Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Learner Guide

Transcription

1 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Learner Guide

2 Learner Guide Acknowledgements Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) would like to acknowledge the following people who contributed their time and expertise to support the development of this resource: Amy Teale, SLSA Matthew Thompson, SLSA Ann Stevenson, SLSNSW Shane Daw, SLSSA Jack Elsum, LSV Greg Cahill, SLSQLD Tony Snelling, SLSNT Surf Life Saving Australia Ltd. This work is copyright, but permission is given to SLSA trainers and assessors to make copies for use within their own training environment. This permission does not extend to making copies for use outside the immediate training environment for which they are made, or the making of copies for hire or resale to third parties. For permission outside these guidelines, apply in writing to: Surf Life Saving Australia Locked Bag 1010, Rosebery NSW 2018 Ph: (02) Fax: (02) Web: All resources developed by Surf Life Saving Australia are reviewed at least annually and updated as required. Feedback can be supplied through the online Improvement Requests form on the Education Resources page at or in writing to the address above. Version 1.1 May

3 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Contents Course Introduction... 4 Topic 1 Introduction... 6 Topic 2 Awareness Topic 3 Initial Response Topic 4 Planning Topic 5 Operations Topic 6 Recovery Assessment Information Assessment Portfolio... 1 Assessment Task 1 Written Questions... 2 Assessment Task 2 Submerged Object Retrieval... 7 Assessment Task 3 Search and Rescue Scenario Assessment Task 4 Search and Rescue Scenario 2... Error! Bookmark not defined. Assessment Task 5 Night search and rescue operation Supplementary Questions

4 Learner Guide Course Introduction The purpose of this course is to provide participants with the skills and knowledge to participate in search and rescue operations. Course outcomes Contribute to preparation activities for search and rescue operations o Describe the principles of a SMEAC plan (Situation, Mission, Execution, Administration and logistics, Command & signals) o Assess the factors that influence a SMEAC plan o Interpret task information o Select appropriate search and rescue equipment o Describe the roles and responsibilities of individuals in a search and rescue team Recognise when a rescue response is required o Describe scanning techniques and when to use them o Identify high risk profile groups o Describe strategies to maintain effectiveness of scanning o Identify distressed and drowning patients Perform complex patient rescue, including search and rescue of a missing person o Identify hazards to self, bystanders and patient at an incident scene o Implement hazard control procedures at incident scene o Select appropriate personal protective equipment o Communicate incident details to relevant personnel at appropriate stages o Demonstrate an advanced water entry technique o Describe search patterns o Operate as a member of a search team for a submerged patient/object o Perform retrieval of a submerged object at a depth of 3-5 metres below the surface o Participate in a night search operation Demonstrate recovery and stand down procedures o Demonstrate retrieval of a patient and return to shore o Describe body retrieval policy and procedures o Complete operational documentation o Perform equipment recovery, cleaning and maintenance in line with organisational procedures o Describe symptoms of operational stress and sources of support You will also develop knowledge and skills to enable you to demonstrate competency in the nationally recognised units of competency: PUAOHS002B Maintain safety at an incident scene PUASAR011C Search as a member of an aquatic search team 4

5 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue These units form part of the nationally recognised qualification PUA31312 Certificate III in Public Safety (Aquatic Search and Rescue). Prerequisites Candidates must meet ALL of the following conditions: Be at least 16 years of age on the date of final assessment Complete a 400 metre swim in 8 minutes or less in a swimming pool of no less than 25m length Hold and be proficient in the SLSA Bronze Medallion and hold the Certificate II in Public Safety (Aquatic Rescue). What you need to complete this course Learner Guide Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue 33 rd Edition (or later) Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) detailed on page 35 Relevant policies: 1.15 Peer group support 1.3 Body retrieval 2.1 Sun safety 2.2 Lightning 2.3 Occupational health and safety 6.17 Coronial inquests policy 6.9 Risk management SLSA policies can be found at in the Administration and Resources section. 5

6 Learner Guide Topic 1 Introduction This topic introduces the content of the Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue (SMAR) course. The aim of this course is to prepare you for work as a Search and Rescue Team Member. Search and rescue operations may take place during patrol hours, after hours, or at special events such as surf carnivals and ocean swims. Learning outcomes for this topic are: Identify the purpose of the course Understand the aquatic rescue learning pathways and how the course builds on skills and knowledge developed in the Bronze Medallion List search and rescue definitions Describe the five stages of search and rescue Describe the roles and responsibilities of individuals in a search and rescue team Explain how Surf Life Saving interacts with other agencies Recognise the organisational structure of search and rescue teams The aquatic rescue awards pathway Bronze Medallion Aquatic Rescue Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Gold Medallion Advanced Lifesaving The Bronze Medallion course introduced four important concepts of lifesaving practice; Prevention, Recognition, Rescue, Recovery. The Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue course will expand your knowledge and skills across these four phases and introduce the concepts of search and rescue. 6

7 Learner guide structure Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue The stages of a Search and Rescue (SAR) operation can be divided into the following five key phases: Awareness Knowledge that an emergency situation exists or may exist Initial Response Preliminary action taken to alert search and rescue teams and obtain more information Planning Development of operational plans, including plans for search, rescue and final delivery of survivors to medical care Operations Dispatching SAR teams to scene, conducting searches, rescuing patients, providing emergency care, transporting patients to medical aid Recovery Debrief, refuel, replenish, complete required documentation and prepare for future operations An operation may not require the performance of every stage, and there may be overlap with some of the stages taking place simultaneously. However, for the purpose of this Learner Guide the topic headings have been organised into the order of the five phases. Definitions Lifesaver The term Lifesaver has been used throughout this guide for consistency, but this may also apply to Lifeguard. Search A search operation is defined as an activity that involves deployment of searchers to locate and assess the situation. Rescue A rescue operation is defined as an activity where the rescue team generally has the incident in direct view, or knows its exact location and is responding. Search and Rescue (SAR) A SAR operation is defined as a situation that involves the dispatch of a rescue team to an incident - the exact location of which may, or may not, be known. Lifesavers and Support Operations/ Services personnel may manage the search and rescue for missing persons at their normal patrol location either in the water, or on land. 7

8 Learner Guide Group activity 1.1: Discussion As a group discuss the experience you have in SAR operations. Provide a brief example of an incident you have been involved in and identify if this was a search, rescue or search and rescue. Be sure to protect confidentiality and just provide an overview of how you participated in the activities. Roles of search and rescue team members Below are some examples of the titles given to search and rescue team members, and a brief description of their roles: Incident Controller Oversees the whole operation and coordinates multiple agencies Usually the Senior Police Officer who is on the scene Note: Until more senior SLS personnel (e.g. Duty/District Officer) or from another agency arrive on the scene, the Patrol Captain or Senior Lifeguard/Lifeguard Supervisor on duty is the Incident Controller. Incident Coordinator Within Surf Life Saving (SLS) this may be a Patrol Captain, Lifeguard Supervisor or Duty Officer Organise and manage the lifesaving personnel on the scene under the guidance of the Incident Controller Liaise with the Incident Controller and provide all the relevant required information Team Members Search and rescue team members fulfil a variety of roles, including: RWC Operator IRB Driver IRB Crew Swimming searcher Board paddling searcher Land searcher Radio controller Family liaison Crowd control 8

9 After hours call-out Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue As a Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue (SMAR) award holder you may be called upon to participate in operations that are out of normal patrol hours, including at night, and in winter. Call out procedures will follow your local Standard Operating Procedures. It is very important that you keep your contact details up to date in Surfguard so that you can be contacted immediately in case of emergency. Inter-agency operations Search and rescue operations are generally coordinated by the Police Service in each State/ Territory, and may involve deployment beyond the normal range of SLS operations. Where an incident is not within the capabilities of the locally available rescue facilities, the police pass on the coordination of the SAR to the Australian Search and Rescue Coordination Centre in Canberra. However, in all incidents where volunteer rescue organisations are utilised, their actions are coordinated by, and under the direct control of, the state or territory police. In many areas the police have limited, or no marine rescue facilities and look to recognised professional rescue organisations to assist them in their sea SAR operations, especially inshore and in surf zones. It is important that Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA), with its affiliated clubs and services, maintains liaison with local emergency services to ensure that they are aware of what personnel, powercraft, mobile equipment and radio communications are available. Clubs should be aware of the scope, nature and capabilities of both personnel and equipment in their particular areas, and provide assistance and support in accordance with their resources on request by an appropriate authority, e.g. applicable State Centre, Police, State Emergency Service, Fire and Rescue Service, Coastal/Marine Search and Rescue, or equivalent. Typical SAR team organisational structure Police (Incident Controller) SLS Duty Officer (Incident Coordinator) Ambulance SES SLS Search and Rescue Team Members 9

10 Learner Guide Group activity 1.2: Local incident response structure Draw an organisation chart below that shows the structure of an incident response team in your local area. Below the chart write a brief description of the roles of each team member. 10

11 Group activity 1.3: Team member roles and responsibilities Case Study Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue A lady in her 50 s approaches the patrol tent and reports that her husband was snorkelling off the rocks at the north end of the beach but has not returned to shore and she can t see him anymore. Your Patrol Captain radios to the roving patrol who speaks to a member of the public and confirms that there was a person snorkelling at the location, but they did not see them return to the rocks. The Patrol Captain takes on the role of Incident Controller to coordinate an initial response. 1. What team member roles may be needed during the initial response?... 11

12 Learner Guide Topic 2 Awareness This topic describes the Awareness stage of a SAR operation. Learning outcomes for this Topic are: Describe scanning techniques and when to use them Describe strategies to maintain effectiveness of scanning Identify high risk profile groups Identify distressed and drowning patients Recognise when a rescue response is required Prevention is a key component in managing aquatic safety. Through effective preventative measures many aquatic rescue situations are avoided. To be able to perform preventative actions a Lifesaver needs to be aware of and recognise high risk groups and when a rescue is required, through the identification of distressed and drowning patients. Effective scanning is the foundation of the lifesaving surveillance and prevention system. This topic focuses on the skill of scanning as a preventative measure to identify potentially hazardous situations or factors such as high risk groups. It then covers how to recognise distressed and drowning persons, the first step in an aquatic rescue. Scanning Scanning is the act of systematically observing and assessing an area of responsibility to maintain the safety of persons in the area. There are a number of techniques and factors that can influence the level of scanning effectiveness, which is explored below. Visual attention There can be high levels of activity in the area you are monitoring. During scanning there is a lot to take in and as a Lifesaver you must learn to filter out much of what you are seeing and only focus on important signals, signs and hazards. A drowning can occur within seconds 1 which underpins the need to be continually vigilant and maintain attention. Mobile phones should not be used for personal reasons whilst on duty. The distraction and loss of concentration caused by using a mobile phone, even if only a quick glance, could be the difference between spotting a swimmer in distress or not. Keep your phone in your bag, and only use it during breaks. Eye and head movement When scanning an area, it is important to move your head with your eyes so that you can maximise visual sharpness. Ensuring all parts of an area are observed using your frontal vision is important, as scanning has been likened to tunnel vision with a focused range of degrees. A wide-focus using peripheral vision can assist in recognising patients in distress, but it is unlikely that based on visual senses alone a silent drowning person would attract the required attention. 12

13 Patterns Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Scanning patterns can be used to assist a Lifesaver in visual scanning, but an individual must choose or develop a method suited to them. Generally speaking, move your eyes over your area of responsibility looking left, in front and to the right. Remember to periodically also look behind you where relevant. The following are commonly used scanning patterns: Pattern Description Diagram Horizontal Scanning Moving from left to right starting on the horizon and working back towards your feet Vertical scanning Moving left to right starting at the limit of your peripheral vision and concluding at the opposite end of peripheral vision 13

14 Learner Guide Grouping Group users in an area by activity such as swimming, non-swimmers, wading or surfing Head counting Count the number of heads in the area. E.g. surfers intermittently visible in large swell or surf Tracking When relevant, focusing on a particular person in the water and tracking their movement such as a surfer or bodysurfer. This is useful when monitoring high risk groups 14

15 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Hotspots When scanning the water, be sure to always look at identified hazards including rip current, headlands, shallow sandbanks, etc. A scan of the water should always consider above and below the surface Additional scanning patterns that you may find useful are: Pattern Description Diagram Connecting the dots Moving from head to head in an area Letters Using a letter pattern to scan Use of hearing and smell Scanning techniques should be used in conjunction with the other senses. The senses of smell and hearing can also assist in carrying out duties. A Lifesaver may hear shouting which alerts them to a 15

16 Learner Guide person in distress, or hear the sound of a vehicle accident behind an area of direct supervision. Smell can also alert Lifesavers to danger and hazards such as fire or fuel leaks. Duration The ability of a Lifesaver to maintain effective scanning reduces with time. It is recommended that scanning from a fixed location is limited to a maximum period of 30 minutes before rotation or a change of position needs to occur. If resources permit, this duration should be reduced down to 15 minutes per period ensuring at least 15 minutes break from scanning completely every hour. The maximum periods of duration are recommended to address some of the factors that affect scanning. 2 Factors affecting scanning Factor Positioning: Physical obstructions affect the view of the Lifesaver Elevation (observing from a height) can be an aid When observing from an elevated position the Lifesaver must remember to check underneath them too Boredom Causes attention span and vigilance to be reduced Often associated with monotony of duties Has a negative impact on morale and performance quality Fatigue Weariness from physical or mental exertion, increased by lack of rest or sleep Affects alertness, attention span and vigilance Increases stress levels further reducing the effectiveness of scanning Stress Inability to adequately respond to mental, emotional or physical demands Signs may be cognitive, emotional, physical or behavioural including poor judgment, negativity, anxiety, mood fluctuations, tension, and headaches If a Lifesaver is stressed, for example through their perception that they cannot compete all the tasks required of them, they will be less effective at scanning Solution Use an elevated position, a tower is ideal Rotation and duty variation Using a radio to report observations to other team members can also aid concentration Ensure you are well rested prior to duties and take regular breaks Remain hydrated and eat regularly Ensure you discuss or raise issues that may be causing you stress and may affect your ability to complete your duties Seek additional training opportunities to build confidence 16

17 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Inexperience The limited extent of participation in lifesaving duties or in another relevant field Experience develops skills and knowledge that can assist individuals in carrying out their duties Substance influence Whilst under the influence of drugs or alcohol judgment, attention levels and reactions are impaired and the body tires more easily This can place both the Lifesaver and patients at grave risk Blood alcohol levels remain high for hours after the last drink Other environmental factors Glare can make it difficult to see and tire the eyes Background noise can make it hard for the Lifesaver to pick up on sounds that may alert them to issues, or cause distraction Exposure to a variety of experiences over time including on-the-job training, variation in work duties and upskilling Check for any possible side effects of medication Do not drink excessive amounts of alcohol the night before duty Glare can be reduced by using polarised lenses (which also assist with seeing below the surface of the water) Summary tips Every few minutes change your posture standing, sitting, walking movement helps to keep you alert Vary the direction you observe left, centre, right To reduce eye fatigue, move your head and eyes together Regularly vary your scanning pattern Duty variation/rotation will keep you more alert Ensure you are well rested when starting duty Leave your mobile phone in your bag 17

18 Learner Guide Individual activity 2.1: Factors affecting scanning 1. What steps can you take to maintain your level of attention when scanning at your beach? 2. Describe one scanning technique and an example of when it would be suitable to use Group activity 2.2: Scanning techniques This activity can either be completed on the beach, or simulated in the training room using images provided on PowerPoint slides. Your Facilitator will provide you with an area to scan and you will use the different scanning techniques. As a group you will then discuss which techniques worked for you and why. Include your discussion notes below: High risk groups People in high risk groups need to be watched with special attention. Age extremities Overweight people Very young and very old people on the beach should always be observed carefully. Young children should be intercepted if they approach the water without adult supervision. These people are often in poor physical condition. Recent immigrants and tourists Unstable or intoxicated people People from countries where surf conditions may not be as rough should be kept under careful observation. Those whose behaviour patterns show lack of coordination should 18

19 be viewed as possible candidates for rescue. Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Float users People improperly dressed for beach conditions These people should be observed as they are unlikely to have swimming or survival skills. Be wary of people who attempt to swim in clothing that is unsuitable for the surf, e.g. jeans. Identifying distressed and drowning patients Distressed person The person in distress is unable to return to safety without assistance usually because of lack of swimming ability, fatigue, cramps or currents. Due to the distressed patient s swimming or floating skills he or she may attract the attention of a Lifesaver or of other nearby swimmers by calling for help or attempting to wave one or both arms. For many distressed persons the action of raising their arm for help will cause their head to go underwater, causing further distress. Signs of distress include: Person attempts to communicate distress by calling for help or waving an arm Person attempts to swim to safety, but with a weak or ineffective stroke. When person is observed making little or no progress, he or she is in distress. Person seems in pain and holds their arm, leg, head, or stomach. Such patients might be suffering injury, shock or both. Person is visibly holding their breath, cheeks puffed out and not looking comfortable. Person s face shows wide-eyed fearful look Drowning patients The characteristics of a distressed person in trouble are different from those of the drowning nonswimmer. Drowning patients are unable to support themselves in water over their depth. They have no supportive swimming skills. Drowning victims can be either at the surface or submerged. Drowning victims are more difficult to recognise especially when located a considerable distance from a Lifesaver. Drowning patients can be passive or active. The passive victim, because of a sudden loss of consciousness, slips below the surface without calling out for help or struggling. Passive drowning may be caused by a blow to the head, heart attack, stroke, hyperventilation, cold water, immersion or intoxication. The classic behaviour exhibited by active drowning victims includes: No call for help or wave Upright body position Non-supportive leg action 19

20 Learner Guide Vigorous arm movements either to the sides or extended in front in an effort to raise the head above the surface Head tilted back, face turned towards shore for help Face and eyes show panic The 30/120 rule The 30/120 rule was created to provide a response guideline for Surf Lifeguards. When undertaking surveillance, a Lifeguard has up to 30 seconds to spot and enact a response on the basis that poor swimmers can take between 20 and 60 seconds to start drowning. A Lifeguard must then aim to reach a distressed or drowning patient in less than 120 seconds for the most positive outcome. While this is an admirable goal for Lifesavers, it is somewhat difficult to maintain, given the variation in open-water environments such as the beach. It should be used as a guideline only and demonstrates the significance of being proactive and identifying potential problems prior to an issue arising. 3 Individual activity 2.3: Characteristics of distressed and drowning people 1. List the main behaviour characteristics of each of the following: Distressed person: Drowning patient: 2. List four possible causes of passive drowning. 20

21 Situational Awareness Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue During the initial awareness phase the Incident Coordinator/Patrol Captain will seek more information to determine which emergency phase the incident relates to. Emergency phases are based on the level of concern for the person who has been identified as potentially needing assistance/rescue. The three emergency phases are displayed in the table below: Phase Description Example Response Uncertainty Knowledge of a situation that may need monitoring, or more information gathered, but no need to dispatch resources A person is reported overdue at an intended destination, but unsure yet if they are missing Situation monitored closely, alert teams to be on standby and to report any sightings Alert Knowledge of a person who is having some difficulty and may need assistance, but is not in any immediate danger A sea kayaker is seen struggling to paddle against the increasing wind, 400m offshore IRB alerted to go and check if the person requires assistance Distress Immediate assistance is required by a person in grave or imminent danger A child is showing signs of drowning A board paddler is tasked immediately to perform a rescue The Emergency phase will determine the appropriate action to take as part of an initial response, which is discussed in the next topic. Individual activity 2.5: Emergency phases 1. On patrol you spot a float user drifting out of the flags and towards a rip current. Name the emergency phase, and describe appropriate action you would take as a team member: 2. A rock fisherman is reported missing by his friend who saw him fall off the rocks. Name the emergency phase and describe appropriate action you would take as a team member:... 21

22 Learner Guide References 1 Pia F (1974) Observations on the drowning of non-swimmers J Phys Educ July-August: Fenner, P, Griffiths, T, Oostman, M, Pia, F (1996) Lifesaver surveillance and scanning: past, present, future. In Bierens, JJLM (ed.) Handbook on drowning: Prevention, Rescue, Treatment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 3 Fenner, P; Leahy, S; Buhk, A; Dawes, P (1998) Prevention of drowning: visual attention scanning and attention span in lifeguards. J Occup Health 15:

23 Topic 3 Initial Response Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue This topic discusses the preliminary action taken to alert SAR teams and obtain task information to plan a response. Learning outcomes for this topic are: Describe the type of information to be gathered to aid a SAR Interpret basic maps and charts Explain how to perform an initial search and mark the location of last sighting Describe the steps taken to notify authorities Initial response will be affected by whether a rescue, or SAR operation is required, and what emergency phase the situation is categorised as. If a person has been identified as in distress or drowning, an immediate rescue response will involve at least very brief information gathering (e.g. sighting rips, evaluating proximity of rescue equipment), communication, then performing a rescue. If however a SAR is required or it is a more complex scenario, then the three steps identified in the flowchart below will be followed. Flowchart of the initial response process Awareness 1. Information gathering 2. Initial search and marking of location 3. Notification to authorities Planning 23

24 Learner Guide 1. Information gathering This step involves seeking information to determine the details of the incident and the type of operation required. What What is the situation (e.g. missing person, patient showing signs of distress, rock fisherman swept off rocks) Evaluate the situation, including results of any previous search Establish the circumstances of their disappearance When When was the person(s) last seen Where Where was the person(s) last seen Evaluate the probable movement of person (e.g. current movement from last known location caused by tides, currents or evacuation attempts) Local information regarding search areas (e.g. permanent rips, rock caves and other hazards) Assess the search condition and area hazards Who Description of the person (if known) o Gender, height, weight, age, hair colour o Clothing and any equipment they had (e.g. body board) o Swimming ability o Medical conditions Maps and charts Maps and charts are fundamental tools available for emergency response. There are many types of maps available that can aid Lifesavers in different operational activities. These include: Nautical charts show depths (in fathoms or metres), navigation markers, hazards and seabed information Topographical maps show landforms and indicate height via contour lines Metropolitan street maps State/Territory road directories Electronic maps from websites Group activity 3.1: Maps and charts Your Facilitator will provide you with a range of local maps and charts. As a group discuss when each would be useful in SAR operations. 24

25 Group activity 3.2: Desktop scenario - information gathering Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Refer back to the case study on page 11. As a group discuss and make a list of the information you should gather to inform the search plan. 2. Initial search and marking of location This step involves inspecting the area where the patient was last seen, and if the patient cannot be found, marking the location to provide a reference point for further searches. Submerged rescue When a Lifesaver arrives at the point where a person was last seen in distress or drowning and they are not visible on the surface, it is likely that the person has submerged. In this instance, a Lifesaver should react by quickly completing a visual search above and below water in the immediate location. A submerged person must be brought to the surface as quickly and safely as possible to be returned to land for treatment. Recent studies have shown that the act of hyperventilation can be dangerous to a Lifesaver prior to diving underwater to carry out rescue or search. Hyperventilation is the act of taking excessive deep breaths. This can result in hypoxia and will cause a loss of consciousness, otherwise known as shallow water blackout, before a sufficient level of CO² is produced to develop the urge to breathe.¹ Group activity 3.3: Retrieving a submerged object Your Facilitator will place an object at a depth of 3-5metres which you will practice diving to retrieve. During this activity you should Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) including swim fins Pick up a brick or other light object initially to start 25

26 Learner Guide Progress to a weighted manikin if available This activity may take place in the ocean or in a swimming pool 3. Notification to authorities If the initial rescue or search is unsuccessful, the Lifesaver in or on the water can use the Code X signal to notify the Incident Coordinator if they are in view, or by radio contact if out of sight. The Incident Coordinator will then notify the authorities based on local procedures. Lifesavers can then use their observation skills to identify any clues or objects that may help inform the search and rescue plan. Code X signal Submerged patient missing On a patrol the rescuer should notify the Patrol Captain before they attempt a rescue. If this initial attempt is unsuccessful they can use the Code X signal if they are in view, or radio the message in if out of sight. The Lifesaver should obtain a visual reference point of the position the person was last seen, or drop a marker buoy. The Patrol Captain will then notify SurfCom that a search is underway. If other services then need to be involved, an Incident Controller will be appointed to coordinate the operation. Group activity 3.4: Discussion What steps should be taken following an unsuccessful initial search for a patient? What if a team member has gone missing? NOTES: 26

27 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Individual activity 3.5: Initial response 1. Briefly describe the initial response steps that you would take if you received a report that a swimmer is in distress at the south end of your beach, 75 metres off shore. 2. How would the initial response differ to that in Question One if you received a report of a missing swimmer? References ¹ILS Policy Statement No. 12 (2011) Shallow Water Blackout, Minutes, Board of Directors, Da Nang, Vietnam 27

28 Learner Guide Topic 4 Planning This topic covers planning, and planning checklists such as SMEAC which can be used to ensure that all factors and relevant information is considered. It is also essential to manage risks and maintain safety at an incident scene. The Initial response phase would also involve some aspects of planning. Learning outcomes for this topic are: Describe the principles of a SMEAC plan Assess the factors that influence a SMEAC plan Interpret task information Identify hazards to self, bystanders and patient at an incident scene Implement hazard control procedures at incident scene Select appropriate personal protective equipment SMEAC A SMEAC plan is used by a range of organisations as a checklist that ensures all factors are covered when preparing an operational plan and as a briefing tool. SMEAC can be used to plan a response, for example following a report of a missing person, or to make a contingency plan, such as developing procedures for altering services after a dangerous surf warning. As part of your role you will not need to write SMEAC plans, but will need to be able to understand their structure, content and purpose. SMEAC Plan Situation Mission Execution Administration and logistics Command and communications Examples What has happened? What may happen? Objectives of the operation Action plan Sourcing and preparing personnel and equipment Reporting hierarchy and communication methods Situation This is the background to the problem, or a description of what has happened: Check the background to operation Identify location Clarify requirements Carry out risk assessment Identify other agencies involved Review previous operations for relevant information 28

29 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Mission A short statement that explains what you want to achieve: Short and concise Clear and accurate Guides the development of the operational plan Execution This is how you are going to achieve your mission: Detail the steps required What are you going to do? Why? When? Where? Who is involved? How? Usually the longest section - should provide sufficient information to allow the team to do the job Administration and logistics This is the resources needed to do the job, and how these will be coordinated: Identify key personnel Determine personnel availability and prepare rosters Identify and obtain equipment and resources for the operation (including pre-operation checks) Organise other requirements, e.g. parking, toilets etc Organise documentation e.g. logbooks, incident report forms Obtain any identification cards/ passes required Command and communications This is the reporting hierarchy - identifies team leaders and other key personnel and how the team report to them and communicate with them: Determine needs for communication equipment, i.e. radio networks and frequencies Establish radio communications and call signs Complete communication checks. Test radios in the area of the operation beforehand to check for reception problems Alternate means of communication identified (e.g. mobile phones, hand signals) and back-up strategies communicated to staff Briefings team members briefed on how often they are expected to check in with team leader, what to report e.g. any changes in situation, procedures if a team member goes missing or is in difficulty Safety should be a key consideration across all sections of the plan 29

30 Learner Guide Example SMEAC Scenario At 10:33am on a Sunday, a 30 year old male was reported missing 500m north of the flagged area at Berrydale SLSC, Berrydale Beach. He was seen swimming a few minutes prior. Phase Situation Mission Execution Administration and logistics Command and communications Description Missing swimmer last seen at 10:30am, 500m north of flagged area at Berrydale Beach, 50m out to sea Find the missing swimmer using SAR techniques In accordance with Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Step 1 [Immediately]: Gather any further initial information available Brief and dispatch an IRB and two additional Lifesavers to the scene to conduct an initial search Step 2: Notify SurfCom (People, Position, Problem, Progress) Step 3: Pending outcome of initial search, update SurfCom and if required request further assistance Execute secondary search as time allows Step 4: Upon arrival of external agency or duty officer, act according to direction given Copy of SLS SOPs IRBs and operators Appropriately qualified Lifesavers Appointed external agency liaison SLS Patrol, IRB and Incident Logs Per SLS SOPs Briefings Radio communications Mobile Phone (if required) SurfCom liaison External agency 30

31 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Case study further developments Refer back to the case study on pg 11. It is now 30 minutes since the snorkeler was reported missing. The initial search has escalated and support services are involved (Offshore Rescue Boat, Rescue Water Craft), the Police and a Duty Officer have also been notified via SurfCom. You have the following additional information: The rocks are accessible by a set of stairs from the north headland The swell is currently 0.5m and there is no chop A southerly change is due in the next hour and the weather conditions are set to worsen The missing person is 66 years old with a history of angina There are 10 members on patrol this day, and patrol is due to finish in one hour There are 2 other local surf lifesaving clubs that have night operations qualified personnel available to call on Group activity 4.1: SMEAC plan discussion Your Facilitator will guide you through a discussion of the information presented in the case study update, and how it would fit into the SMEAC plan framework. You will also discuss the other types of information you may be involved in gathering to complete the plan. NOTES: 31

32 Learner Guide Maintaining safety at an incident scene In order to eliminate, avoid, prevent or control workplace injuries, illnesses or undesired occurrences, a risk assessment and management procedure must be undertaken. Risk assessment and management involves: 1. Identifying the hazard 2. Assessing the risk 3. Controlling the risk o determining appropriate control measures, including having a back-up or alternative management plan o implementing the control measures 4. Evaluation/monitoring Identifying hazards and risks Hazard Risk Anything that has potential to cause harm or damage to people, equipment or the environment. Risk is defined as the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Another way to look at this is the likelihood of injury or damage occurring and the potential consequences of any injury or damage. Before commencing a search and rescue operation a thorough scene assessment should be conducted to identify hazards. Seeking expert advice will aid this process. Risks must be carefully weighed against the mission s chances for success and the gains to be realised. As Lifesavers work in a constantly changing environment, it is important to reassess hazards throughout operations. Risk controls and monitoring It is important to notify supervisors and team members of identified hazards as soon as possible. If there is a foreseeable risk of injury or damage as a result of the identified hazard then it may be necessary to control the risk. Once a risk control measure has been implemented, this should be reviewed at regular intervals to check its effectiveness. Any change in the situation should be fed back to the team leader or other nominated person. 32

33 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Example risk management procedures Hazard identification Risk assessment Risk control Evaluation/monitoring Large surf at base of a pier, where a patient is in the water Cause injury to Lifesaver and patient during rescue. Risk of drowning Rescuer to identify safest area to enter the water or to provide a flotation device and await further assistance Back-up to monitor progress of rescuer Ensuring back-up is available Rip in middle of search area Risk of drowning low for qualified Lifesavers Brief members of search team on conditions before entering the water Monitor progress of search team members Search team member does not have appropriate PPE Potential injury to lifesaver Lifesaver does not participate in search or performs restricted duties PPE sought Check all lifesavers have appropriate PPE before commencing search Storm debris in the water in a search area May get into powercraft motor and cause damage and stalling Collision with search team may cause harm Powercraft crew to alert driver to debris that is visible Search team to wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Teams to report back to incident controller what they encounter Risk of infection to Lifesavers Dropping temperature during a night search Hypothermia Warm clothes and PPE Planned breaks Individual activity 4.2: Risk management 1. What are the four steps in the risk management process? 33

34 Learner Guide 2. Why is it essential to conduct a risk assessment of the scene before commencing any search and rescue operation? 3. Refer back to the case study on page 11. Imagine you are a swimming or board paddling search team member. Using this scenario think of one possible hazard to self, one to bystanders, and one to the patient. Complete the rest of the table showing how the risks would be managed. Hazard identification Risk assessment Risk control Evaluation/monitoring Hazard to self: Hazard to bystander: Hazard to patient: Maintaining personal safety Maintaining your own safety involves a number of actions, including risk assessment, PPE and taking steps to reduce risks. It is important to look after your own safety so that you can perform your duties effectively and not put yourself or others at risk. Review chapter one: Safety and Wellbeing, in the Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual, 33 rd Edition (or later), and SLSA policy 2.3 Occupational Health and Safety. Maintaining your own safety is paramount during any rescue operation. It is important to not take unnecessary risks and to communicate with team members your plan of action. Any changes in 34

35 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue situation or conditions should be reported to your team leader immediately. If you are unable to enter the water to rescue a patient you should: Call for assistance, and monitor the patient Throw a flotation device to the patient Ensure the safety of other members of the public Know your limitations Respect and understand the limitations of yourself and other team members in varying conditions. Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue award holders should maintain a level of fitness and competency and adopt a culture of continuous improvement in relation to skill development. If at any time you feel unsure of your ability to complete a task you have been given, you should discuss this with your team leader. Attempting to do something you do not have the ability or confidence to do could put yourself and your team members at risk of harm. Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is any piece of equipment used to provide first-level protection of people against hazards in their environment. PPE provides a barrier between the wearer and the hazard and serves as a constant reminder of hazards that exist in the work environment. The effective use of PPE relies heavily on compliance people must use it when, where and how it is required. The following list provides examples of equipment applicable to Lifesavers working in SAR operations: Wetsuit Swim fins Goggles Personal Flotation Devices (PFD s) Stinger suit Sun protection including hat, sunglasses, sunscreen Booties Gloves Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) High visibility vests Case study - further developments The snorkeler is still missing after one hour. The Duty Officer, working with the Police on scene, has started coordinating a team of search and rescue swimmers. 35

36 Learner Guide Individual activity 4.3: Case study escalation Refer to the case study escalation on the previous page. As one of the swimmers in the SAR team, list below the PPE you would use and why. Hydration Hydration is the state of correct fluid balance in the body. Fluid intake and fluid loss are appropriate for the person, the environment and the activities being undertaken. Fluid loss involves water and salts (electrolytes), therefore fluid replacement should include water and suitable electrolyte replacement drinks. Rehydration fluids and sport drinks are suitable in moderation. Water is the primary replacement fluid. Maintaining hydration is important in keeping well, and in preventing fatigue. There are several quick checks a person can perform to ensure that they are well hydrated: Check the urine should be plentiful, pale/straw coloured with minimal odour Pinch test on the back of the hand the skin should quickly return to normal position No signs or symptoms such as headache, nausea or cramps in any muscle Thirst is a late sign if you are thirsty, you are already dehydrated and need to replace fluids immediately! Food intake It is also important to allow breaks with sufficient time to eat food during prolonged operations. Inadequate food intake will speed up the onset of fatigue. Be mindful of the ill effects of performing exercise or undertaking activities immediately after eating. Fatigue Fatigue is the state of extreme tiredness resulting from either physical or mental activity. Participants in search and rescue operations need to be aware of the signs and symptoms of fatigue which may include: Feeling drowsy Blurred vision Difficulty keeping the eyes open Head nodding 36

37 Yawning excessively Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Repeatedly going off task, e.g. straying from a course, forgetting what you were doing, not being alert to changing conditions, delay in answering questions or responding to a radio call The only cure for fatigue is proper sleep and rest. Always take breaks as directed this is important for your own safety, and that of your team members. Hypothermia Hypothermia is the abnormal lowering of the internal body temperature caused from exposure to cold air, wind or water and can result in death. Unconsciousness occurs when the body temperature drops to approximately 30 C, and the average person will die when their temperature drops to around 26 C or below. The shock of rapid entry into cold water has also been known to cause death, in place of just continued exposure to the cold water. Factors that can cause a person to lose body heat faster include: Low body weight Light clothing Exercising (e.g. when a lifejacket is not worn and the individual has to swim to stay afloat) Use of insulated protective clothing, such as immersion suits or wetsuits, increases the survival time. Shelter should also be provided during breaks to provide protection from the elements. Hyperthermia Hyperthermia occurs when the body temperature rises above normal and the body s internal temperature mechanisms are unable to control it. The average person will die if their body temperature rises above 42 C. Sun protection The SLSA Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual contains information on heat related illness, and includes sunburn. The SLSA Policy Statement on Sun Safety also provides additional guidance. Manual handling Surf lifesaving duties involve the lifting and carrying of equipment and rescued people. A common workplace injury is to the lower back, caused by incorrect lifting or handling of heavy, awkward or large objects. SLSA recommends the use of mechanical aids, team lifts and correct lifting techniques when performing any lifesaving or club duty or activity. Guidance on lifting can be found in the Powercraft Training Manual 7 th edition and the Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue Manual 33 rd edition. 37

38 Learner Guide Maintaining the safety of others Duty of care Duty of care means accepting responsibility for the health and safety of people in the workplace. It applies equally to employers, employees and volunteers. You have a duty of care to: Cooperate with your Incident Coordinator and team leaders Work and use equipment safely Take care of the health and safety of other members Maintain your skills and fitness for duty During search and rescue operations this means that you should: Work in a safe manner following your team leader s instructions Learn how to use all relevant equipment correctly Follow Standard Operating Procedures Wear Personal Protective Equipment Use appropriate rescue aids Know your limitations always consider risks versus possible gains Missing team member procedures If during a SAR operation you think a team member may be missing you should take the following steps: 1. Cease the search and undertake a full recount of SAR personnel (if a searcher is missing beyond doubt, skip this step) 2. Conduct a risk analysis to determine what factors may have lead to the searcher being lost and whether any further life would be endangered by continuing the search 3. If an analysis of risks versus gain determines SAR is able to continue, follow the initial response protocols to locate the missing searcher (the search for the original missing person may continue depending on resources and the duration since that person was last seen) Individual activity 4.4: Maintaining safety 1. What steps can you take to ensure you remain hydrated during search and rescue operations? 38

39 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue 2. What action would you take if you suspected one of your fellow team members was suffering from fatigue? 3. In your own words, describe what duty of care means. How can you ensure this is met during search and rescue operations? Further reading A guiding document for this area of occupational safety and health practice is AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk assessment principles and guidelines. Guidelines for Safer Surf Clubs, SLSA 39

40 Learner Guide Topic 5 Operations This topic describes the concepts of SAR operations. Such incidents can involve advanced levels of coordination and communication and often inter-operation with other rescue agencies. You will learn how to participate in operations during the day and at night, and how to perform advanced rescue techniques which may be required throughout the response phase. Learning outcomes for this topic are: Select search and rescue equipment Communicate incident details to relevant personnel at appropriate stages Select an appropriate water entry point Demonstrate an advanced water entry technique Describe search patterns Participate in search patterns as a team member Operate as a member of a search team for a submerged patient/object Perform retrieval of a submerged object at a depth of 3-5 meters below the surface Participate in a night search operation Demonstrate retrieval of a patient and return to shore Selecting Equipment It is important to select appropriate equipment to facilitate a safe and effective search and rescue operation. Depending on the situation, you may need to use the following equipment: Search and rescue equipment Communications Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Localised Information Guidelines and Forms Handheld radio(s) programmed for local operations including SLS, Emergency Services and other Coastal Rescue Organisations Radio aqua-bag / waterproof bag Mobile Phone (personal or role specific) Car inverter / radio charger Clothing options according to conditions High visibility identifying vest (in line with Emergency Management standards) Sun protection including hat, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc. Wetsuit (if applicable) Area coastal map, with high risk locations, secondary names and hazards identified Emergency contacts list Pen / notebook / waterproof notepad Relevant SAR and incident logs Clipboard SAR manual and procedures 40

41 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue First Aid Equipment Search Equipment Rescue Equipment Recovery Equipment First Aid Kit AED Oxygen Kit Space blanket Torch (waterproof) Binoculars Dye packs Smoke/signal flares Planning white board Strobes/glowsticks Night vision equipment Marker Buoy buoy and basic anchor Mask and snorkel Rescue tube and fins Personal strobe (depending on conditions) Personal Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) (depending on conditions) Body Recovery Kit High visibility identifying vests PFD and waterproof radio bag Individual activity 5.1: Case study SAR equipment Using the case study further developments on page 35, list the SAR equipment that your team will require at this stage. 41

42 Learner Guide Pre-operational procedures It is important that all equipment is checked before use to ensure it is in good working order, and necessary documentation completed. This is particularly important for equipment that is used infrequently, and when working with equipment you have not used before. Checks will include but are not limited to: Logbooks check to see if any equipment issues have been reported Check radio battery life and test radio is functioning Ensure all PPE is in good condition and fits Review maps and plans to ensure all necessary information is included Check first aid and oxygen kits are complete and are operational Check all necessary components of SAR equipment are present If any equipment is found to be faulty or not complete this should be reported to your team leader and the relevant documentation completed. Environmental Factors Influencing a Search and Rescue Weather Many Australian beaches experience strong offshore and onshore breezes, and some also experience strong squalls and storms, even cyclones. Surf Lifesavers should be aware of the daily forecast affecting their local area and should consider the effect the wind will have on inshore conditions, especially rips and currents. Wind current Wind current, or wind drift current, is the result of wind acting on the surface of the water for a long period. Wind drift needs to be taken into account when planning for a search, as it will affect objects on the surface of the water. Ocean current Ocean current is the permanent, large-scale flow of ocean waters, not caused by local winds or tides. Ocean current is normally only significant in oceanic areas and will affect the drift of a submerged or partially submerged object. While several sources for obtaining ocean current information are available, the most recent and preferred sources are the appropriate Australian hydrographic publications. An example of these currents is the Pacific Southern Current which runs from northern Queensland to Victoria, or the Leuwin Current which runs down the coast of Western Australia. Identifying and using people with local current knowledge is a critical part of effective search planning. 42

43 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Tidal current The effect of tide on current in any given area may be determined by consulting tide tables or current charts. Whenever possible, local knowledge should be sought to verify tidal calculations. The following situations need to be considered when dealing with tidal currents: when tides reverse, the current effect in one direction may be greater than in the other the tidal flow will cause changes in the probable position of the search object for different search times the cumulative effect may be to thrust the search object into areas where ocean current may take effect tide charts may be accessed through the Bureau of Meteorology at Water clarity The clarity of the water will affect the distance that SAR personnel can effectively see into the water. Water clarity is affected by things such as pollution (e.g. storm water runoff, algae, etc) or water movement (sometimes referred to as turbidity) caused by surf, rip currents or tidal influences stirring up sediment. Swell and surf conditions In large surf conditions performing a SAR operation is more difficult. Wave height is the distance from the trough to the crest of a wave. Wave period is the time in seconds between subsequent waves reaching a certain point. Rip currents When performing a rescue a Lifesaver may use the rip current to aid their journey to the patient. It is also important to consider rip currents when planning and performing a search pattern because of the influence on the movement of a submerged patient and also maintaining the integrity of search patterns and safety of search personnel. Group activity 5.2: Case study discussion As a group discuss the impact that environmental factors could have on the search for the missing snorkeler. NOTES 43

44 Learner Guide Search Patterns For any land or water-based search to have a good chance of success, the search must be carried out in a methodical fashion ensuring it starts in the place where the person or persons are most likely to be located and also ensuring it covers the area thoroughly. The selection of search patterns is extremely important and should only be made after careful consideration of all factors. Whichever search pattern is used, it must meet the following criteria: Suitability appropriateness to the environment (e.g. location person last sighted), weather conditions (winds, tides, currents, size of the swell), timeframes to complete the search, size and number of persons to be located etc Feasibility within the search team s capabilities Acceptability the expected results should be worth the estimated time and effort involved Safety does not unnecessarily endanger any member of the search team The distance between each leg of the search will depend upon these factors, with the guiding principle being to ensure the search area is visually covered. This means the distance between each leg of the search pattern should be slightly less than the estimated distance that a target could be reasonably expected to be seen in the prevailing conditions. There are four main groups of search types which relate to the search area, these include: Land search Surface search e.g. from a board or IRB In-water search either looking down into the water using a mask and snorkel, or diving under the surface. LAND SEARCH Contour A Contour search is used to examine inclines, mountain slopes and valleys when sharp changes in elevation make other types of search impractical. It can include incrementally working around or up a hill gradually increasing altitude. It is also used to describe searches which following the contour of a foreshore or coastline SURFACE SEARCH The objective of surface searches is to look from above the water surface for submerged objects or be in a position to feel for objects below the surface. A number of patterns may be applied, a sample of common searches are listed below. 44

45 IN-WATER SEARCH Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue In-water searches allow personnel to look below the surface and where instructed to use duckdiving to locate submerged objects or persons. Personnel would ideally be equipped with mask, snorkel and fins to enhance maneuverability and ability to see in the water. Line Search Line search pattern, also known as parallel line search, involves team members moving in a straight line. The picture shows how a rope is utilised to ensure the distance between team members is maintained. The distance between personnel participating will depend on factors including: What gear and equipment they are using, e.g. a rescue tube, rescue board, IRB The depth of the water Sea conditions Water clarity the less clear the water, the closer together the searchers must be. Creeping Line The Creeping Line search pattern involves moving back and forth in making gradual increments parallel to the previous track. The pattern will follow the measured direction of the current where the missing object or person is likely to have also drifted. 45

46 Learner Guide Square The Square search pattern is often used by powercraft and involves the search starting from the last known site and moving outwards in a square pattern. It is typically used where there is little ocean current or drift, or where is its highly likely the object has remained static. Circular Similar to the Square pattern, a Circular search can be undertaken by a search team around a point of last seen or last known location. Underwater search pattern As a search swimmer moves through the water they may dive down at set intervals to search the ocean floor. 46

47 Working with powercraft in the water Where personnel are in the water, the role of powercraft can vary from undertaking searches, acting as observation points and communication relays, to coordinators from in-water personnel and water safety for in-water personnel. It is important that in-water personnel keep in constant contact with powercraft overseeing their safety and constantly communicate, including use of signals. Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Powercraft will be instructed to keep safe distances from personnel in the water and react immediately if assistance is required. After bringing an object or patient to the surface you may need to transfer the patient to a powercraft for return to shore. Types of craft that you may interact with include Inflatable Rescue Boats (IRB s), Rescue Water Craft (RWCs), Offshore Rescue Boats (ORBs), Jet Rescue Boats (JRBs) and police and coastguard boats. When working with any powercraft it is important to follow the instructions of the operator and crew. They will tell you the safest position for you to be in, and how to help transfer a patient to the craft. Be aware that non-surf lifesaving craft do not have safety propeller guards. Group activity 5.3: search scenarios Discuss the following questions as a group and note your answers in the spaces provided. 1. What type of search patterns could be used in the search for the missing snorkeler in the case study? Explain your answer. 47

48 Learner Guide 2. At a local ocean swim race a swimmer was spotted by a water safety member on a rescue board. As the board paddler approached the swimmer disappeared beneath the surface. They were 100m off shore. What type of search patterns could be used in this scenario? Explain your answer. 3. In what circumstances would you be most likely to use a Creeping Line search pattern? 4. What search patterns could you use for a land based search, and why? Group practical activity 5.4: Search patterns Task 1 Line search Your Facilitator will divide the group into appropriate sized teams and set up a search area. In groups you will then practice a line search, taking care to ensure you travel at the same speed and hold your position relative to the other team members. You should also regularly be checking on the welfare of fellow team members, and practice reporting findings to the team leader. Task 2 Search patterns Your Facilitator will divide the group into appropriate sized teams and set up a search area. A mannequin or other object will be placed in the water for you to find. You will practice two different search patterns, as appropriate to the local conditions, and as a team member to find the missing object. The activity will also include: Information gathering Briefing Selection of PPE 48

49 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Selection of SAR equipment and pre-operational checks Post-operation procedures Task 3 Alternate search patterns Your Facilitator will divide the group into appropriate size teams and set up a search area. You will practice one of the following: A search pattern on land A search pattern on a rescue board Advanced water entry An incident response may require a Lifesaver to enter the water from a point other than the beach. The following section provides guidance around entering the water from piers and rocks. Piers/Jettys Piers that feature at many beaches and other parts of the coastline are structures around which incidents often occur. Their height, influence on rip current flows and submerged objects beneath them make them potentially hazardous to nearby persons in the water and those on the pier who jump or fall. It is critical that Lifesavers who have piers within their area of responsibility are regularly scanning these structures and are fully aware of permanent and temporary hazards around the structure through local reconnaissance. In the event that someone falls or jumps from a pier, or gets into difficulty close to the structure, entering the water from the pier may be the quickest way for a Lifesaver to reach the person. For a Lifesaver to jump from a pier as safely as possible, they must: Intimately understand all permanent and temporary hazards that exist around the structure Understand the water depths at varying tidal levels Jump from a position that provides the greatest depth Practice regularly through scheduled training 49

50 Learner Guide Jumping sequence 1 1. Conduct a final check of the water beneath 2. Hold your rescue tube in one hand out to one side and fins in the other 3. Step from the pier and face the horizon, not down. 4. Enter the water feet first at all times 5. Release the rescue tube before submerging 6. Where a second Lifesaver is present, signal that you are ok and proceed with the appropriate response Entering from rocks Many beaches have rocky outcrops or ocean pools that are sites where people enter the water. It is important that a Lifesaver is aware of where and how to safely enter the water at such places in their local area. The below points are not an extensive guide, but are items you should consider before deciding to enter the water. It is important to only attempt this after you have performed a risk assessment, and if it is safe to do so. Preparing to enter 1. Assess the rock platform area before approaching and continue to be vigilant of your safety 2. Approach the platform and search for the point with the easiest access, for example: 50 o Least swell o Protected channels o Deep enough water o Free from rock hazards or shallow water 3. Put on fins before entering the water, have rescue tube ready 4. Wait for a smaller wave set 5. Move to the rock edge in a fast but controlled fashion 6. Wait for the wave to rise up and jump onto the top of the swell/wave Key points to remember 1. Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment such as: o Gath helmet o Full wetsuit o Booties o Gloves o Fins o Ensure carrying rescue tube 2. Where possible, try to assess a safe exit point before entering the water 3. A smoothly sloping edge may not always be the safest entry point as the waves washing over the rocks could cause a diving hazard 4. If a local area, ideally have knowledge of tested contingency plans for the rock platform area and the best access points 5. Always face the swell, never turn your back on it 6. Do not enter whilst facing the surf with rocks/cliffs at your back as you will get crushed between the two. Enter to the side if able, with the surf coming towards you at a 90 angle

51 Silver Medallion Aquatic Rescue Patients on rocks If a person is stranded on the rocks the situation should be assessed to determine: If the person can be secured or transported to land without entering the water If the person is able to be safely transported to an Inflatable Rescue Boat (IRB) or Rescue Water Craft (RWC) If the person is able to be winched by a helicopter If the person needs to re-enter the water with you to swim to an IRB or RWC (last resort only) Try to provide reassurance to the patient and notify them of the course of action before undertaking it. Rock exits 1. Identify safe exit area o Do not exit with your back to the wave o Consider the effect of waves bouncing off other rocks o Check if a rock area with natural stairs or a shelf is available 2. Prepare to exit o Wait for a smaller wave set o Swim to the rock platform, float next to it with hands touching rocks 3. Exit and withdraw o As a small surge comes in swim up onto the rocks and achieve a foot/handhold quickly o As surge withdraws leaving you dry on the rocks, stand and move away from the danger zone quickly but cautiously o Take care that the rescue tube is out of your way as you exit the water 4. Safe exit eject o If the wave being used to propel yourself onto the rocks is too strong, or if no foot/handhold is possible o Push away from the rocks o Cover your head/face with both arms and assume the foetal position o Signal your condition to other Lifesavers 5. Remember o Always keep an eye on the surf and never turn your back on it o If caught out on a rock ledge, turn away from the incoming surf, spread your stance and bend down (this is known as the defensive or crouching position) 51

52 Learner Guide Entering from groynes and breakwaters When entering from groynes and breakwaters, the same principles and procedures apply as for rock rescue described above. Individual activity 5.5: Maintaining safety during water entry 1. Name the locations in your area that you may need to enter the water (other than the beach). 2. Describe 3 hazards at these locations and how you would manage the risks. 3. If it is unsafe for you to enter the water to retrieve a patient what action can you take? Practical activity 5.6: Advanced water entry Your Facilitator will explain advanced water entry techniques specific to your location (e.g. piers or rocks) and as a group you will identify a safe entry point and then practice entering and exiting the water, whilst using appropriate PPE. Safety is paramount in this activity and no unnecessary risks should be taken. Rescue techniques Rescue techniques were introduced in the Bronze Medallion. For a detailed description of rescue techniques, equipment and planning a course of action refer to Chapter 9: Rescue techniques in the Public Safety and Aquatic Rescue 33 rd Edition Manual. 52