Biology II (Pre AP Biology) Syllabus

Transcription

1 Biology II (Pre AP Biology) Syllabus Course Overview: Biology is the study of living organisms, their origins, how they survive, reproduce, change over time, and interact with each other and their environments. The Biology II (Pre-AP Bio) curriculum is an extension of what students learned in Biology I. The primary objective of the course is to provide students with a fundamental understanding of modern biology and scientific processes, building a foundation for success in the college level AP course to follow. Course material is roughly divided as follows: 35% molecules and cells, 35% evolution and genetics, and 30% organisms and populations. Nature of science will be taught throughout the year. Biology II is recommended for high-achieving students and for students who have a particular interest in biology and the natural sciences, including students who are traditionally underrepresented in AP courses. Students will be ultimately responsible for their learning; therefore, they should be organized, prepared, and motivated to learn every day. The Biology II curriculum differs from the regular Biology curriculum in meaningful ways. The Pre-AP course places a higher priority on developing critical thinking skills by examining real world problems. The Biology II curriculum

2 examines topics with more depth and includes more advanced resource material in addition to the adopted text. Laboratory investigations play a more prominent role in the Bio II course. Labs are more sophisticated than in the regular curriculum and students are expected to design and carry out experiments using appropriate methods and resources. Grade Level: 11 th 12 th grade Timeline: Biology II is a one semester course (18 weeks) with 90- minute class periods. Pre-Requisites: Biology I with an 85% or higher as well as an 85% (level 3) or higher on the Biology I EOC, Chemistry, Ability to read & write on grade level, Familiarity with an Internet Browser. Goals: Students will learn to - Think Critically Design scientific Hypotheses & Experiments Write good scientific essays Conceptualize information, rather than memorize Interpret & Analyze scientific data Solve problems by using the Scientific Method Learn to read informational text for understanding & become a concise note takers

3 Required Materials: 3-ring binder with pockets Standard size, loose leaf notebook paper Pencils with erasers Black ink pen (for writing scientific labels) Colored pencils Graph paper Folder with 2 pockets for abstracts Spiral or memo notebook for labs Access to the internet & a word processor Calculator Grading Scale: A B C D Below 60 F Grading Policy: Grades are weighted as follows: Test/Projects/Major labs (write-ups): 55 Coursework (includes lab exercises): 35 Homework: 10% Every student must turn in every assignment. Daily work, labs, & projects are not accepted late under any circumstances except in case of excused absence.

4 EXAMS: Exams will be over material we cover in class, supplemental material you are asked to read, and material covered in handouts, labs, or other activities. The test will range from multiple choice to essay questions. Exams are weighted as 55% of your grade. Quizzes may be given at any time covering assigned reading, previous lectures, homework, or lab procedures. Comprehensive final exams will be given each semester. Students should study daily to be prepared for exams & quizzes. The teacher reserves the right to administer a different make-up exam &/or quiz. Labs: Laboratory experimentation and exploration are a large part of this course. It is vital that the students follow all laboratory procedures and safety rules/guidelines. Failure to comply with behavior expectations can result in removal from the lab activities. A safety contract will be sent home and filled out by the student and the parent/guardian. These documents will be kept on file and are needed before a student can participate in any labs Lab Reports: Lab reports are to be professional quality, typed or hand written, and in the format provided by the instructor. They are due the beginning of class usually within one week after the lab is completed. Approximately labs will be formally written. Other labs and investigations may only have data, conclusions, and analyses. Lab reports are weighted and count 15% of the nine weeks grade. Labs missed due to excused absences need to be made up in/on an agreed upon time with the teacher. You cannot borrow data. It is the student s responsibility to be sure these labs are made up and will be at the teacher s convenience.

5 Abstracts: Students will be expected to read science journal & magazine articles each nine weeks and to write an abstract of each article. Students may use the following journals or magazines ---Scientific American or National Geographic (science articles only & no more than 1 per month). Articles may not be older than one year of the date the abstract is written. The magazine/journal or a copy of the article along with the written or typed abstract will be turned in each nine weeks in an abstract folder. The abstract must follow the format given by the teacher. No late abstracts will be taken without an excused absence. Abstracts will count as daily work. Collections: One major collection is required for the course --- an insect or a leaf collection. Collections will count as two major exam grades. Collections should follow the teacher guidelines. No collections will be accepted late. Study Techniques: The most common problem new students have is that their study skills are not adequate for high school level classes. Studying for classes involves more than just "cramming the night before a test." Online pretests and chapter review sheets are recommended. The following are suggestions to improve your grade in biology and other high school courses. 1. Prepare for class before coming by reading over your notes soon after you have written them and also read over the sections of your text that will be covered in that day's lecture. 2. Make and use a vocabulary list as you go. 3. Do all worksheets, study questions, etc. 4. Keep your handouts, lecture notes, and study questions organized in a notebook. 5. Always read assigned material and make sure you

6 outline all the main ideas and not just a single item in a section. 6. Pay attention and don't daydream in class. 7. Study frequently and in small doses. Cramming does not foster long term understanding that will stick with you! 8. Set up a study group and study with friends. 9. Understand figures and diagrams from lecture and from your text. 10. If you are having trouble with the material, get help early. Do not wait until TEST DAY!!!

7 Biology II Summer Assignment Each student is required to complete one of the following Collections Collections: One major collection is required for the course --- an 1. Insect collection or 2. Leaf collection Collections will count as two major exam grades. Collections should follow the teacher guidelines. No collections will be accepted late. Please see the attached collections and instructions below.

8 Insect Collection Insects are invertebrates with three pairs of legs, usually two pairs of wings, one pair of antenna, jointed appendages, and three distinct body regions --- head, thorax, & abdomen. Insects belong to the largest phylum of animals known as arthropods. Many small arthropods are mistaken for insects such as spiders, ticks, millipedes, & centipedes. Although some insects may sting or bite, insects play an important role in nature as a food source for other animals and as plant pollinators. By doing an insect collection, you can, not only learn beneficial and harmful insects common to your area, but you will also learn structural modifications of various insects that have enabled them to survive & become such a successful and diverse group of animals.. You will also learn to use taxonomic keys to identify organisms. In order to properly do an insect collection, several techniques must be learned including how to correctly collect, kill, pin, spread, label, and display your organisms. The following instructions have been modified for a high school biology classroom. Materials needed for collecting: insect net several kill jars with killing agent (nail polish remover works) notebook pencil tweezers several clean baby food jars (these will be holding jars) equipment bag

9 How to make an insect net: 1. Bend the triangular part of a wire coat hanger until it forms a circle. 2. Carefully straighten the wire hook. (A) 3. Untwist the neck. (B) 4. Sew netting, cheesecloth, or sheer curtain material to form a bag with a tapering end. 5. Sew a hem at the top end of the bag leaving an opening for the wire hanger. 6. Thread the wire hanger through the hem of your bag & then twist the wires together. 7. Use plenty of heavy gray tape to tape the twisted wire securely to the end of a broom handle or wooden dowel.

10 How to make a kill jar: (YOU NEED A SEPARATE JAR FOR BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS SO MAKE 2 JARS) 1. Use a clean, glass or plastic jar with STRAIGHT SIDES. 2. Write a poison label and tape this to the front of the jar with clear tape. (KEEP THIS JAR AWAY FROM SMALL CHILDRREN) 3. Tape the bottom of glass jars with heavy gray tape to protect them from breaking if they are dropped. 4. Place a 2" - 3" layer of cotton balls in the bottom of the jar. 5. Cut a piece of corrugated cardboard the same diameter as the inside of the jar to fit over the cotton balls. 6. Carefully punch several small holes in the cardboard with an ice pick. 7. Charge the jar by adding polish remover to the cotton balls. 8. Immediately place the cardboard circle on top of the cotton balls & PLACE THE LID ON THE JAR. (ONLY REMOVE THE LID TO ADD OR REMOVE INSECTS!) 9. Keep the inside of the jar moisture free so insects won't discolor & replace the cotton & cardboard as needed. 10. DO NOT STORE DEAD INSECTS IN YOUR JAR AS THEY WILL DECAY & SMELL!!!!!

11 11. READ PINNING INSTRUCTIONS & PIN INSECTS AS SOON AS THEY ARE DEAD!!! Remember to RECHARGE THE JAR PERIODICALLY if insects do not seem to be dying as fast and NEVER LEAVE THE LID OFF OF YOUR JAR! Collecting: Insects are found almost everywhere so look for them on plants, in water, in soil, under rocks, in rotten logs, around lights at night, etc. Your collection will consist of 30 insects for Pre-AP Biology (Bio II H). Collect only adults in perfect condition to receive credit. As you collect insects, be sure to record the name of the insect or a good description, the date collected, and the place each insect was collected in your notebook. Use different kill jars for butterflies and beetles and never put too many insects in the same kill jar. Once your insect is dead (not just knocked out), use tweezers to transfer them to a small (~ the size of a baby food) jar until you arrive home to pin it. Don't leave the insects in these holding jars more than a few hours and never leave insects in kill jars more than 3 to 5 hours because of their brittle bodies. Most insects will die within 30 minutes to one hour in a charged newly charged kill jar.

12 When collecting stinging insects, invert the net once the insect is captured and allow the insect to crawl to the tapered end of the net. Carefully grasp the net above this tapered end, open the kill jar, and put the tapered end of the net with the insect inside the jar. Lay the lid back on top of the jar until the insect is "knocked out". Remove the lid and lift out the net with the unconscious insect. Turn the net back over, shake the insect into the jar, & replace the lid until the insect finishes dying. If you are allergic to certain insect stings, have another student, friend, or family member collect this insect for you. Materials for mounting & labeling: tweezers Elmer's glue insects pins card points insect labels spreading board pinning block (optional) straight pins index cards scissors black ink pin pencil several small vials shoebox with Styrofoam in the bottom notebook paper towels

13 Pinning insects: See your insect notebook for pictures of the proper placement of insect pins through the body of different orders of insects. 1. Hold the insects by its sides using your thumb & forefinger and firmly push the insect pin through the dorsal or top surface of the insect. The pin should be at a right angle to the insect's body. 2. The insect should be LEVEL on the pin with just enough pin extending above the top of the insect so you can now handle the pin and not the insect Beetles are pinned near the front margin of the right wing near the midline Grasshoppers are pinned to the right of the prothorax True bugs are pinned to the right of the scutellum Butterflies, moths, dragonflies, & damselflies are pinned through the middle of the thorax Most other insects are pinned through the thorax to the right of the midline 2. Place insects on insect pins so their body is horizontal to the pinning surface or Styrofoam. 3. Gently push the insect within at least 25mm from the top of the pin so that you can pick up the pin without touching the

14 insect. Make sure all pinned and card pointed insects in your collection are at the same height on the pin. Two labels will be added below the insect's body later. 4. If the abdomen sags, place a small piece of index card below the body on the pin until the insect's body dries and then remove the card. 5. Insects with extremely long legs like crane flies or curved antenna & abdomens like ichneumon wasps should be placed on their left side and pinned through the right side of their body in the area of the thorax. OOPS! My insects got too dry to pin or How to relax insects: It is always wise to pin insects the same day that you collect them because if they dry completely, then they must be relaxed before pinning. 1. Use a plastic container with a tight fitting lid, and add a layer of sand to the bottom of the container.

15 2. Moisten the sand and small amount of bleach or carbolic acid to prevent molding. 3. Place a paper towel on top of the sand and lay insects on the towel. 4. Replace the lid and allow to re-hydrate for 1-3 days. 5. Insects without hairy or scaly coverings such as beetles & grasshoppers, may be dropped into hot (just simmering) water for a few moments to relax them. If specimens are left in the water too long they will ruin! What do I do with insects too soft to pin? 1. All soft bodied insects such as mayflies, aphids, lice, & termites along with fleas must be kept permanently in preserving fluid in vials. 2. Use clear, glass vials with tight fitting lids. 3. Place only one type of insect in each vial and add enough alcohol to cover the insect and the identification labels which will be place inside the vial. 4. Write vial labels in pencil, not ink! 5. Place the blank sides of the 2 labels together before dropping them down into the vial so they can be read more easily. What if the insect is too small to pin & not soft bodied? (card pointing):

16 1. Insects too small to be pinned should be mounted on a card point. 2. Card points are small triangular pieces of white cardboard through which a #3 insect pin is placed. 3. Points are made using a point punch.. 4. Lay specimens to be mounted on their left side on paper towel. The insect's right side should be up towards you! 5. Place a # 3 pin through the broad end of a card point. This is easier if you lay the point on a plastic lid so it doesn't bend when you thrust the pin through the card point! 6. Use tweezers to bend the very tip of the card point downwards. 7. Place a small amount of Elmer's glue on the paper towel and then touch the bent tip of the point to the glue. 8. Touch and hold this bent tip with its glue to the right side of the thorax of your insect. Hold the tip to the insect for at least one minute. 9. Set the pin up into Styrofoam making sure the glue is dry & the insect's body is parallel to the pinning surface.

17 Spreading butterfly & moth wings: To prevent butterflies & moths from drying out before wing spreading, place them in small plastic bowls in the freezer. Be sure to tell your mom! 1. Wings of butterflies and moths are spread to show venations & markings. 2. Spreading boards can be bought or made out of Styrofoam or wood to spread wings. The top surface of the board is smooth with a slight upward slant and a central groove. The groove should provide a "snug" fit for the insect's body & contain a strip of soft material into which insect pins can be placed. 3. Pin the butterfly or moth as describe in the section on insect pinning. 4. Cut 2 long, narrow strips of index card to hold down the wings when they are spread. 5. Place the insect pin into the soft material in the central groove of the spreading board so that the insect's wings are level with the pinning surface. 6. Place a straight pin on either side of the insect's body in the groove so it won't turn when you start spreading. 7. Place a strip of the index card over each wing and use 2 straight pins to secure each strip to the board. Be sure to not pin through the wing!

18 8. Never touch your fingers to the upper surface of the wing as scales will be removed. Always hold or touch this index card strip when spreading the wing. 9. Use another straight pin to help move the left front wing forward. Place the pin behind the large vein in the forewing up close to the body and gently pull this wing forward until its back edge is at a 90 degree angle with the body. Still holding your fingers on the cardboard strip, place a second straight pin through the strip (not the wing) up close to the front edge of the wing. 10. In the same manner move the hind wing forward until a small portion of the hind wing is overlapped by the fore wing. Use 2 more straights pins to secure the back edge of the cardboard strip. Again, be sure to not pin through the wings! 11. Repeat steps 8-11 for the right wings of the insect. Some insects, such as the Carolina locust, also have unusual markings on their under wings, so only the right side of these insects should be spread!!! 12. Allow the wings to dry for several days and then remove the strips, add your labels, and place the insect in your collection.

19 Writing insect labels: 1. Each insect will have 2 labels on the pin below the insect's body. The top label will be the identification label and the bottom label is the location & collector label. 2. Obtain labels from your teacher and use black ink only for writing the labels unless placing them in alcohol vials. 3. The identification label is the top label on the pin below the insect's body. It should have the scientific name (genus & species) of the insect on the top line, then the common name of the insect, and the insect's order on the bottom line. Remember to capitalize the genus & order and to underline the scientific name! Musca domestica Housefly Diptera 4. The location label goes in the same direction on the bottom of the insect pin. The location the insect was collected should be written on the top line, then the date the insect was collected, and the name of the collector on the bottom line. If the collector has a long name, you may write their first initial and their last name. Fayetteville, NC V J. Smith 5. Be sure there is enough room between labels so that both can be read.

20 6. Labels should be placed on the pin parallel to the body of a pinned insect or parallel to the point if the insect is card pointed. Be sure that all labels are readable from the right side when the insect's head is pointing away from you!!!! Collection Requirements: Biology II is required to collect 30 insects with a minimum of 12 insect orders THE FOLLOWING 8 ORDERS ARE REQUIRED OF ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS: Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) Coleoptera (beetles) Diptera (flies & mosquitoes) Homoptera (cicadas & hoppers)

21 Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets,...) Isoptera (termites) Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) IF YOU ARE ALLERGIC, COLLECT A DIFFERENT ORDER OR AN ANT! Hemiptera (true bugs) Materials needed to display insects: insect case with lid index cards ribbon, yarn, or string scissors black ink pen straight pins preserved insects (pinned, pointed, & in vials) Displaying insects: Remember that your insect collection will not be returned to you, so do not build an expensive case. Sturdy cases can be made out of 2 cardboard bottoms for cola six packs! 1. Cases should be no more than 35 by 55 cm in size. All cases must be sturdy with a lid that can be easily opened for grading. Remember that the cases will be stacked when you turn them in to me! 2. If the collection has a clear lid, it must be made of plastic and not glass. 3. Place a sheet of Styrofoam in the bottom of your case.

22 4. Make a label from an unlined index card for the center of your case. This label should contain your full name, subject, class period, date the collection was turned in to the teacher, number of orders, and number of insects in your collection. Use straight pins to attach this center card to the Styrofoam. PUT THIS IN THE BOX FIRST! 5. Cut several small pieces of index card for order labels, and use your black ink pen to write the name of each order you have in your collection on these. 6. Arrange insects in the case by order and in rows by descending size (largest to smallest). Use straight pins to attach the correct order label to the Styrofoam at the top of each row. 7. Spread out the orders and insects so there are no empty spots in your case. 8. Cut pieces of yarn or ribbon to separate the orders from each other, and again use straight pins to attach them to the Styrofoam. 9. Make sure that all pinned insects are facing the front of your case! 10. Make sure all identification and collector labels on pins are readable form the right side of the case!!

23 Good Web sites for identifying Insects: Key to Ten Insect Orders See if you can "key out" the insect at the left. Note that the wings on the insect's right are forced open. When this species is at rest, its back wings are hidden beneath its front wings. Also, you can't see the mouth parts, but they are of the "sucking" type. 1a Wings absent or if present hidden beneath thick, sometimes hard and shiny, sometimes leathery, front wings, or wing coverings (Be careful here. If there's a crack down the back, probably that's where the front wings or wing coverings meet and there are regular flying wings folded below...) Go to... 7

24 2a Butterflies & moths; mouthparts consisting of coiled tubes for sucking; wings covered with tiny colored scales 2b Not butterflies & moths; mouthparts not coiled tubes; wings not covered with tiny colored scales 3a One pair of wings LEPIDOPTERA; butterflies & moths Go to 3 DIPTERA; flies 3b Two pairs of wings Go to 4 4a Front wings longer and with considerably larger surface area than hind wings Go to 5 4b Front wings with about the same area as hind wings Go to 6 5a Wasps and bees; tarsi ("feet") 5-jointed, usually thin-waisted 5b Not wasp or bees; tarsi 2- or 3-jointed, waist usually thick 6a Antennae short stubs, compound eyes very large, body slender 6b Antennae hair-like, eyes not particularly large, thick-bodied HYMENOPTERA; wasps & bees HOMOPTERA; cicadas, aphids ODONATA; dragonflies ISOPTERA; termites 7 a Wings entirely absent Go to 8 7 b With wings, though they may be hidden beneath a wing covering Go to 12 8a Bodies narrow-waisted, antlike HYMENOPTERA; wasps & bees 8b Bodies thicker Go to 9 9a Egg-shaped, rear end usually equipped with 2 short tubes (aphids) HOMOPTERA;

25 9b Bodies more slender shaped, rear end without 2 short tubes (not aphids) 10a Most of body whitish, soft-bodied (termites) Go to 10 ISOPTERA; termites 10b Most of body not whitish, usually hard-bodied Go to 11 11a Antennae with 4 or 5 segments, mouth parts sucking 11b Antennae with many segments, mouth parts chewing 12a Rear end (abdomen) with tweezer-like appendages HEMIPTERA; tru bugs ORTHOPTERA; grasshoppers, crickets DERMAPTERA; earwigs 12 Rear end without tweezers-like appendages Go to 13 13a Mouth parts sucking, usually straw-like Go to 14 13b Mouth parts for chewing Go to 15 14a Front wings thick (leathery) and often colored at the base, but clear at the tip; beak rises from head's front or bottom 14 Front wings of same texture throughout; beak rises from back part of bottom of head 15a Front wings with obvious veins, when at rest the edges over the back often partly overlapping one another, usually not conspicuously hard 15b Front wings without veins, when at rest the edges over the back meeting one another in a straight line, usually hard like thin plastic HEMIPTERA; tru bugs HOMOPTERA; cicadas, aphids ORTHOPTERA; grasshoppers, crickets COLEOPTERA; beetles

26 Insect Orders Entomologists vary in their naming of insect orders. The following list of orders comes from a college entomology textbook. The additional orders that you add to your collection must come from this approved list of insect orders. If your order is not on this list, you may not use it unless you ask and get prior written approval from the teacher. Thysanura Ephemeroptera Odonata Orthoptera Dermaptera Isoptera Homoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Neuroptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera Diptera Trichoptera Siphonaptera Mecoptera Anoplura bristletails & silverfish mayflies dragonflies & damselflies grasshoppers, crickets, praying mantids, walking sticks earwigs termites aphids, leaf hoppers, plant hoppers, cicadas true bugs including stink bugs & squash bugs beetles lacewings, dobson flies, ant lions butterflies & moths bees, ants, wasps flies & mosquitoes caddisflies fleas scorpion flies sucking lice

27 Mallophaga Collembola Plecoptera Thysanoptera Embioptera Protura Psocoptera Strepsiptera chewing lice spring tails stoneflies thrips web spinners telsontails bark lice twisted wing insects Zoraptera Zoraptera zorapterans

28 Leaf collecting is a good way to learn the trees native to your area. Collecting leaves will also help you to learn leaf margins, shapes, and venations and how to use different taxonomic keys to identify trees. North Carolina's tree population can be divided into two distinct groups. Conifer trees, also called evergreens or softwoods, have needles or scales for foliage and create cone-bearing fruits. Broadleaved trees, or hardwoods, generally lose their foliage each fall. Materials needed: leaf press black ink pen pencil small notebook scissors Elmer's glue art paper, poster board, etc. for mounting labels Trees of North Carolina published by the North Carolina Forest Service (on Edmodo) Some good websites for NC tree identification:

29 Directions for making a leaf press: 1. Cut pieces of corrugated cardboard 30 cm by 50 cm in size. 2. Cut several sheets of newspaper the same size as the cardboard. 3. Lay 10 or 12 sheets of newspaper between each cardboard layer sandwich style. These sheets will need to be changed every couple of days as they absorb moisture from your leaves; therefore, cut extra sheets. 4. Use one, preferably two, stretch belts to bind the press together. 5. Leave the press in an area so that air can circulate & more quickly dry the leaves. Getting started with your collection: 1. Study the shapes, margins, venations, tips, bases, etc. from a website or book. 2. Learn to distinguish simple leaves from compound leaves and conifers from deciduous trees. 3. Learn to distinguish a tree from a shrub. 4. Gather your collecting materials together - press, pencil, scissors, & small notebook. 6. Always get permission before collecting leaves on someone else's property. 7. Be sure to collect at least two of each type of leaf so both the bottom & top side of the leaf can be shown in your collection. 8. Place leaves in your press immediately after collecting them so they do not start to dry out and wrinkle. 9. Record the name of each leaf, date collected, and place collected in your notebook as you collect. Also record tree characteristics such as shape of the crown, color and type of bark, etc.

30 Collecting: 1. Remember to collect two of every type of leaf! 2. Carefully remove an entire leaf, not a leaflet, from the tree, and place this in your press between newspaper layers. 3. If leaves are damaged or torn, don't use them because you will not receive credit. 4. Make sure that none of the leaf parts extend beyond the edge of the press. 5. You may also collect &press seeds and/or fruits from some trees if they fit in your press. 6. Leave the leaf in the press for 3-5 days depending on its thickness and moisture content. Remember to change the newspaper when needed. 7. Keep the press in an area where air is circulating (in front of a fan). Labeling and identifying: 1. Obtain printed labels from your teacher. 2. Use only black ink to write labels, & do not mark out or white out mistakes on the labels; rewrite them. 3. Use taxonomic keys to identify each leaf, and include both the scientific & common name of the tree on the label. 4. Determine the shape, margin, tip, base, and venation of your leaf and whether it is a simple or compound leaf; record this on your label. 5. Use you key to give a description of the tree, not the leaf. 6. Research uses for the tree, its fruit, etc. and record on your label. 7. Tell if the leaf is deciduous or coniferous.

31 Mounting leaves: 1. Use pieces of cut poster board or art paper to mount your leaves. Make sure all sheets are uniform in size! (The size of your sheets will be determined by your largest leaf.) 2. Use Elmer's glue to adhere two leaves to each page --- one showing the upper surface of the leaf and the other showing the underside of the leaf. 3. Each page should have only one type of leaf on it. 4. Arrange the leaves so they do not overlap each other and so there is room to glue the label in the lower right hand corner. The leaves should look nice on the page. 5. On compound leaves, mount the topside of the complete leaf and then mount the underside of a single leaflet. Make sure the leaflet comes from another leaf to receive credit! 6. Use a small amount of Elmer's glue to adhere the completed label in the lower right hand corner of the page. 7. LET THE PAGES DRY COMPLETELY BEFORE ASSEMBLING THEM TOGETHER IN YOUR COLLECTION OR THE PAGES WILL STICK TOGETHER!!!!! 8. Once the pages are dry, lay them in the correct order (see your list of required leaves), and then number the pages in the lower right corner with black ink. 9. Make a stiff front and back cover for your collection from poster board, cardboard, wood, etc. Include the following items on your cover: title (Tree Identification Through Leaves) your complete name date collection turned into teacher class period subject teacher's name 10. Use ribbon, string, etc. to bind the pages together or assemble the collection in a scrapbook. DO NOT COVER THE LEAVES WITH PLASTIC!!!

32 Required leaves: Only native, North Carolina trees may be used. Refer to your Trees of North Carolina websites or books. 1. Leaves must be in perfect condition without damage or tears. 2. No more than 4 oaks are allowed in the collection. 3. No fruit trees such as apple, pear, orange, peach, etc. are allowed. 4. Place the following leaves in your collection first and in this order: sweet gum American sycamore pine (any type) flowering dogwood redbud ash (any type) persimmon Eastern red cedar red or sugar maple hickory (any type) pecan pin oak willow oak water oak elm (any type) The remaining leaves that you include must be trees native to North Carolina! You are required to collect 30 leaves including the 15 required.

33 Leaf Reference Chart