutely nothng to worry about n the future. He was put under pressure wth `Nck' Querpel, 'Pony' Moore and Surgeon Leutenant Russell, hereafter known as 'Narks.' The Dvng Offcer put hm down on Table 3 and by the tme 65 ft had been reached, had Sartoral Saga A SUT S BORN! Sklled desgnng and expert cuttng to the style of your choce ensures perfecton n the fnshed garments. Good stylng combned wth materals of taste produce results whch wll gve you nfnte pleasure. Good Clothes are made by A. FLEMNG & CO. (OUTFTTERS) LTD. Naval and Cvlan Talors and Outftters CONTRACTORS TO THE ADMRALTY Royal Salors' Home Local Branches: EDNBURGH ROAD PORTSMOUTH Head Offces: HAY STREET & PORTLAND STREET, PORTSMOUTH Phone: Portsmouth (2 lnes) Grams: 'Nayserge' Portsmouth Branches at Devonport, Chatham, Weymouth, Dunfermlne, Malta Members of the nterport Naval Traders' Assocaton

6 fnshed hs fnger nals and half way to the elbow, for t was hs frst 'bends' case and probably the frst tme that an SDO has ever carred out 'bends' treatment. All went well untl the 30 ft stop was reached sonc tme later, when the patent had a relapse whch nearly fnshed the job for us. The prsoners were re-pressursed and moved on to Table 4. The Norwegan certanly was a character to be admred for he was handcapped by not beng able to speak a word of Englsh and never gave any vsble ndcaton of the pan he was sufferng. Good luck to hm for apart from some stffness n the legs he seems to be back to normal now. Many weary hours later, amd newspaper men and photographers, the Norwegan emerged from our sngle chamber pot wth three dsreputable characters who desperately needed a tot and a fag. 'Narks' funnly enough, enjoyed hs forty-and-a-half hours and s now the local Scottsh hero. Jokng apart t was a good show and the Dvng Offcer now thnks that hs angelc shower of dvers are wonderful nstead of just a bunch of alcoholcs. Best of luck to the magazne. Maybe you wll hear from us agan. f you want to fnd us rng, or better stll arrve at the Lorne Hotel, the dvers' retreat, where even the Dvng Offcer goes when he can remove hs Ball and Chan. P.S. What's happened to Madstone's dver gone 'T' or somethng? DPCHCK. By ths tme the Great War Bar and Cardff Bar looked very much lke combned dvng schools, but t wasn't all play. There was a geat hustle and bustle at the Boom Defence Depot, Deck tables, Pumps and many other useful artcles used n salvage were beng dusted down and put aboard the shps. Salvage offcers wth Rosyth and Dover tans were swottng up n the 'Cardff Bar' and 'Dockyard Club'. t wasn't long however before everythng was ready. Two salvage shps were sent to Trpol on a job and to get the shps nto shape. One of them found that wth a stern sea she could do a good 7 to 8 knots. 'GNGER'S' MED. NTERLUDE Ths artcle s a lttle late n reachng the magazne, but n spte of that, t s hoped some readers may apprecate t. On August 2st whle most chaps n the Navy were enjoyng ther leave, a number of dvers receved those dreaded telegrams tellng them to report back to Vernon. After the ntal shock, found myself and Able Seaman Jasper' Peters (Dver 2) were to be flown out to Malta to commsson HMS Kngarth from the Reserve Fleet. Soon after our arrval we receved a vst from PO 'Ted' Butler and some of the Med. Fleet Clearance Dvng Team. 'Ted' was the advanced member of the many dvers from the U.K. who were to grace the shores of Malta. n spte of the hard work necessary to prepare a salavage vessel we found tme to go to a socal organsed by the Med. Fleet n the Gzra Football Club and a good tme was had by all. After a short whle we were joned by CPO John Peach, PO Nutty Hallam, AB Pat Hammll and AB Nobby Clarke, all of whom had been detaled as Naval Party 234. Nutty was heard to mutter that he had a green rub and t wasn't hs turn for a draft cht 8 On return to Malta the dvers n Naval Party 234 were detaled to return to the U.K. John Peach by ar and the remander were to sal n an L.S.T. Whle John Peach managed to snake n a crafty weekend the remander were dsembarked the same day, a btter blow to say the least. Ted Butler and hs team mates even got as far as Gb. on varous.m.s's before beng turned back. On Wednesday, October 3st, when even brds are asleep we slpped out of Grand Harbour and joned up wth a large convoy. Soon after we were told that we would be takng part n salvage operatons at Port Sad. We arrved at Port Sad on the 6th November and dropped anchor outsde to awat orders to proceed up harbour. We ddn't have long to wat and as soon as we got n, we were put on a salvage job. There was dvng gear everywhere plus the Bosun rggng hs Deck Tackles. 9

7 Our frst task was to lft a floatng crane wth a 5 ton lft (dsplacement 365 tons) whch was stoppng our lght craft from gettng further up the harbour. After about two days we managed to get t uprght so that shps could pass. By ths tme Nutty Hallam had got hmself two other dvers and was clngng to L.C. 0 and lke grm death. John Peach wth Pat Hammll and Nobby Clarke were attached to HMS Salvestor, later on they were joned by PO Spke Wheeler from HMS Bulwark. Ther wreck was a bucket dredger, and the mmedate task was to far off some sxteen holes caused by explosve charges and remove the buckets pror to parbucklng. We were all lucky n the respect that the Canal Company had good dvng boats (whch had been left undamaged) from whch we were able to work. would lke to say at ths pont that t now looked as though half the dvers of the Navy were present, the only thng that ddn't have a dvng sut on was the flm camera that some of our frends nssted on havng.wth them wherever they went. Soon everyone was busy at ther varous jobs and t wasn't long before there was a processon of wrecks gong to the graveyard. By the tme our forces were ready to leave Port Sad and the salvage fleet had become part of UNO, no less than nne wrecks had been moved. On the mornng after the evacuaton, we were gven a fne dsplay on how to get Unon Jacks from the hands of Delesseps Statue and a slppery flag pole. After much encouragement from a large mob and lots of fst shakng n our drecton they acheved ther object. At frst the Unted Kngdom Salvage Unt were all n one corner of the harbour under the protecton of the Unted Natons Guards and they dd qute_ a good job. One MFV whch decded to have a trp round the harbour wthout lghts on had a short burst from a very effcent guard. He ddn't apprecate t was Chrstmas. On the 29th December, the Kngarth and the French salvage vessel LST 525 moved to the tug Hurcule,200 tons and work actually started on the st January. t wasn't long before the language problem was overcome. The dvers found out that Admralty Salvage Pontoons are very easy to operate compared wth the French Pontoons, n fact movng 7" and 9" stops underwater s now chld's play. After lots of hard work and set-backs the wreck was lfted out of the man channel wth the ad of sx pontoons. (Lftng capacty 50 tons each.) Kngarth on the bows and Kngbrace on the stern each wth a lftng power of 200 tons on ther deck tackles. After gettng t clear of the man channel t was decded to rase and pump her. The only snag at ths tme was the fact that the Egyptans gave us a tme lmt and as t wll be apprecated ths s dsastrous n salvage work. Anyhow we pressed on and Sunday the 9th January saw the bows of the Hurcule above water, but fate took a hand and the 9" wres whch were over the bows of Kngarth and through the hawse ppe of the wreck parted, gvng two of the dvers a 0-20 fathoms wthout a sut on. After a tot they were soon back to normal. Ths mshap plus the tme lmt ended any further attempts to get her rased.

8 Much experence was ganed by all hands, and at least one dver now knows how to carry out the dutes of coxswan and canteen assstant as well as those of Dver. On the 2st January, the Kngarth saled from Port Sad after a total of 85 days wthout shore leave. To the younger members of the shp's company ths was rather grm. However, wth our extra pay (/3d a day) jnglng n our pockets we wended our way to Malta. Malta Funny A L/Seaman sent for some matches to lght underwater cuttng torch, was heard to ask the st Leutenant for a box of underwater matches. would lke to take ths opportunty of congratulatng the Unted Kngdom Salvage Unts Senor Salvage Offcer, Capt. W. Fell, R.N. (Rtd.), on hs award of the G.M.G. announced n the Queen's Brthday Honours Lst. Below s a bref tme-table of work carred out by the Unted Kngdom and French Salvage Unts. Date Date Wreck Dsplacement Started Lfted Floatng Crane and Pontoon 2,80 Tons (Two separate lfts) Floatng Crane Tons (Lfted by Kngarth, Barhll and LC's 0 and... Paul Solente, Sucton Dredger... 4,000 Tons (Sea Salver and Salveda and LC's 0 and ) Trton, Sand Hopper.,500 Tons Floatng Dock.... 5,000 Tons Sand Hopper No. 45,000 Tons Sand Hopper No. 44,000 Tons Hurcule, Suez Canal Tug...,200 Tons Hard, Plot Boat Tons Gar, Tug. 235 Tons Barq, Tug (Kngarth, Succour) 350 Tons Bassel, Tug. 450 Tons Approxmate Total Dsplacement Lfted... 6,870 Tons Approxmate Total Salvage Shps A.Q.B. (Photograph s of Hurcule Suez Canal Tug durng fnal state of salvage.) `SKN DVER,' Amerca's leadng monthly magazne devoted to the underwater world. One year's post-pad subscrpton 28/6; tral copy 3/6. Avalable from Brtsh Representatve, PETER J. HOBSON, 79 SOUTHBROOK ROAD, EXETER, DEVON 2 Soth CLEARANCE DVNG TEAM, MAY, 957 Dearly beloved readers, we now propose to reveal another nstalment of the adventures and msadventures of the 50th. Our bg adventure was a trp to Bremen n HMS Burley. The Captan of that vessel was a lttle perturbed to be sharng the dvng store wth our team and equpment, but on the whole we had a pleasant trp, and most enjoyable tme n Germany. As they don't beleve n 'tme' there, and the bars stay open untl the last customer leaves, some of the team found t very dffcult to get up n the mornng! The msadventure was and stll s that we are wthout a shp, but we are now due n Gosport to collect Brearley on 7th June, so watch out for us all you Pomponans. The reason for delay s ted up n some mysterous way wth Rosyth Dockyard unable to complete refts on tme. However, most of the team are lvng ashore n Bucke and dvng n Burghead Bay as requred by the tral. Wth us are PO Cobby, L/Sea Alderton and AB Rowe of the UCWE Team. There are two members of the team who are not so happy, as they are workng n the Care and Mantenance party at Port Edgar, beng used as fve toed Dab-dabs as opposed to web-footed Dp Chcks. Readers may have heard of PO Lardner's mshap here at Bucke but we are happy to tell you he s well on the way to beng hs normal self, and s makng mproper suggestons to all the nurses! Ths seems a very short letter but very lttle seems to happen n Scotland, and you wll see our smlng faces soon we hope (smlng to be South agan) and we are lookng forward to a good tme, good dvng and to meetng all our old aquantances. STOP PRESS : Have just had a deputaton from the RA's who say that they won't have smlng faces at comng South well, that's all, so cheero once agan from all the 'Macs.' D.G.E., R. H. REVEW OF DVERS' DSEASES (Part 5) PREVENTON, SYMPTOMS, RECOGNTON, TREATMENT By V. R. FOSTER Ths wll be a bref revew of the dseases prmarly encountered n dvng, wth partcular emphass on recognton and preventon, also the correct Frst Ad treatment to be admnstered. t s submtted wth the sncere hope that both Dp-Chcks and Non-Servce 'Free' dvers wll fnd t helpful n furtherng ther dvng studes of Casson Dsease, Ar Embolsm, and Spontaneous Pneumothorax. CASSON DSEASE Cause. Casson Dsease occurs as the result of makng too rapd an ascent to the surface after suffcent exposure to ncreased partal pressures of ntrogen at greater depths than 33 ft. 3

9 ! SHRTS FOR ALL OCCASONS! l!! We wll be pleased to show you our extensve range! of COLLAR ATTACHED SHRTS. n Popln at 27/6 and Nylon at 57/6 together wth the latest desgns n FANCY TERYLENE TES 4 D 0 a er & J.laker&Coltd QUEEN STREET, PORTSMOUTH and Branches 2 Tavstock Road, Stoke 22 Ralway Street 4 S Castletown DEVONPORT CHATHAM PORTLAND L The dsease rarely occurs at depths less than 45 ft but may occur f the tme on the bottom at 40 ft s very great and the dver has been workng very hard. Factors nfluencng the occurence of Casson Dsease or 'Bends' are: (a) Depth of dve. (b) Tme at the bottom. (c) Rate of ascent to surface. (d) Physcal condton of the dver. The Physology of bubble formaton s brefly outlned. Ntrogen comprses about 80% of the mxture of ar we breathe. Breathng compressed ar ncreases the partal pressure of ntrogen delvered to the alveol (ar sacs) of the lungs wth the result that ncreasng amounts of ntrogen are dssolved n the blood and tssues wth each cycle of blood passng through the lungs. Hence the greater the alveolar partal pressure of ntrogen and the longer the tme on the bottom, the more ntrogen wll be dssolved n the body tssues. When the pressure s suddenly released, the dssolved ntrogen n the tssues and blood wll be lberated, and n a smlar stuaton to uncorkng a bottle of gnger-ale, bubbles wll be released. The bubbles n the body are formed more slowly, because blood has a vscosty approxmately twce that of water, and may take some tme to ncrease n sze suffcently to cause symptons. The physcal condton of the dver, n addton to overweght, may contrbute to the occurence of 'bends'. A dver who has been dsspatng, s tred, or who has been ll or ndulgng n alcoholc beverages wll be more susceptble to the `bends'. An older person s also more lkely to suffer symptoms than a young person. Workng extremely hard or n very cold water could also be contrbutng factors. Fnally, an nadequate supply of ar wll gve rse to the danger of a buld-up of carbondoxde whch greatly ncreases the susceptblty to the 'bends.' Symptoms of the `bends' may occur before the dver s out, of the water. Generally they occur wthn the frst hour followng nadequate decompresson. Cases have been known to be delayed for 5 hours or longer. To the best of my knowledge there s no record of a case occurng after more than 40 hours and t s safe to assume that 'bends' wll not occur after 24 hours from the tme of surfacng. Bubbles produced n the blood act as embol and block the crculaton producng anema (asphyxa) n the partcular part suppled by the blood vessel n whch they happen to be stuated. Symptoms are thus the result of a mechancal blockng of the blood vessels. They occur most frequently as: dull achng type of pan and frequently found n jonts or deeply n muscles and bones. Asphyxa Symptoms: Chokng sensatons, dzzness and paralyss of lower extremtes (embol along spnal cord). Mnor Symptoms: 'Skn-rash' and tchng occur wth regularty f skn s chlled durng ascent. 5

10 Under certan condtons death bas occurreddn an ascent from a depth of only 5 ft. On the other 'hand safe ascents have been made by EX- PERENCED dvers from depths n excess of 50 ft after abandonng breathng apparatus. Recent developments n 'Free-Ascent' technques are solvng many problems of Ar Embolsm. SYMPTOMS OF AR EMBOLSM Symptoms of Ar-Embolsm generally occur mmedately and may begn before a dver reaches the surface. The symptoms are serous asphyxal symptoms such as chokng spasm, dzzyness, paralyss of extremtes, loss of speech, unconscousness and death. Generally a characterstc bloody froth wll be present n the nose and mouth. TREATMENT Treatment must be gven mmedately f t s to be successful. Ths nvolves re-compresson to a pressure of 75 lbs per sq. n. (65 ft) and de-compresson n accordance wth an approved treatment table. Generally treatment s not possble n sport dvng areas. t s therefore most mportant that all non-servce sports dvers ascertan the locaton of the nearest Re-compresson Chamber so that a dver can be rushed to the Chamber for treatment. PREVENTON As wth all dvers' dseases and accdents, preventon s the most mportant aspect. To prevent ar-embolsm the dver must breath normally as long as hs breathng apparatus functons. f t becomes necessary to dscard the breathng equpment, the dver must exhale slowly as he rses to the surface. Escapes from breathng apparatus should be practsed n a safe depth (0 ft or under), under carefully controlled condtons by removng the breathng equpment and exhalng whle swmmng to the surface. f ths s practsed untl t becomes second nature to exhale when ascendng lttle chance of ar-embolsm exsts when an actual emergency arses. The rate of exhalaton should vary dependng on depth. A slow small stream of bubbles (wth lps pursed as though whstlng) wll be adequate n water more than 40 ft to 50 ft deep. n shallower water, partcularly n the last 30 ft, a rather rapd exhalaton s requred to compensate for the more rapdly expandng ar n the dver's lungs. Note. From 33 ft depth to the surface, the ar n the dver's lungs wll double n volume, and theren s one of the most dangerous perods of Free-Ascent. Ar Embolsm cannot occur when Skn-dvng wthout breathng equpment. The ar s taken nto the lungs on the surface and s compressed by the water pressure as the dver descends. However, the ar cannot expand beyond ts orgnal volume when the dver agan surfaces. SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX Ths s often confused wth Ar-Embolsm. Spontaneous Pneumothorax, ths dsease, or accdent, refers to the forceful entry of ar nto the 7 TREATMENT Ths nvolves three prmary prncples: Reducton n sze of bubbles, to approach soluble state, by applcaton of pressure and re-absorpton of the gas (ntrogen) from the bubble by the passng blood stream. Expulson as a whole from the lung capllares (breathng pure oxygen such as Novus/Salvus apparatus n the Re-compresson Chamber rapdly ncreases ntrogen elmnaton). Oxygen pressure lmt s 3 atmospheres absolute. mmedate transfer to the Re-compresson Chamber wth a strct adherance to smulated 'Stops,' the last few pounds/sq. n. must never be reduced quckly, n fact, these last few are the most mportant, Many dvers have n the past spent unnecessary hours n the Re-compresson chamber all because the last few pounds of postve pressure were reduced too quckly. f a Re-compresson chamber s not mmedately avalable, send the dver down agan preferably accompaned by a second dver to control hs ar, and f usng self-contaned equpment to make sure he doesn't lose hs mouth-pece. n the majorty of cases of the 'bends', sendng the dver down to approxmately half the depth at whch he has been workng wll be suffcent to reduce the symptoms and de-compresson can be commenced n accordance wth the approprate treatment table, agan rememberng that the last 'Stop' near the surface s not to be hurred. PREVENTON Your De-compresson Tables whch gve you a defnte depth wth a defnte tme spent on the bottom have a reasonable safety factor and f used correctly wll prevent the formaton of bubbles (`bends'). AR EMBOLSM Ar embolsm occurs when an excess of ar pressure wthn the lungs over-expands the lungs and ruptures the ar-sacs and blood vessels; ar s further forced nto the ruptured tssues and blood vessels causng bubbles of ar to enter the pulmonary capllary bed. The ar bubbles are then carred to the left chamber of the heart and nto the arteral blood producng varous symptoms. Ths occurs most frequently wth dvers wearng self-contaned apparatus or on Free-Ascent exercses who, from necessty or ntentonally, dscard ther equpment and swm to the surface whle holdng ther breath. t can occur n full dvng equpment. Under these condtons the expandng ar n the lungs cannot escape by way of the wndppe, nose or mouth. When expermentally, one holds one's breath durng such an ascent, a sensaton of dscomfort s felt behnd the breast-bone (Sternum) and a feelng of actual stretchng of the lungs wll force one to exhale at perodc ntervals. However, under condtons resultng n equpment falng and havng to be dscarded, a state of frght usually exsts. Ths condton of frght causes a spasm of the throat muscles sealng the man lung passageway and ths brngs about over-expanson of the lungs. 6

11 TREATMENT Treatment s essentally the same as for ar-embolsm. n addton, the servces of a doctor must be obtaned to reduce the ar pocket n the chest. Surgcal procedures wll necessarly be nvolved whereby a needle s nserted nto the chest and the trapped ar wthdrawn. Pressure wthn wll equalse wth the outsde pressure and any resdual ar wll absorb spontaneously. See Fgs and 2. Over Expanson of Gas n Dver's Stomach: OccasOnally whle dvng, gas formaton may take place n the dver's ntestnes or ar may be swallowed and trapped n the stomach. On ascent the trapped ar expands causng serous dscomfort whch may last for several hours. Ths s one of the major reasons for not eatng or drnkng carbonated beverages just pror to dvng. Spcy or other gas producng foods should be avoded. n the next part of ths artcle hope to deal wth 'Face or body squeeze,' Ntrogen Narcoss,' Oxygen posonng,' Carbon Doxde posonng' and 'Carbon Monoxde posonng.' To A. H. R., HMS Defance, Dvng School, send my very best wshes, and many thanks for hs knd remarks re my prevous artcles n ths magazne. VNCENT R. FOSTER. NEEDLE HAS EVACUATED AR FROM CHEST CAVTY LUNG RETURNS TO NORMAL FG. 2 NORMAL (ROUGH SKETCH) 9 chest cavty resultng from over expanson of ar n the lungs. t can occur wth or wthout the occurence of ar-embolsm, and s produced under smlar condtons, but dffers n that the ar pocket s formed wthn the chest cavty but outsde the lung surfaces. As the pocket of ar ncreases n sze wth a reducton of pressure, the co:lapsed lung and heart are pushed towards the sound sde of the chest. Symptoms: Extreme shortness of breath, dstenton of the neck vens, rregular pulse, blush dscolouraton of the skn, and other sgns of pulmonary or crculatory derangement wll occur. Preventon: nvolves the same precautons as noted for ar-embolsm. Note: As a matter of nterest, Artfcal Pneumothorax s used n modern surgery to assst the cure for Tuberculoss. Brefly: f one lung s dseased t s better kept collapsed and at rest, untl t has had a chance to heal, and collapse s brought about by puttng ar nto the chest (predetermned volume) around the outsde of the lung. At ts smplest, t nvolves pushng a needle nto the chest and puttng n ar from a syrnge known as 'Artfcal Pneumothorax'. Sf.E0tE N REA Dy T C.:VACUA r co Ast AMTY LUNG N COLLAPSED CONDTON DUE TO AR-PRESSURE ON OUTSDE OF LUNG FG. SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX (ROUGH SKETCH) 8

12 THE FAR EAST STATON CLEARANCE DVNG TEAMS `WHO PUT THE THUNDER FLASH UNDER THE ADMRAL?' Ths s the bg queston. You may gather from ths that we have recently carred out an operaton wth the Fleet. You would be rght. The result of the operaton we leave to your magnaton. Enough to say that there are places n the Far East where the name CD s treated wth suspcon. We apologse for the delay n our contrbutons to the magazne but unfortunately we have no lterary mnded characters n the team, and to get a letter out of the Sngapore secton s worse than gettng blood out of a stone. Leutenant Mappley and hs unt are kept constantly busy on dsposal and dvng jobs. Ther last effort thnk s certanly worthy of note. t was a buoyant mne fouled up n a wreck wth the moorng swtch made and corroded and jammed wth underwater growth. t s not often that a render safe job has to be done under water these days and thnk that great credt s due to the Sngapore CD Unt. Another ncdent that thnk s also worthy of note s the fact that Leadng Seaman Cobb read the lesson n church n the trooper comng out here. The result of a post mortem carred out on a 5ft Tger Shark 2 Photograph by F.C.D.T. Anaesthetc qualty Sofnol Soda-lme s used n over 30 countres for Anaesthetc apparatus, resprators, oxygen admnstraton, ar purfcaton n confned spaces etc., and s avalable n 3 grades Whte (nonndcatng), Green and Volet (self-ndcatng), n granule szes lug" to 40 B.S.S. Analytc qualty Sofnolte s a specal self-ndcatng soda-lme for gravmetrc s CO2 determnaton. rp. N L NON - HYDROSCOPC SODA - LME SOFNOL LTD., WESTCOMBE HLL, GREENWCH, LONDON, S.E.0 20 TAS/SL3 8

13 Shark Trals are stll contnung and we are lookng forward to a busy season. Our last vst to Pulao Tomn produced the bggest Tger Shark to date. The contents of ts stomach were of great nterest. n addton to 45 large meat and fsh bones, a sea snake, carrot and potato peelngs, there was a partally opened tn of corned beef. (Petty Offcer Hlls swears that he threw ths overboard two days before the shark was caught.) Just to prove that we are not 'shootng a lne,' a photograph of the tummy operaton s ncluded. nformaton obtaned from these trals s plng up, and we hope soon to produce somethng of value to the dver. There s at least one member of the CD's out here who wll tell you that a shark s more frghtened than a CD when they meet. Or could t be that the shark's reactons are faster? Under water photography s proceedng n leaps and bounds and the results are mprovng wth every flm. So much so that we have moved on from colour and black and whte stlls to 8mm and 6mm cne. Lfe n Hong Kong s much the same as always except that we have just had the coldest wnter on record. Ths n no way curtaled the dvers' actvtes but unfortunately t dd restrct the vews offered by the delghtful `chumsangs' favoured by the local beautes. We have just seen that Romulus Flms are gong to make a flm about 'Buster Crab'. There s no doubt that hs story contans much of nterest and t s hoped that the flm company employs somebody that really knew 'Buster Crab' to keep them on the rght tracks. J.W. EST. 8 8 Phone ! BAUN C., 72 QUEEN STREET, PORTSMOUTH P Talors and Outftters to the Royal Navy n Sx Regns. Cvlan Clothng, Sports Wear and Fancy Goods Departments Specalsts n Blazer Badges for all branches of the Armed Forces ORDERS BY POST WELCOME Lo.a.vr..so...so...v......f...a.O.Se,..s.V..r..O.WNS e..ss.s..s. mto....ra...vao.a..vo.f.ss4 22 DEEP DVNG WHAT DO WE MEAN BY DEEP DVNG? The Brtsh Navy recognses all dvng carred out n excess of 30 fathoms as beng Deep Dvng. 30 fathoms s the depth at whch the supply of ar by the orthodox handpump s mpractcable and the standard dvng equpment requres some modfcatons to gve the dver reasonable chance of survval. Before examnng the methods of supplyng ar to these depths, and the peculartes of the equpment requred, a bref glmpse nto the hstory of Deep Dvng wll gve us a better appecaton of the problems nvolved. THE HSTORY OF DEEP DVNG. n 837, Augustus Sebe (Founder of the Frm, Messrs. Sebe Gorman & Co. Ltd., whch stll bears hs name) produced the frst dvng dress, the general style of whch s stll n use today. Wth ths dress, t was found possble to dve to depths of about 20 fathoms. Wth ncreased dvng depths, however, came ncreased problems, and t was not unnatural that n 905 the Admralty lent ther support to Professor J. B. S. Haldane to attempt to combat these problems. The dver n these days, had very lttle apprecaton of the physologcal change that took place n hs body when he was workng at, what were at these tmes, great depths, and the dscomforts he suffered on surfacng were generally thought to be the mystc deserts of probng the deep. Fortunately, men lke J. B. S. Haldane and Paul Bert were not satsfed wth ths form of explanaton and decded to devote ther energes to the problem. Paul Bert advsed a system for compressed ar workers whch necesstated them returnng to atmospherc pressure at a very slow rate, whch had the desred effect reducng the ncdents of those mysterous llnesses. J. B. S. Haldane wth the assstance of the Admralty Dvng Commttee made dvng comparatvely safe to depths of 200 ft n 905, and agan durng the perod the safe workng depth was extended to 300 ft. THE PROBLEMS. The problems confrontng the physologst, strange to relate, orgnated from the very ar that they were pumpng to the dver to support hs lfe at these depths. Consderng the three man components of the ar we breathe we fnd that we have approxmately.03% carbon doxde, 20% oyxgen and 79% ntrogen, each of whch presented the physologst wth ts own separate problem. Consderng carbon doxde frst, t was found by practcal trals that f the CO2 content reached 3% due to the dver's exertons, t would cause hm dstress to the same extent that dscomfort would be caused to an untraned person runnng half a mle,.e. hs breathng would become laboured. f the CO, content were allowed to buld up as much as 0%, the dver would, n all probablty, lose conscousness. t was also dscovered that the effect of CO, was ncreased wth depths. To llustrate ths, whereas 0% CO, would cause unconscousness on the surface, t requres only % to produce the same effects at 300 ft, whch s the equvalent of 0 atmospheres. t was clearly necessary, therefore, to provde the deep dver wth some means to rapdly elmnate the CO, resultng from hs "exertons. To do ths, a canster contanng Soda Lme

14 the expanded ntrogen bubbles whch are tryng to force ther way out of the body. Ths effect of ntrogen s called Compressed Ar llness, a mnor form beng also referred to as 'BENDS', and n olden days t was known as casson dsease, beng the llness that casson workers frequently suffered. The physologsts gave us the remedy by provdng a set of tables detalng the depth and tme whch dvers should stop n ther ascent to effect a gradual and safe elmnaton of ntrogen. Thus, a dver who has dved to 300 ft for 20 mnutes wll take 86 mnutes to complete hs ascent. n actual fact, the deep dver of today breathes pure oxygen durng the latter and shallower stages of hs ascent to expedte the elmnaton of ntrogen from hs body,.e. nstead of takng n a further 79% of ntrogen wth each breath, the dver merely nhales oxygen and thus ncreases the ntrogen extracton rate. Secondly, ntrogen s a gas of hgh molecular weght and ths fact, coupled wth the large quantty of ntrogen that has to be suppled to a dver n deep water greatly affects hs mental alertness. Dvers are affected n varous ways, some sng, others make completely rrelevant statements, some get garrulous, n fact those affected behave just as though they have had one over the eght. The good deep dver s the one that can control the desre to do any of these thngs and nstead, get on wth the job that he was sent down to do. Ths effect of ntrogen s known as Ntrogen Narcoss and normally occurs at depths greater than 240 ft. THE USE OF HELUM. The Amercans solved the problem of Ntrogen Narcoss by replacng ntrogen wth Helum and dvng from specally prepared Oxy-Helum Mxtures. Durng the conflct the Brtsh Navy obtaned a set of Oxy-Helum equpment from the U.S.A. for tral purposes. Trals were commenced n 947 and comparsons made between the Amercan equpment and procedure and our own. By the end of 947, suffcent date had been assembled to carry out deep water trals n Scottsh waters wth the newly acqured equpment. These trals proved, wthout doubt, that the use of helum nstead of ntrogen n the dver's gas supply completely elmnated ntrogen narcoss. A few mnor troubles were encountered whch were remeded n the early part of 948 and n August of that year, the Brtsh Navy captured the world's Deep Dvng Record wth a dve to 535 ft, Thus n twelve months of trals, the Brtsh Navy's Dvng. Record had been extended from 344 ft to 535ft whch was a truly remarkable achevement. Ths record dve, although a great achevement, does not represent a new workng depth for the dver. The Brtsh Navy s now concentratng on ncreasng the depth at whch dvers can perform useful work usng oxy-helum mxtures. At present t has been found possble to work at 360 ft for 20 mnutes wthout ll effects, and further efforts wll am at ncreasng ths depth to the maxmum. GENERAL PROBLEMS. To send a dver to the great depths that we have already dscussed requres a team of specalsts operatng from a 25 granules was added to hs equpment and an njector system whch operated on the Ventur prncple was employed to suck the ar from the dver's helmet and cause t to :pass through the Soda Lme granules whch removed the CO, present before returnng t to the helmet agan. The latest njector system has a crculaton rate of 0 to whch gves very effcent CO, elmnaton and greatly reduces the quantty of ar that s necessary to supply to the dver. The oxygen, that s so necessary to support lfe s not wthout ts own pecular problems. t has been establshed from a wde range of practcal trals that t s not safe to breathe 00% oxygen below a depth of 33 ft. 00% oxygen has been breathed below ths depth n the course of trals whch had varyng effects upon the expermentors. Nether the effects nor the form whch they took formed a bass from whch defnte conclusons could be drawn. The effects usually made themselves manfest n the form of volent uncontrolled twtchng of the lps, whch f allowed to contnue would produce convulsons and fnally, loss of conscousness. The tme and depth requred to produce these effects, whch we now call oxygen posonng was also terrbly nconsstent. A dver mght work qute happly at 60 ft for a full hour one day breathng 00% oxygen and the next day at the same depth produce oxygen posonng symptoms n a quarter of an hour. One fact however, dd emerge wth abundant clarty from these experments, and that was that f the dver was gong to be free from oxygen llness, he must not breathe 00% oxygen below 33 ft. Ths factor s one of the reasons for mposng a lmt of 300 ft whlst dvng wth an ordnary ar supply because at that depth the dver s recevng the same mass supply of oxygen although he s only breathng 20%, as the dver who breathe 00% at 33 ft. WE NOW COME TO NTROGEN. The effects of ntrogen are twofold, frstly, f we let t escape uncontrolled from the dver he wll undoubtedly suffer from compressed ar llness. We have already sad that the ar we supply to the dver to protect hm from the surroundng sea pressure contans 79% ntrogen. The dver at 300 ft, whch s 0 atmospheres has to be suppled wth 0 tmes the mass of ntrogen that hs body s accustomed to on the surface. Ths enormous amount of ntrogen s dssolved n the blood stream and crculated round the body. n ths state, the dver s completely unaware of any physcal change n hs body. When, however, we wsh to brng the dver back to the surface, the excess ntrogen wll endeavour to escape. Ths s amply llustrated n the Soda Water bottle where the gas has been forced n under pressure, and whch remans n soluton and s not evdent all the tme the seal s kept on the Soda Water bottle. When the seal s broken, and the pressure released, gas bubbles can be observed to escape at a very fast rate. Smlary, f the dver s brought out of pressure, the ntrogen wll also endeavour to escape. Due to the greater vscosty of the blood, the ntrogen wll be, to a certan extent, retarded, and as the pressure falls t wll expand and form bubbles too large to pass through the tssues of the body. f ths condton s allowed to arse the dver wll suffer great pan and possbly death, from 24

15 specally equpped shp. The Brtsh Navy bult H.M.S. Reclam specfcally for ths purpose and luckly she was completed n June, 948, n tme for the oxy-helum trals. Reclam carres a team of three Dvng Offcers and twelve dvers and has compressors whch supply ar at 4,000 lbs. per square nch, whch s reduced to a workng pressure and dstrbuted to the varous dvng panels. A deep dvng operaton necesstates the shp beng held rgdly n poston over her job whlst dvng s n progress. To acheve ths aganst tdes and weather t s sometmes necessary to lay out as many as 6 anchors, each of whch must have suffcent cable approprate to the depth of water. To carry out wreck surveys, even ths amount of ground tackle s nadequate and specal moorngs have to be lad. TDES. n addton to mposng a great stran on the shp's moorngs, the tdes also have ther effect on the dver. The dver s partcularly vulnerable to the effect of the tde n deep water because, apart from beng an ar controlled object, he also has possbly as much as four or fve hundred feet of ar ppe and lfe lne for the tde to play on. t follows therefore that dvng n deep water cannot be acheved when the tdal flow s more than half a knot. Note : Ths artcle has been wth us qute some tme now and n consequence some of the detal s out of date. As most readers wll already know the World's Deep Dvng Record s now held by Lt. G. Wookey, R.N. who descended to 600 ft off Norway n September, 956. ED. Whatever the pleasure Player's complete t ' f don't get my tea soon someone's n for the hghjump!' 27 2

16 to be attended by Kng (Badger) Neptune and hs cohorts on July th, whlst the CD's once more go lookng for mnes. Well, that s about all from Chatham, apart from the fact that by the tme that the next ssue comes forth, Algy Ware wll have departed to Canada. STANDARD DVNG ADVANCEMENTS N CHATHAM DVSON DURNG 957 Dver 3 to Dver 2 "Peasant" to Dver 3 A.B. Bell M.E.. Crawford A.B.B. Dwelorth A.B. Monery L.E.M. Mddleton A.B. Wlson L./Sea. Holroyd. A.B. Brown A.B. Green "CHATS". X-WORD No ''':8 H 0.,:r..:: N """'": ll? l{l l lllvlllll 5M, N OA l ll : " Hll ll q The soluton to ths X-word s on page CHATTY 'CHATS' Here n 'Chats' lfe has really warmed up, masses of Dockyard employees have arrved for courses and the warmer weather has caused the usual ncrease n Naval volunteers. The CD's have just completed three weeks' tour of the East Coast, seekng varous thngs that go 'bomp' n the nght. Whlst they were absent, a mne report caused we `tnheads' to dash forth valantly, equpped wth charges for countermnng, only to fnd that we were stalkng a man-eatng beach ball. Of course, we had our S56 book already made out for GONGS, but as usual they are not on our complement of stores. Leutenant Heatley and AB Erc Harrs have been duly warned that the wettng of ther awards wll not be confned to Clearance Dvers only. Steepholm has at last saled, bearng away PO Robnson and hs team for whch the Badger be truly thankful. Ramsgate Water Carnval s due CLUES ACROSS. A standard name n dvng (5, 6) 9. Three make a rot (4) 0. Could whte slaves be sold n ths? (5, 6). They make a case n the pack (4) 4. East 50/50 makes a star, a star (7) 8. Straght to the pont, but not sharp (5) 9. A vle stranger may not be dead (5) 20. Not n sght, but n shoutng dstance (3) 2. Does not make a weght-yes (3) 22. An Amercan tree wth a Royal cpher (5) 23. A gradent n the paste Epsten uses (5) 24. Fsh s aback down wnd (3) 26. 'm n negotaton (3) 27. Very expanded, lght nventor (5) 28. Gettng on a horse or a hll (5) 29. The study of statonary bodes (7) 33. An outng rp after a captal tea (4) 36. Ths underwater operaton sounds lke a low haunt for master marners (4, 3, 4) 37. A trog leers wthn (4) 38. So later cups can be chancy nvestors () DVERS' CLUES DOWN 2. Dsease you get from plls (4) 3. Ths and call make one lable for summons (4) 4. Mornng n Straght Street gves a range (5) 5. The Royal Ulster Rfles are more than half rustc (5) 6. Are Naval armaments used for mortal combat (5) 7. A Naval rehearsal for a marathon (8, 3) 8. Stop, Rest, Lob, (anag) and may be you'll fnd your dnner (7, 4) 2. A crazy Serb gves a good look when wthn the applause () 3. Sub s back n odd rebel thousand for underwater craft () 4. Floors from strange Eastern tales (7) 5. Consume an odd sort of tea (3) 6. Allow, lease or fault (3) 7. A Naval stores offcer n a male flock breaks the law (7) 25. A meadow n a pleasant settng (3) 26. Bblcal character from Helos (3) 30. When the stand easy cuppa s ready ths shout would get the caddy movng (3, 2) 3. Subject n a Petto pcture (5) 32. A hundred dance for a fsh basket (5) 34. To comple pontless.edcts wthout number (4) 35. Zero fve east-roger-fnsh (4) 28

17 WHY USE A SNORKEL? There are many cvvy clubs n Brtan whose members largely use a snorkel, mask and fns to get ther tcket of admsson to the sea. don't know whether our dp-chck frends n the Servces have gven much thought about us whle they do ther underwater crusng n super oxygen suts. Anyhow, even as they occupy themselves wth ther thoughts (whatever they may be!) we do use these smple gadgets. We use these because we can't afford to buy one of the cvlan 'Aqua-lung' sets whch are on the market n case you don't know, they cost approxmately k40 and that's a lot even for a cvvy. The snorkel s usually a pece of anodsed alumnum tubng bent at the bottom to clear the sde of the face and s ftted wth a rubber mouthpece whch very much resembles the one used on your oxygen breathng apparatus. As compared wth the compresssd ar breathng sets, the snorkel has many advantages apart from the prce whch s 2/6d. t doesn't need testng or a certfcate ssued, or chargng wth ar, and t s easy to transport to the water's edge. When we are n the water we can enjoy a contnuous vew of the sea bed from the surface n 30 ft of water, and f anythng nterestng appears, we take a deep breath and dve down to explore. One of our Skn Dvers ready for the water. Note the mprovsed weght belt. Although we can hold our breath, out of the water, for as long as mnutes wthout exerton, the underwater duraton s only 0-5 seconds. Ths s not very long, but long enough to permt a dver to pck up a crab, spear a fsh, or just look. Skn Dver s the name often used for a snorkel swmmer, but don't run away wth the dea that t means we swm n our brthday suts! We have rubber suts, and they make snorkelng really comfortable you may be surprsed to learn that an hour explorng the coastat sea-bed soon passes when you keep paddlng around wth a snorkel. For new-comers to the game, snorkelng s an deal way of gettng them used to the breathng, correct use of fns and makng a clean surface dve. Naturally enough, the next step s the 'Aqua-lung' ; even so, a snorkel, tube should always be carred by a lunger' n case of an emergency, such 3 r s SOsS06...a " ( TALORNG AT TS BEST! Such are the productons of Bernards of ce, HarWch whose careful choce of cloths and 4 sklful attenton to every Talorng detal ensures complete satsfacton n every aspect of Cut, Ft and Fnsh. There s a comprehensve sze selecton of o q.t.', '-/ Unform and Cvlan Clothng at all Bernard frr le Branches whereby most customers may mmed- 4 ately obtan a perfect ft, but where Talored to Measure Clothes are re- f `- qured Bernards provde a fne choce of patterns ( and a prompt delvery of orders. Prces are modest and where t s not desred to pay cash the cost of orders may be charged to a Credt Account for settlement by monthly Admralty Allotment or Bankers Order and full detals of ths faclty wll gladly be gven on request at a Branch or through Head Offce. You really do buy better at Bernards C. H. BERNARD & SONS LTD. : Naval and Cvlan Talors and Outftters! 6-9 QUEEN STREET, PORTSMOUTH Tel Branches at: Chatham, Deal, Devonport, Dunfermlne, Falmouth, Grmsby, Harwch, Helensburgh, nvergordon, Londonderry, Mlford Haven, Newcastle-u-Lyme, Portland, Rosyth, Rothesay, Skegness,. Wetherby, Weymouth, and at Arbroath, Abbotsnch, Culdrose, Eglnton, Ford, Gosport, Anthorn, Brawdy, Corsham, Kete, Lossemouth, and! Worthy Down. And at Valletta and Slema, Malta, and Gbraltar abroad Head Offce: HARWCH, ESSEX Members of the.n.t.a. L...4*.e. AOSsr......o.."

18 NOTES FROM H.M.S. 'SAFEGUARD' 32 SCOTCH MST * n the land of the hary old haggs, They are out wth the claymore and klt, Every Jock from McLean to McTavss, s cryng o'er mlk that's been splt, 'Cos `Dnger' has shacked up n Safeguard, Whle 'Pennngton's' gong abroad, 'Shan' and 'Wlbur' are walng, that lfe's hard 'Scott's' alrght wth a dver one's board. n spte of the gloom and the msery, We'll all settle down n a whle, But only (ths thought makes me shvery), 'Shan' says 'when yer down alf a mle.' `DNGER BELL.' * A mst nduced by. drnkng too much 'Scotch.' 33 '0 /-- SOLUTON TO CROSSWORD No. 4 Across () Sebe Gorman; (9) Tro; (0) Black Market; () Aces; (4) Stellar; (8) Blunt; (9) Alve; (20) Out; (2) Ton; (22) Elmer; (23) Steep; (24) Eel; (26) Ego; (27) Verey; (28) Mount; (29) Statcs; (33) Trp; (36) Deep sea dve; (37 Ogle; (38) Speculators. Down (2) lls; (3) Beck; (4) Gamut; (5) Rural; (6) Arena; (7) Practce run; (8) Lobster pots; (2) Observaton; (3) Submersble; (4) Storeys; (5) East; (6) Let; (7) Ransoms; (25) Lea; (26) El; (30) Tee up; (3) Topc; (32) Creel; (34) Edt; (35) Over. / / / / / / ' When say 'go' want to hear one bg splash!' as exhausted cylnders, when t may be necessary to swm back to base on the surface. Ths may sound all very tame to you veterans of the deep; what would you do f you wanted to make an excurson nto Neptuneland and you were n our poston? As they say 'there s no Jack lke one wth hs own retractable ladder'. FROM THE PUBLCTY OFFCER AND YOUR MATES, UXBRDGE SUB-AQUA CLUB. Cty desk callng, wth the latest news from the Hghlands. The new tranng perod started n HMS Safeguard wth great gusto, a new Shallow Water Dvng Class joned, and of course wth the arrval of the Home Fleet many requests for 'Monthly Exercses' n accordance wth the new Admralty Fleet Order. An nterestng salvage job was wtnessed here the other evenng by a large group of spectators (unfortunately), namely the recovery of a jar of rum whch was nadvertently dropped over the sde by the coxswan. Many of the spectators were heard to mumble ' bet t's broken', but on recoverng the jar t was found to be sound and hearty (Cheers). Although many of the Dvng Branch may not know t, Leutenant Dodds besdes hs arduous dutes as Dvng Offcer, s also Sports Offcer, and the volunteers to put Safeguard on the map are derved by the smple method of (You! You! and You!!!) Ths method at tmes s lable to be msunderstood and a case the other day was when a group of men arrved at the playng felds on the understandng that they were gong to play snooker, found to ther horror that they were gven Hockey Stcks whch only goes to show how easly men can msunderstand the spoken word. The only staff change at Safeguard s AB Bell vce Leadng Seaman Pennngton. AB Bell s noted n the Chatham School as the Bard Of Bull Nose, and to keep up ths reputaton, has appended a poem whch we trust wll be enjoyed by all. Actng Petty Offcer Scott wll be leavng us soon for Dver Frst Class Course, and t s heard n the Bazaars, that hs relef wll be Petty Offcer Frend, who s known by hs frends as the Suez Bandt. t s understood that Sub-Leutenant Otley has made peace wth the aforementoned Bandt n exchange for some 'Feelthy Port Sad Photographs ' How true ths s remans to be seen of course. *Any generous persons, havng old woollens they do not requre, please send them to: The Otley Woollen Bank, c/o Chatham Dvng School. SHAN.

19 Personal Breathng Equpment NTERLUDE N NORWAY HMS Mner left Portsmouth on Saturday, May 4th, 957. To many, ths may not seem mportant but to those aboard t was a momentous occason. t was the frst tme ths vessel of 300 tons had ventured so far afeld snce beng converted to a Dvng Tender. After 36 hours the shp's company's worst fears were realsed. t blew up to force 7 and 8 and we eventually arrved n Krstansand on Wednesday, May 8th. The eght Dark Class MTB's and MGB's arrved later that evenng and straght away we were up to our relef valves n work. t was the duty of the dvng team to nspect and 'slp' them. After one false start a slp was modfed and all the boats needng attenton were dealt wth. Already well-known n the feld of arcraft cabn atmosphere control, NORMALAR have now extended ther actvtes to nclude personal breathng equpment. n addton, they have concluded an agreement wth Messrs. Dragerwerk of Lubeck, Germany, under whch they wll market Drager breathng equpment n the Unted Kngdom. NORMALAR LTD YEOVL ENGLAND 34 Photograph by knd permsson of Kenneth Pratt Ltd. On May 20th we saled to Stavanger to contnue the exercse wth the Norwegan and Dansh contngents. Around the Naval Base at Ulsnes t was a spear fsherman's paradse and many nce place fell vctms to the hungry dver's spears. We were also farly lucky wth lobsters, but just ask about the monster that got away (mnus a claw). We returned to Krstansand on May 25th and after several more prop changes we saled for Portsmouth early on Wednesday, May 29th. Aganst the advce of the song Dark Hunter 'Knocked the Rock' so we had to re-trace our steps and replace a starboard screw. Once agan we saled on Frday, May 3st and ths tme arrved at Portsmouth on June 4th. The team conssted of PO Wtherall, L/Sea Brooker, L/Sea Andrews, L/Sea Mansfeld and AB Robnson. Many valuable lessons were learnt two of them beng: () Don't get nvolved wth 'Dark Boats.' (2) Don't pck on lobsters you can't handle. S.L.B. 35

20 BOOK REVEW `THE WORLD BENEATH THE WAVES,' by Glbert Doukan, publshed by Allen and Unwn s a translaton from 'Les Decouvertes sous-marnes modernes' and s a book whch covers a somewhat wde feld n techncal detals. As such, t may not be of great nterest to the general reader but s certanly a wealth of nformaton to the professonal or techncally mnded enthusast. Doctor Doukan, a well known fgure n French underseas actvty, has metculously recorded hs observatons on and mpressons of varous aspects of dvng and lfe on the sea-bed. n addton, there are excellent chapters on Submarne Archaeology and Underwater photography whch, apart from beng well presented and extremely nterestng, are most nstructve to the 'layman' dver wth lttle experence or knowledge of ether subject. A varety of plates and llustrated fgures make the contents of 'The World Beneath the Waves' more nterestng than t mght otherwse be, and, n ths respect, t s felt that the wrtten explanatons of some subjects are somewhat ponderous n detal partcularly n the chapter 'Ethology as observed by underwater hunters the habts of fsh n ther natural envronment.' However, as a scentst, Doukan can obvously be excused for ths! On the other hand, the author shows a remarkably practcal outlook n hs apprecaton of submarne exploraton and the use of dvng apparatus. To sum up, the book s very much a manual and ts 300 pages contan nformaton extremely valuable as a reference. A 'must' for the enthusast's book shelf and a 'possble' even for the learner who can afford the purchase prce of 30/-. `SEADEE.' THE EMANCPATON OF NELLE Whlst all you types were baskng n the sun on a sandy beach, or f marred, breakng your backs wth a spade n your gardens, durng your 'well earned'? leave, a sgnal came from Admralty nstructng the retard party to get the Mk 2 charot operatonal. Now ths n tself was a mghty strange state of affars, as practcally every Clearance Dver n Deepwater had, at some tme or other, cast covetous eyes on that museum pece, whch could do all the work n dvng. Some had gone to the extremes of gettng on bended knees to get the thng gong, but had always been met wth a blank refusal. Now, here we were, actually beng told to get t gong Needless to say, t was ready n record tme and, after trals, was put n Horsea Lake for a work-up. We now come to the second part of ths wonderful story the maestro hmself, Lt. Cdr. J. Brooke, D.S.C., R.N., was called n from hs sck leave to supervse the preparaton of the Mk. 2, the tranng of the crews and to provde a further three Mk. Charots for a flm whch wll shortly be made n the Medterranean, called 'Slent Enemy'. 37 A watch that stays waterproof 660 feet under water! ROLEX have produced a new watch for sea-gong actvtes called the Submarner. Partcularly desgned for deep-sea dvers, ths specal Oyster wrstwatch s guaranteed waterproof and pressureproof to 660 ft. (200 metres) under water. ncorporated n the Submarner s the revolutonary "Tme-Recorder" revolvng rm, whch enables the watch to be used as a stop-watch. t s nvaluable for navgaton, speed testng etc., and ndspensable to dvers, who can now tell at a glance how long they have been under water and how long they may safely stay there. ROLEX THE ROLEX WATCH COMPANY LMTED (Founder and Charman, H. Wlslorf) GREEN STREET, MAYFAR, LONDON, W. 36