Issued February, 1940. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE DOMINION BUR3AU OF STATISTICS OTTAWA CANADA Census of Industry Animal Products Statistics Branch Dominion Statistician; Chief, Animal Products Statistics Branch: R. H. Coats, LL.D. 1 F.R.3,C., F.S.S.(Hon.) F. A. Brown LEATBER GLO YES AND MI Thi C Aj, 1938. The leather glove and mitten industry of Canada in 1938 produced goods to the value of $3,692,783, compared with $4,180,625 in the preceding year. The quantity of the product aiiounted to 563,802 dozen pairs, compared with 600,862 dozen pairs in 1937, while the average price per dozen pairs was $6.52, compared with $6.92. The size of the output In the past 16 years has varied from a low of 309,764 dozen pairs in 1924 to a high of 601,973 dozen pairs in 1936. The average selling price was highest in 1923 with $10.09 per dozen pairs, and lowest in 1933 with $6.14. For total value of output, the high record year was 1928, when a substantial product and the second highest average selling price in the period combined to make a total value of 5,368,956. The number of etab1ishments in operation in 1938 provinces as follows: quebec, 23; Ontario, 24; Manitoba, 4; The value of output of the Quebec factories was $1,917,001, total for Canada, and of the Ontario factories, $1,255,168, value of production of the Manitoba and British Columbia fa represented the remaining 14 per cent. was 54, located by and British Columbia, S. or 52 per cent of the or 34 per cent. The tories, together, The industry employed during the year a total of 1,740 persons, and paid in salaries and wages an amount of $1,212,832. The value of materials used was $2,051,460, the leather contributing $1,752,910, or 85 per cent of the total. The chief kinds of leather used, in order of value, were cowhide ($615,830), sheepskin ($392,527), muleskin ($232,43), horsehide ($157,362) and goatskin ($145,799). The tables of the introduction summarize the principal data of the industry over a period of years, while the main tables of the report give statistics for the year 1938, by provinces, including a table showing the production of gloves and mittens classified according to the kinds of leather. The volume containe,also, statistics of imports and exports and a list of the leather glove and mitten manufacturers. NOTE: Profits or losses cannot be estimated from Census figures, as no data are collected for certain expense items, such as interest, rent, depreciation, taxes, insurance, advertising, etc.
2 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada I. quantity and Value of Product, Canada, 1936, 1937 and 1938. Kind 1936 1937 1938 (a). Dress gloves, mittens and gauntlets: Men's lined...doz.pr. 72,308 65,285 66 1 761 690,411 639,578 585,004 Men's unlined... doz.pr. 47,799 46,208 40,454 438,813 448,645 375,380 Women's and children's doz.pr. 22,113 17,369 14,179 lined...$ 188,033 136,427 116,435 Women's and children's doz.pr. 38,473 36,563 23,364 unlined...$ 383,210 357,451 219,161 Working gloves, mittens and gauntlets: Men's lined... doz.pr. 111,623 121,570 112,904 $ 748,559 810,599 763,404 Men's, unlined...doz.pr. $ 257,127 1,334,258 257,548 1,522,090 265,353 1,448,839 Boys' lined... doz.pr. 45,572 46,273 33,076 $ 205,667 200,766 142,370 Boys' unlined...doz.pr. 6,958 10,046 7,711 $ 25,752 41,156 27,278 Total gloves, mittens and gauntlets...doz.pr. 601,973 600,862 563,802 $ 4,014,703 4,156,712 3,677,871 Miscellaneous leather goods (b) $ 6,900 14,817 14,570 Received for custom work 2,987 9,096 342 Total Value of Products...$ 4,024,590 4,180,625 3,692,783 (a) See table 7, pp. 69 for the production of gloves, mittens and gauntlets, classified according to kinds of leather. (b) Moccasins, insole, etc.
3 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada II. Total Production and Average Selling Price of Leather Gloves, Mittens and Gauntlets, 1923 to 1928. Year Tota:1 Quantity Average selling price pe1 dozen pair Year Total Quantity Average selling price per dozen pair doz.pair doz.paii 1923... 358,372 10.09 1931... 420,205 7.05 1924... 309,764 9.75 1932... 365,201 5.57 1925... 348,028 9.35 1933... 448,774 6.14 1926... 387,347 8.80 1934... 538,636 6.69 1927... 466,467 4.60 1935... 539,111 6.82 1928... 528,707 9.76 1936... 601,073 6.67 1929... 518,641 9.08 1937.. 600,862 6.92 1930... 471,993 8.28 1938... 563,802 6.52 III. Principal Statistics of the Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, 1923 to 1938. Year Etablishments Capital Employees Salaries and Tages Cost of Materials Value of Products No. $ No. $ $ $ 1923 56 3,117,241 1,574 1 0 192,225 2 1 017,094 3 2 864,662 1924 48 2,383,130 1 9 309 990,534 1 1 785,745 1925 43 2,328,608 1,316 1,041 2 514 2 1,121,302 3,202,556 3,513,661 1926 41 2,328,940 1,369 1,103,348 2,078,134 3,609,277 1927 46 3,231,401 1,578 1,322,234 2,576,604 4,873,191 1928 49 3,845,708 1,721 1,459,668 3,150,901 5,368,956 1929 49 3 9 543,130 1,705 1,405,800 2,847,839 4 1 932,534 1930 47 3,020 2 539 1,599 1,232,155 2,244,124 4,057,529 1931 47 2,780,599 1,501 1,083,139 1,557,242 3,123,370 1932 42 2,045,670 1,331 855,327 1,082,901 2,145,547 1933 44 1,994,041 1 9 516 916,274 1,402,855 2,791,618 1934 46 2,181,362 1 2 760 1 1 324,484 1 1,940,380 3,634 9 854 1935 46 2 1 471,700 1,734 1,186,220 1,905,581 3,687,102 1936 49 2,533,807 1,835 1,309,321 2,251,182 4,024,590 1937 52 2,666,266 1,923 1 2 370,437 2,301,112 4,180,625 1938 54 2,759676 1,740 1,212,832 2,051,460 3,692,783
4 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada 1. Principal Statistics of the Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, 1938. Estab Employees Cost of Province lish Capital Salaries Materials Value of ments Invested No. and Wages Used Products No. $ Quebec... 23 1,487,317 1,009 670,705 1,050,907 1,917,001 Ontario... 24 883,935 512 365,275 717,093 1 1 255,168 Manitoba... 4 256,073 151 95,795 179,171 316,371 British Columbia 3 132,351 68 81,057 104,289 204,243 Total... 54j2,759,676 1,740 1,212,832 2,051,460 3,692,783 2. Capital Invested, 1938. Province Quebec... Ontario... Manitoba... British Columbia... Land, Materials, products buildings and supplies on Cash and and hand, stocks in operating nachinery pces,etc. accounts $ $ $ 500,575 354,794 562,682 329,860 424,060 199,281 66,749 127,099 62,225 35,014 72,291 25,046 Total Capital $ 1,487,317 883,935 256,073 132,551 710,612 I 2,759,676 Province Quebec...,.,. Ontario... Manitoba... British Columbia. 3. Employees and Salaries and Wages, 1938. Salaried Employees WageEarners Male Female Total Salaries Male Female No.. No. $ No. No. 110 36 145,540 345 518 39 19 82,097 206 248 14 5 35 3,120 58 74 17 1 391) 025 29 21 Total Wages $ 525,165 283,178 60,675 42,032 Total... [ 180 [61 301,782 638 861 L9'' 5
5 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada 4. Number of Wage earners, by Months, 1938. Province January February March April May June No. No. No. No. No No. Quebec 620 775 884 896 818 879 Ontario... 378 436 442 461 437 459 Manitoba 106 107 124 136 134 130 British Columbia 49 48 49 48 48 48 Total.. 1,153 1,366 1,499 1,541 1,437 1,516 Province July August September October November December No. No. No. No. No. No. Quebec... 923 915 953 988 923 793 Ontario 454 478 489 499 499 464 Manitoba 126 148 155 143 149 131 British Columbia 48 51 50 51 52 52 Total... 1 1,551 1,592 1,647 1,681 1,623 1,440 No. of Hours per week 5. Number of Wageearners, with Hours of Work per Week and Total Wages Paid fortheweek, inperiod ofhighestemployment, 1938. Number of Wate earners Manitoba and Quebec Ontario British Columbia Canada.Male Female Male Female Málè Female Male Female No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No, 30 hours or less... 3 19 2 10 1 3 6 32 3143 hours... 47 59 10 29 3 10 60 98 44 hours.... 33 62 53 59 89 97 175 218 4547 hours.... 24 39 22 82 46 121 48 hours... 54 398 2 9 256 407 4950 hours.... 30 42 21 20 51 62 5154 hours.. 38 44 38 44 55 hours... 81 22 81 22 5664 hours.... 4 1 4 1 65 hours and over.. TotalWageearners 391 619 233 276 93 110 717 1,005 Total wages paid in week.... 7,438 6,939 3,517 2,990 1 1 419 1,552 12,374 11,481. Average earnings per week... 19.02 11.21 15.09 10.83 15.26 14.11 17.26 11.42
The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada 6. Quantity and Value of Products, 1938. J Sheep Lamb Goat Horse IClassification skin I skin I skin I hide QUEBEC doz.pr. j doz.pr. I doz.pr. I doz.pr. Dress gloves, mittens and gauntlets 1. 2. Men's lined.....,..... Men's unlined...... 3. Women's and children's lined... 4. Women's and children's unlined... Working gloves,mittens and gauntlets 5. Men's lined... 6. Men's unlined... 7. Boys' lined... 8. Boys' unlined... 9. Total gloves, mittens and gauntlets 10. Miscellaneous leather goods... 11. Received for custom work... 12. Total Value of Production... lassification ONTARIO Dress gloves,mittens and gauntlets 13 Men's lined... 14 Men'sunlined... 15 Women's and children's lined... 16 Women's and children's unlined... Working gloves,mittens and gauntlets 17 Men's lined... 18 Men'sunlined... 19 Boys' lined... 20 Boys unlined... 21 Total gloves, mittens and gauntlets. 22 Miscellaneous leather goods... 234 Received for custom work... 28,625 1,626 20 12,149 5,449 2 6,927 418 3 10,836 8 1,709 3,262 125 3;528 50 1,775 8,530 3,574 68 65,491 8 11,102 12,083.............. Sheep r 11b_ [ Goat Horseskin j_skiri j skin hide doz.pr. T doz.pr. 1 doz.pr. doz.pr. 29,298 300 630 577 4,033 6,078 25 420 562 80 2,050 5,786 351 5,007 2,992 1, 263 8,231 6,318 1,289 162 141 54,747 2,375 1 2,664 15,807....1... 24 Total Value of Production...
mm The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada 6. Quantity and Value of Products, 1938 Con. Mule. Cow Pig Deer All Total skin hide skin skin other (a) Quantity doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz. pr. doz.pr. Total Value 1 1 327 110 170 31,878 296,425 1. 4 1 004 451 416 22,471 268 3091 2. 374 147 48 25 7,942 63,573 3. 1,039 426 6,159 20,177 194,833 4. 7,598 37,852 930 811 54,086 328,787 5. 30,557 81,914 3,330 150 8,114 134,420 688,673 6. 2,564 8,264 I 443 14,845 62,390 7. 5641,949 4 200 2 9 781 9 1 115 8. 41,283 130,333 10,777 L 1,185 16,338 288,600 1,911 0 895 9.......... 5, 106 10.... Mule r00......... 1,917,001 12. J Pig Deer_J All Total Total other Quantity Value skin J hide skin skin L doz.9r.1 doz.pr. I doz.pr. doz.pr. Tcioz.pr. 7doz.pr. 270 40 37 1,635 32,787 269,342 13. 6 1 124 5,203 702 87 50 17,206 96,438 14. 6,078 51,442 15. 1,000 3,130 23,780 16. 6,957 J 20,393 631 25 2,273 41,423 269,359 17. 13 9 768 47 3,075 929 8 12,667 86,933 467,698 18. 3,208 3,188 25 457 14,485 63,942 19. 258k 1, 384 385 2 9 330 9,163 20. 30,315J_77,513 2,327 157 18,467 204,372 1 1 251,162 21.....,... 3,699 22............307 23. ol. 7,.......... l,255,lsj 24.
The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada 6. Quantity and Value of Products, 1838 Con. Classification MANITOBA_AND BRITISH COLUMBIA Dress gloves,mittens and gauntiets 1. Men's lined...,... 2. Men ' s unlined,., 000000,0,0I0O 0 3. 4. Women's and children's lined00..., Women's and cbildrents unlined..,. Sheep Lamb Goat Horseskin skin skin hide doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. 2,020 32 482 140 159 55 Working gloves, mittens and gauntlets 5. Men' a lined... 0... 6.... 7. Boys ' lined... 8. Boys' unlined... 9. Total gloves,mittena and gauntlets.. 10. Miscellaneous leather goods.,... 11. Received for custom work... 12, Total Value of Production... Classification CANADA 900 50 1,300 3,950 860 6,743 7,372 921 25 100 650 100 100 350 5,497 75 8,415 12,322 I *.e...e ;:r::...0., 1i0 akin skin skin hide doz.pr. I doz.pr. Idozopr. Idoz.pr,.... Dress gloves, mittens and gauntlets 13. Men's lined... 14. Men ' sunlined...... 15. Women's and children's lined... 16. Women's and children's unlined..,. Working gloves, mittens and gauntlets 17. Mend a lined... 18. Men's unlined... 19. Boys' lined... 20. Boys unlined... 21. Total gloves,mittens and gauntlets.. 22. Miscellaneous leather goods... 23. Received for custom work... 24. Total Value of Production... 59,943 500 2 1 288 597 16,664 25 6,009 564 13,164 418 3 10,971 2,058 1,709 9,948 50 1,776 12,485 3,902 9,781 24,133 10,813 25 100 1,939 330 100 491 125,735 2,458 22,181 40,212
Muleskin doz pr. The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry 6. Quantity and Value of Prodzcts,].938Conc1uded. Cow Pig Deer All 1 Total hide skin skin other (a) quantity doz.pr. Idoz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. Total Value 121 2 44 34 2,096 777 159 57 19,237 10,853 1,420 548 L 2 3. 4. 800 9,100 125 70 1,100 17,395 165,258 5. 6,320 16,873 1,710 520 3,602 44,000 292,468 6. 200 1,450 100 300 3,746 16,030 7, 300 1,600 150 2,600 9,000 B. 7,620 29,023 2,058 590 5,230 70,830 514,814 9... Do......o,.oDG.. 0 0000 O 3D0. ) o,s3o :,.,.a 5,765 35 10 11.... 520,614 Mule Cow Pig Deer All Total Total skin hide skin skin other quantity Value 12. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz.pr. doz..pr. doz.pr. 270 1,367 147 1,849 66,761 6 1 124 5,203 4,827 538 500 40,454 374 147 48 25 14,179 1 1 041 426 7 7 159 23,364 585,004 13. 375,380 l4 116,435 15. 219,161 16 15,355 50,645 5 0 972 1,122 67,325 145,362 12,902 4,933 1,686 5,969 125 95 678 4,184 24,383 1,200 735 112,904 265,353 33,076 7j 711 _, 79,218 236,869 15,162 1,932 40,035 563,802 00000... 763,404 17, 1,448,839 18. 142,370 I 19. 27 2 278 420.. 3,677,871 I 21. 14,570 22. 342 23 Z. 692 '7 ' ;.
10 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada 7. Materials Used, 1938. Kind quebec Ontario Manitoba and British Columbia Canada Sheepskin... sq.ft. 1,820,619 1 1 64?,128 157,251 3,625 1 998 202,212 172,859 17,456 392,527 Horsehide...sq.ft. 356,667 445,561 319,992 1,122,220 $ 47,761 59,401 50,200 157,362 Cowhide... sq.ft. 2,965,795 1,875 1 855 833,987 5,675,637 325,701 200,048 88,081 613,830 Pigskin...sq.ft. 196,907 51,027 33,817 281,751 $ 55,673 7,401 4,154 67,228 Goatkin... sq.ft. 305,358 105,642 268,863 679,863 75,164 17,305 53,330 145,799 Lambskin...sq.ft. 414 58,600 13,000 72,014 $ 131 6,029 2 5,050 8,210 Deerskin... sq.ft. 54,686 8,917 21 3,807 85,410 $ 11,987 1,868 3,61 17,468 Muleskin...sq.ft. 3,000,575 935,952 191 2 090 4,127,617 158,124 56,168 18 1 161 232,453 Other hides and skins... $ 28,075 17,121 11,267 56,463 Splits, (various kinds of leather) 8,636 52,934 61,570 Other materials and supplies 137,443 125,959 35 3,148 298,550 Total Value... $ 1,050,907 717,093 283,460 2,051,460
11 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada FPOITS AND fliports (Compiled by the External Trade Branch) 6. Exports of Leather Gloves, Mitts and Mittens, the produce of Canada, during the calendar years 1936, 1937 and 1938. Countries to which Exported 1 9 3 6 1 9 3 7 1 9 3 8 Gloves and mitts of leather United Kingdom... 498,175 590,057 567,275 United States....725 384 402 British South Africa... 2,686 2,522 2,15 Newfoundland... 3,975 7,177 6,248 New Zealand... 1,612 2,664 2 1 856 Belgium... 4,743 7,749 5,280 Netherlands... 6,180 16,083 14,596 Other countries....9,345 2,369 4,395 Total... 523,143 629,205 603,208 9. Imports into Canada, for consumption, of Leather Gloves, Mitts and Mittens, during the calendar years 1936, 1937 and 1938. Countries from which Imported 1 9 3 6 1 9 3 7 1 9 3 8 Gloves of leather, n.o.p. $ $ United Kingdom.... 84,843 80,467 57,543 United States....... 10,893 11,209 11,178 Belgium...... 77,697 107,924 108,198 Czechoslovakia... 228,932 271,036 211,499 France... 216,061 223,958 218,730 Germany... 87,306 98,771 77,978 Italy... 4,578 42,956 36,173 Japan... 203 2,489 1,722 Switzerland...... 7 9 075 16,341 2,105 Other Countries 1,095 2,085 163 Total... 718,480 857,236 725,289
12 The Leather Glove and Mitten Industry, Canada EXPORTS AND IMPORTS 9. Imports into Canada, for consumption, of Leather Gloves, Mitts and Mittens, during the calendar years 1936, 1937 and 1938 Concluded. Countries from which Imported 1 9 3 6 1 9 3 7 1 9 3 8 Gloves, dress, women's, of kid, elbow length United Kingdom... 91 51 United States.... 38 25 Belgium.... 3,371 2,743 4,636 France... 2,264 3,006 2,813 Italy.... 266 3,981 1,002 Other countries...,.., 325 355 760 Total Value.... 6,355 10,136 9,236 Mitts and mittens of leather United Kingdom... 207 77 185 United States.... 3,452 3,633 3,293 Other countries 643 39 122 Total Value... 4,302 3,749 3,600 Total Value of Imports of leather gloves, mitts and mittens ' 729,137 871,121 738,125
13 List of Leather Glove and Mitt E8tablishlnents, Canada Name Address Quebec Ace Glove Works, Reg'd... Acmet Glove Works, Limited... Plants at Loretteville and Montreal Balcer Glove Mfg. Co. Ltd... Consumers Glove Company Limited... Continental Glove Co. Ltd... Galibert, Paul... 0. Gallin Glove Co. Ltd... Ganterie Caiadienne Enr., La... Glovers' Guild Ltd., The... Gold Glove Works, The... Guarantee Glove & Sport Garment Co... Montreal Glove Works... National Glove Co... Ouellette, Reg'd., J. A... Paquin Enr., R. Gaston... Pelletier Glove Mfg., L... Perrin Glove Co. (Canada) Limited... Plants at Loretteville and Montreal St. Lawrence Glove Works, Paul Hebert, Proprietor.. Solid Glove Ltd... 1... Trottier & Trottier... Unique Glove Co. (Canada) Limited... St. Tite 261 Vitre St. E., Montreal 865 Stç. Marguerite St.,Trois Rivi'e'es 987 Cote St., Montreal 360 Recollet St., Montreal 648 Wellington St., Montreal 1253 McGill College Ave., Montreal Ancienne Lorette Ste. Anne de la Perade 3575 St. Lawrence Blvd., Montreal 4521 Clarke St., Montreal 961 Inspector St., Montreal 690 NotreDanie St.,W., Monteal Marieville Desehambault 5559 St. Lawrence Blvd., ontrea1 437 Mayor St., Montreal 535 St. Valier St., Quebec 262 Ontario St. fl., Mon4rèal St. Tite 437 Mayor St., Montreal Ontarto Alexandria Glove Works... Barrie Glove & Knitting Co. Ltd., The. Bovmanvi11e Glove & Mitt Co., Ltd... Branscombe & Son, M... Canada Glove Co... Earl Glove Mfg. Co... Alexandria 40 Ontario St. S., Kitchener King St. W., Bowmanville Talbot St., Picton 2677 Danforth Ave., Toronto 982 Yonge St., Toronto
14 List of Leather Glove and Mitt Establishments, Canada (Concluded) Name Address Ontario Concluded. Garfield Glove Company....... Gurney & Son, W. H... Howard Glove Company... Huck Glove Co. Limited, The... Kitchen Overall and Shirt Co., Ltd.,The New Era Glove Works... Ontario Glove Mfg. Co., Ltd... Prescott Glove Works... Queen City Leather Works... Richman Leather Co., The W. L... Shorey's Glove Works... Simcoe Mitt & Glove Co. Ltd., The... Smith Glove Co...... Stewart Glove & Leather Works... Storey Glove Co.,, Limited... Superior Glove Works... Waterloo Glove Mfg. Co. Ltd., The... Wright Glove Works... 1719 Queen St., N., Waterloo Josephine St., Wingham 154 Pearl St., Toronto 120 Victoria St.., Kitchener 11 West St., Brantford 269 Pape, Ave., Toronto 253 King St. E., Kitthener 38 Water St., Prescott 3325 Dundas St., Toronto Lindsay 15 Broad St., Brockville Pond St., Simcoe 132 Melville St., Dundas Victoria St., Wingham Bower Ave., Acton Main St., Acton 911 Erb St. E., Waterloo 81 Lake St., Pembroke Manitoba Leather Products, Limited... Perfecfit Glove Co... Western Glove Works, Limited... Western Cooperative Limited... 78 Princess St., Winnipeg 344 Cuniberland Ave., Winnipeg McDermot & Adelaide Sts., Winnipeg 269 James St., Winnipeg. British Columbia Howard Glove Company...4215 Georgia St. E., Vancouver Treen Glove Mfg., George...220 Broadway W., Vancouver Watson Ltd., John...127 2nd Ave., E., Vancouver
REPORTS OF THE DOMThION BUREAU OF STATISTICS ON LEATHER AZD MANUFACTURES OF LEATHER Census of Inistir Reports: The Leather Industry (25 cents) Leather Footwear (Annual 25 cents: Monthly, including annual, 100 per year). Leather Gloves and Mittens. (20 cents) Miscellaneous Leather Goods: Leather Boot and Shoe Findings; Leather Belting. (25 cents) Internal Trade Reports: Prices of Hides, Leather and Leather Goods, contained in the Monthly and Annual Reports on Prices and Price Indexes. ($ioo per year, covering both monthly and annual) Stocks of Raw Hides and Skins / (Monthly: 10 cents per copy, or $LOO per year) External Trad.e Reports: Imports and Exports of Leather and Manufactures of Leather, contained in the Annual calendar year Report of the Trade of Canada published in three volumes. Volume 1 contains summary and analytical tables; Volume 11, exports by articles and countries; Volume 11]., imports for consumption, by articles and countries ($2.00 per volume) / Issued in cooperation with the Wartime Prices and Trade Boarth
STAT!STlS Cl rj'na LIBPIF E,IBLICLHELL'E STI ISTKUE cf;.t:a IlIII 10107528 16 THE LEATHER GLOVE AND MITT INDUSTRY IN CANADA MILLION 1924 TO 1939 DOLLAR: Iii F 5 / \ / Value OF,i Producbs\ I / 4 I \ / \/ 3 I / Cap±aI 2? MaenaJs I / 4' V / 7 ci Ii I I I I I I I I 1924 'ZS 1930 1935 39