ndex Brakes, 299 Braking performance, 128 Brazing, 99

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1 I ndex A Ackerman angle, 198, 217 Ackerman steering, 197 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 44 Adhesive bonding, 99 Aerobic, 44 Aerodynamic drag, 113, 135 Aerodynamic drag force, 151 Age, 48 Air pollution, 9 Aluminum, 89 Aluminum alloys, 80 Anaerobic, 44 Anaerobic threshold, 55, 58 Antioxidants, 52 Aramid fiber, 95 ATP, see Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) B Bamboo, 85, 97 Bead seat diameter, 284 Beam idealizations, 259 Bearing friction, 139 Bearings, 288 Body configuration angle, 65 Body Position, 64 Bonding, 99 Bottom brackets, 290 Brakes, 299 Braking performance, 128 Brazing, 99 C Cadence, 70 Camber, 210 Camber angle, 213 Camber stiffness, 213 Carbohydrates, 49 Carbon fiber, 94 Cardiac output, 54 Cast metals, 81 Castor angle, 196 CFRP, 95 Chain line, 35 Chainline, 242 Chains, 293 Chromium-molybdenum steels, 87 Comfort, 61 Competition, 2 Control sensitivity, 177, 183, 184 Cornering stiffness, 210 Crank arm length, 67, 70 Cranksets, 292 Critical power, 47 Critical speed, 221 Crosswind component,

2 Design of Human-Powered Machines D Delta, 17, 22 Derailleurs, 292 Design parameters, 28 Design process, 25 Design specifications, 27 Detail items, 36 Development, 234 Diet, 51 Drag, 113 Drag area, 159 Draisenne, 14 Drive train, 35, 233 Drivetrain efficiency, 246 E Economics, 4 Efficiency, 42, 134 Elliptical drives, 71 Endurance limit, 255 Environment, 8 Exercise, 53 F Fairings, 101 Fast glycolytic, 43 Fatigue, 46, 254 Fats, 45, 49, 52 FEA, see Finite element analysis (FEA) Fiber reinforced-polymer composite, 92 Finite element analysis (FEA), 256 Fitness and health, 5 Fork flop, 181 Form drag, 151 Frame, 253 Frame design, 275 Frame stiffness, 256 Freehubs, 288 Freewheels, 288 G Gas-tungsten arc welding, 97 Gear-inches, 234 Gearing, 233 Gender, 48 GHGs, see Greenhouse gasses (GHGs) Glycogen, 44 Grade, 110 Greenhouse gas emissions, 9 Greenhouse gasses (GHGs), 8 Gross geometry, 34 H Hand cranks, 69 Handling, 195 Hazards, 73 Headsets, 296 Head-wind component, 135 Heart rate, 53 High-speed cornering, 207 Hip orientation angles, 64, 65 Human engine, 41 Hyponatremia, 50 I Induced drag, 152, 158 Inertia coefficient, 121, 123 Interference drag, 152 ISO 4210, 72 J JIS D9414, 72 Joint angles,

3 Index K Kevlar, 95 Kinematic track, 197, 199 Kinetic energy, 140 Kingpin inclination angle, 196 Kingpin offset, 197 L Lactic acid, 45 Laminar boundary layer, 156 Lateral acceleration, 115 Lateral forces, 115, 214 Lateral load transfer, 214, 221 Levers, 72 Lift, 158 Linear drives, 71 Lipids, 45 Load transfer, 116 Longitudinal load transfer, 124 Long-wheelbase, 20 Low-traction, 119 M Magnesium, 96 Mechanical trail, 171, 178 Metabolic energy production, 57 MIL-T-6736B, 87 Mission statement, 27 Mobility, 8, 14 Monocoque, 101 Multi-track vehicle, 195 Muscle fibers, 46 Muscle structure, 42 Muscles, 42 N Neurons, 42 Newton s second law, 106 Non-metals, 81 Nutrition, 49 O Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), 58 Ordinary, 14 Oversteer, 217 P Patterson s method, 175 Peak power, 70 Penny-farthing, 14 Pitchover, 125 Pitchover threshold, 127, 216 Planners, 15 Power, 48 Power losses, 134 Propulsive forces, 113 Proteins, 49 Prototype, 37 Q Quadricycles, 22 R Race Across America, 17 Recreation, 2 Recumbent, 14, 17, 18 Resins, 96 Respiratory exchange ratio, 56 Retarding forces, 113 Rims, 286 Roll control authority, 177, 178 Rolling resistance, 113, 138 Rollover threshold, 214, 228 Rowbike,

4 Design of Human-Powered Machines S 16CFR1512A, 72 SAE J670e, 106 Safety, 72 Scrub radius, 197 Seat, 62 Section width, 283 Separation point, 156 Shell, 101 Shell elements, 262 Shift systems, 292 Short-wheelbase, 20 Single-speed, 234 Skeletal muscles, 43 Skin friction drag, 151 Slip, 209 Slope, 110 Slow oxidative, 43 Solid elements, 264 Spokes, 287 Stability, 195 Stainless steel, 89 Static weight fraction, 107 Steel, 80, 86 Steering error, 199 Steering sensitivity, 200 Stems, 298 Streamliner, 20 Streamlines, 153 Sustainable transportation, 11 Toe-in, 201 Tolerances, 37 Torsional spring constant, 177, 180 Track rod, 200 Track rod steering, 201, 226 Tractive force, 113 Trail, 171, 178 Transportation, 16 Tricycles, 20 Trireme, 13 U Understeer, 217 Understeer gradient, 216, 218, 223, 224 Upright bicycle, 18 V Ventilation, 55 Vitamins and minerals, 49 W Wheel bearings, 139 Wheelchairs, 69 Wheel track, 197 Wood, 85, 96 World Human-Powered Speed Challenge, 17 T Tadpole, 17, 20 Tensioning, 251 Testing, 37 Tire stiffness, 210 Titanium alloys,

About the Author Mark Archibald is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Grove City College in western Pennsylvania, where he teaches a course on the design of human-powered vehicles.

5 About the Author Mark Archibald is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Grove City College in western Pennsylvania, where he teaches a course on the design of human-powered vehicles. He has advised many student projects for both land and water vehicles. For several years, he was very involved with the American Society of Mechanical Engineer s Human- Powered Vehicle Challenge, where he served a term as chief judge and a term as chairman. Much of the inspiration for this book came from his efforts to correct common design mistakes made by student competitors. He has also designed and built several successful bicycles that he and his family use on their summer bicycle tours. 311

Question: Bicycles. Vehicle s Static Stability, Part 1. Observations About Bicycles. Vehicle s Static Stability, Part 2

Question: Bicycles. Vehicle s Static Stability, Part 1. Observations About Bicycles. Vehicle s Static Stability, Part 2 Bicycles 1 Bicycles 2 Question: Bicycles How would raising the height of a small pickup truck affect its turning stability? 1. Make it less likely to tip over. 2. Make it more likely to tip over. 3. Have