Functional Performance Testing for Baseball and Softball Players 2007 NSCA SSTC, San Antonio, TX

Transcription

1 Functional Performance Testing for Baseball and Softball Players 2007 NSCA SSTC, San Antonio, TX Frank Spaniol, Ed.D., CSCS*D Professor, Department of Kinesiology Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi Brian Gearity, M.S., CSCS University of Tennessee

2 Purpose The purpose of this presentation is to introduce a battery of functional performance tests used to assess baseball and softball players. Topics to be discussed include: Test selection Test administration Normative data

3 Introduction Excellence Does Not Occur by Accident. Physique Technique Psyche

4 Why Test Test?? (so what! who who cares?) Better Information = Better Decisions = Better Performance Testing is the Foundation of Program Design Baseline Data - Assess Individual Strengths and Weaknesses Where are we? Where are we going? How do we get there? Accountability: Program and Athlete Evidence of Program Effectiveness St. Louis Cardinals slugger Pujols gets Babe Ruth test at Washington University (How to Build the Perfect Batter. GQ, 2006, September.)

5 I. Baseball Athletic Test (BAT) Developing the Athletic Profile Test Selection Protocols - Options Necessary Equipment Test Order/Sequence Test Administration Issues Individual vs. Team Testing

6 Baseball Athletic Test (BAT) Battery Demographics Anthropometrics Body Composition Flexibility Muscular Strength Power Agility Muscular Endurance Speed Anaerobic Capacity Aerobic Capacity Sport-Specific Specific Tests Vision Skills (VizualEdge)

7 BAT Team Testing 0:00 Team Meeting, profile sheets, demographics. 0:10 Rotation I: I Ht/Wt, body composition, flexibility, grip strength. 0:30 Rotation II: VJ/SBJ, T-test/Shuttle/5T test/shuttle/5-10-5, 30/60 yard dash, situps (optional). 1:00 Rotation III: Throwing velocity, bat speed, batted-ball ball velocity. 1:30 Optional tests: 300 yd. shuttle, 1.5 mile run. _ Vision skills testing (VizualEdge( VizualEdge) ) can be administered on an alternate day. PREPARATION, PREPARATION, PREPARATION!!!

8 Demographics/Anthropometrics Name, Date, Age, DOB, Gender, Sport, & Position Height & Weight, Girths/Circumferences. Eye, Hand, & Leg Dominance. Sport-specific Data (e.g., bats, throws). Additional information that may assist with program design (injuries, etc.).

9 Anthropometrics Height (in) Weight (lb)

10 Baseline Data Variable Number Age (yr) Exp (yr) Ht (in) Wt (lb) NAIA NA NCAA D NA PRO A PRO AA PRO AAA MLB % fat LBM NCAA DI SB NA Coleman, 1992; Spaniol, 2005.

11 Body Composition Skin Folds: Calipers (Lange, etc.) 3-site: Chest/ Chest/Ab/Thigh (male) Triceps/ Triceps/suprailliac/thigh (female) Option: 7-site 7 skinfold 2-site: Triceps/Calf (youth)

12 Pectoral Skinfold (mm)

13 Abdominal Skinfold (mm)

14 Thigh Skinfold (mm)

15 Body Composition (BIA) BIA: Bioelectrical Impedance (Omron) %BF/Fat Mass/LBM Good validity and reliability in our lab when compared to 3-site 3 skinfolds. The importance of lean body mass (LBM). Mass vs. Inertia Omron HBF-306 CHPONLINE.COM

16 Body Composition - BIA

17 Body Composition Norms Position High School NAIA NCAA DI MILB MLB NCAA DI Softball All 14.8% 14.2% 12.4% 12.3% 10.4% 23.5% Pitchers 15.8% 14.7% 12.0% 12.4% 12.3% Catchers 17.5% 17.1% 17.0% 13.5% 11.5% Infielders 13.1% 14.9% 13.4% 12.3% 9.4% Outfielders 12.9% 10.8% 11.0% 11.3% 8.4% 23.8% 25.2% 22.0% 24.0% Coleman, 2000; Spaniol, 2005 & 2006

18 Flexibility Modified Sit and Reach (Accuflex( I) Shoulder Rotation (Accuflex II) Total Body Rotation (Accuflex III)

19 Modified Sit and Reach (in)

20 Flexibility Averages (in) (modified sit & reach) Position High School NAIA NCAA DI MILB NCAA DI Softball All * 17.2 Pitchers NA NA * 16.3 Catchers NA NA * 17.3 Infielders NA NA * 16.9 Outfielders NA NA * 18.0 *traditional sit & reach test Spaniol, 2005 & 2006

21 Muscular Strength Traditional Tests 1RM Tests (dynamic) Submaximal Estimate of 1RM Functional Strength Absolute vs. Relative Strength Grip Strength Dynamometers Lafayette, Takai, Jamar, Baseline

22 Grip Strength

23 Age (N) Grip Strength Averages (kg) kg Level (N) kg 13 (77) ¹26.1 +/- 6.6 NAIA (108) ¹45.4 +/ (98) ¹32.3 +/- 7.2 NCAA DI (34) ²61.4 +/ (138) ¹37.3 +/- 6.7 MILB (148) ³60.7 +/ (158) ¹40.7 +/- 6.5 MLB (28) ³61.6 +/ (135) ¹43.4 +/- 7.3 NCAA DI Softball (17) 1-Tested with Takai grip dynamometer 2-Tested with Jamar grip dynamometer, which produces higher test results than Takai. 3-Tested with Baseline grip dynamometer, which produces higher test results than Takai. ²34.6 +/- 2.9 Coleman, 2004; Spaniol, 2005

24 Grip Strength Averages (kg) by Position Position NAIA¹ NCAA DI² MILB³ MLB³ NCAA DI Softball² All Pitchers Catchers Infielders Outfielders NA NA NA NA Tested with Takai grip dynamometer 2-Tested with Jamar grip dynamometer, which produces higher test results than Takai. 3-Tested with Baseline grip dynamometer, which produces higher test results than Takai Coleman, 2004; Spaniol, 2005

25 Power (Strength + Speed) Lower Body Power Vertical Jump Standing Broad Jump Single Leg Jumps Jump Mat Upper Body Power Medicine Ball Throw Rotary Torso Throw

26 Power - Vertical Jump

27 Vertical Jump Averages (in) Position HS NAIA NCAA MILB NCAA DI DI Softball All Pitchers NA NA Catchers NA NA Infielders NA NA Outfielders NA NA Spaniol, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006

28 Power - Standing Broad Jump

29 Research Notes High correlation between vertical jump and standing broad jump. Moderately high correlation between leg power and throwing velocity. Moderately high correlation between leg power and bat speed. Standing broad jump of (8 ft. 4 in.) is common for good athletes. Vertec vs. Jump Mat

30 Agility College/Professional: T-test /Pro Shuttle Youth: 10-yd. Shuttle Run Equipment Cones, measuring tape, stopwatch.

31 T-TestTest

32 Agility Averages - T-test (s) Position NAIA NCAA NCAA DI DI Softball All Pitchers Catchers Infielders Outfielders NA 9.8 NA 10.6 NA 10.1 NA

33 Shuttle Run

34 Muscular Endurance Situps Pushups Pullups Submaximum Lifts Health-Related Fitness

35 Speed 30/60 yard dash Specific Tests (home-first, etc.) Stop watch vs. electronic timers

36 Speed 60 yd. Dash (s) Position HS (113) NAIA (109) NCAA DI (34) PRO (210) All Pitchers Catchers Infielders Outfielders NA NA NA NA NA 7.35 NA 7.40 NA 7.29 NA 6.93 NA NCAA DI Softball (17) 5.75* 6.05* 6.05* 5.60* 5.50* *Softball tested 40 yd. dash Coleman, 2004; Spaniol, 2003, 2005

37 Fastest Pro Players by Position Position 0-60 yd (sec) Catcher 7.19 Infield 6.97 Outfield 6.89 Position Catcher Infield Outfield Splits 0-30 yd yd Sig. faster than catchers Coleman, 2004

38 Are these differences meaningful? OF 24.4 fps 13 INF 3.2 Catcher

39 Fastest Pro Players by Level Level 0-60 Time (sec) MLB 6.96 AAA 6.86 AA 6.79 Coleman, 2004 A 7.05 Level MLB AAA AA A Splits 0-30 yd yd

40 Are these differences meaningful? AA 24.7 fps 0.6 AAA 24.6 fps 2.6 MLB 24 fps 3.0 A 23.9 fps

41 Average time to first base by position? Position RHB (sec) LHB (sec) All Catcher B B B SS LF CF RF MLB Players LHB are faster than RHB Differences exist among positions Utility IF Utility OF

42 Catcher Position RHB (sec) LHB (sec) All Catcher B B Sig. slower than all Other positions 3B SS LF CF RF Utility IF Utility OF

43 Middle of the Field Position RHB (sec) LHB (sec) 2B SS CF B B LF RF Faster than the corners (2B,SS, CF) sig. faster vs. (1B, 3B, LF)

44 Anaerobic Capacity 300 Yard Shuttle Purpose: Assess intermediate anaerobic endurance Cones, tape measure, stopwatch

45 300 Yd. Shuttle Averages - MILB Position (sec) All 58.3 ± 2.5 Catchers 60.1 ± 2.4 Infielders 58.2 ± 2.1 Outfielders 56.9 ± 2.5

46 Aerobic Capacity Purpose Measure cardiorespiratory endurance 1.5-Mile Run (HS/College/ Professional) 2-Mile Run 1-Mile Run (Youth) Health-Related Fitness Equipment Cones, stopwatch, measuring tape.

47 II. Sport-Specific Specific Tests for Baseball/Softball Throwing Velocity Bat Speed Batted Ball Velocity

48 Throwing Velocity Purpose Measure Arm Strength Equipment Radar Gun Types Baseballs (5 oz) Net

49 Throwing Velocity Protocol Thorough Warm-up Flat Ground Pitcher s s Stretch Five Maximum Throws Record Peak Velocity Special Considerations Distance Angle

50 Throwing Velocity

51 Throwing Velocity

52 Throwing Velocity

53 Throwing Velocity Norms (standardized) Age (N) MPH Age MPH 13 (77) 57.5 ± 6.0 HS (494) 72.8 ± (98) 62.3 ± 5.8 NAIA (108) 76.7 ± (138) 66.6 ± 6.5 NCAA DI (34) 16 (158) 68.9 ± 6.2 NCAA DI Softball (17) 17 (135) 73.1 ± ± ± 2.9 Spaniol, 2005 & 2006

54 Bat Speed Purpose Measure Bat Speed Equipment ATEC 2000 Sports Speed Chronograph Game Bat Reflective Tape Batting Tee Baseball (5 oz) Net

55 Bat Speed - Equipment Setup

56 ATEC 2000 Sports Chronograph

57 Equipment Options Sport Speed Radar Bat Maxx 5000 (laser) Set Pro

58 Bat Speed Test Protocol Warm-up Five Swings (line drives) on Batting Tee Test Modifications

59 Bat Speed

60 Bat Speed Norms Age (N) MPH Level (N) MPH 13 (76) /- 6.8 HS (494) / (93) /- 7.0 NAIA (108) / (139) /- 7.0 NCAA DI (34) / (161) /- 6.6 NCAA DI Softball (17) 17 (134) / /- 7.9

61 Batted Ball Velocity Purpose Measure Result of Bat/Ball Impact Equipment Radar Gun Protocol Measure Ball Speed Concurrently with Bat Speed Special Considerations

62 Batted Ball Velocity

63 Batted Ball Velocity

64 Research Notes BBV is more indicative of batting performance than bat speed. Very high positive correlation (r=.83) between grip strength and BBV (Spaniol, et al, 2006). Lean body mass (LBM), leg power, rotational power, and grip strength are most predictive of BBV. BBV should be bat speed. Best hitters will produce BBV MPH greater than bat speed. Aluminum bats produce greater BBV than wood.

65 Research Notes Top MILB hitters produce BBV scores from mph in live batting practice. Strange note the average professional BP pitch rarely exceeds 50 mph and varies less than 2 mph per pitch. Important - If BBV is less than bat speed, check for breaks in the kinetic chain (usually the hands). It is suggested that pre and post injury BBV scores be utilized for player rehabilitation.

66 Visual Skills Beyond Visual Acuity VizualEdge Software developed by Dr. Barry Seiller (Visual Fitness Institute) Assesses a variety of vision skills including: Divergence Convergence Tracking Research

67 III. Evaluation Interpreting Test Results What do they mean? Comparing to Normative Data/Percentiles Using Test Results to Improve Performance Developing an Athletic Profile Retesting: What s s Next? Predicting Success: Can We Make Better Decisions? Talent Identification

68 NCAA DI Baseball Normative Data Spaniol, Melrose, Bohling, and Bonnette, 2005.

69

70 NCAA DI Softball Data Melrose, Spaniol, Bohling, and Bonnette, 2005.

71 Summary What Have We Learned? Excellence Doesn t t Occur by Accident Success Leaves Clues (So Does Failure!) Better Information = Better Decisions = Better Performance

72 References Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. (Eds.). (2000). Essential of Strength Training and Conditioning: National Strength and Conditioning Association. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Coleman, A.E. (2000). 52-Week Baseball Training: A proven plan for strength, power, speed, agility, and performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Coleman, A.E. (1992). Assessing running speed and body composition in professional baseball players. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 6(4). Gore, C.J. (2000). Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes. Australian Sports Commission. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Heyward, V.H. (2004). Applied Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Hoffman, J. (2006). Norms for Fitness, Performance, and Health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Melrose, D., Spaniol, F.J., Bohling, M. and Bonnette, R. (2005). Physiological characteristics of NCAA Division I softball players. (Abstract). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4). Spaniol, F.J. Sport-specific testing for baseball. Manuscript submitted for publication Spaniol, F.J. Physiological characteristics of adolescent baseball players. Manuscript submitted for publication Spaniol, F.J. Physiological characteristics of NAIA intercollegiate baseball players. Manuscript submitted for publication Spaniol, F.J., Melrose, D., Bohling, M. and Bonnette, R. (2005). Physiological characteristics of NCAA Division I baseball players. (Abstract). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(4). Spaniol, F.J. (2002). Physiological predictors of bat speed and throwing velocity in adolescent baseball players (Abstract). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(4). Spaniol, F.J. (1997). Predicting Throwing Velocity in College Baseball Players (Abstract). Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 11(4).

73 Thank You Texas A&M University Corpus Christi