MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY. A Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods Revised Edition. Bruce F. Eldridge and John D.

Transcription

1 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY

2 MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY A Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods Revised Edition Editedby Bruce F. Eldridge and John D. Edman Department 01 Entomology, Center lor Vectorborne Diseases, University ofcalifornia, Davis, USA ~. " SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

3 A C.r.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Cover photo produced with the kind permission of Robert Gwadz. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2004 Springer Science+ßusiness Media Dordrecht Originally publ ishcd by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2004 First published 2000 Revised edition 2004 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any infoffilation storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

4 v Table of Contents Contributors... vii Preface... ix Chapter Introduction to Medical Entomology BRUCE F. ELDRIDGE AND JOHN D. EDMAN Chapter Introduction to Arthropods: Structure, Function and Development WILLIAM S. ROMOSER Chapter Introduction to Arthropods: Systematics, Behavior and Ecology WILLIAM S. ROMOSER Chapter Direct Injury: Phobias, Psychoses, Annoyance, Allergies, Toxins, Venoms and Myiasis JONATHAN F. DAY, JOHN D. EDMAN, SIDNEY E. KUNZ AND STEPHEN K. WIKEL Chapter Arthropod Transmission of Vertebrate Parasites JOHN D. EDMAN Chapter The Epidemiology of Arthropodborne Diseases BRUCE F. ELDRIDGE Chapter Malaria, Babesiosis, Theileriosis and Related Diseases THOMAS R. BURKOT AND PATRICIA M. GRAVES

5 vi Contents Chapter Leishmaniasis and Trypanosomiasis PHILLIP G. LAWYER AND PETER V. PERKINS Chapter Filariasis JAMES B. LOK, EDWARD D. WALKER AND GLEN A. SCOLES Chapter Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases JOSEPH PIESMAN AND KENNETH 1. GAGE Chapter Arbovirus Diseases BRUCE F. ELDRIDGE, THOMAS W. SCOTT, JONATHAN F. DAY AND WALTERJ. TABACHNICK Chapter Mechanical Transmission of Disease Agents by Arthropods LANE D. FOIL AND J. RICHARD GORHAM Chapter Surveillance for Arthropodborne Diseases BRUCE F. ELDRIDGE Chapter Management of Arthropodborne Diseases by Vector Control DONALD E. WEIDHAAS AND DANA A. FOCKS Chapter Prevention and Control of Arthropodborne Diseases JAMES F. SUTCLIFFE Subject Index Scientific Names Index

6 vii Contributors Dr. Thomas R. Burkot Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, Colorado Dr. Jonathan F. Day Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory University of Florida Vero Beach, Florida Dr. John D. Edman Department of Entomology and Center for Vectorborne Diseases University of California Davis, California Dr. Bruce F. Eldridge Department of Entomology and Center for Vectorborne Diseases University of California Davis, California Dr. Dana A. Focks Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology US Department of Agriculture Gainesville, Florida Dr. Lane D. Foil Department of Entomology Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana Dr. Kenneth L. Gage Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Center for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, Colorado Dr. J. Richard Gorham Department of Biometrics and Preventive Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland Dr. Patricia M. Graves Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Center for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, Colorado Dr. Sidney E. Kunz US Department of Agriculture (retired) US Livestock Insects Laboratory Kerrville, Texas Dr. Philip G. Lawyer Department of Biometrics and Preventive Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, Maryland Dr. James B. Lok Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

7 viii Dr. Peter V. Perkins US Army (retired) Gainesville, Florida Dr. Joseph Piesman Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases Center for Disease Control and Prevention Fort Collins, Colorado Dr. William S. Romoser Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens, Ohio Dr. Glen A. Scoles School of Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Dr. Thomas W. Scott Department of Entomology University of California Davis, California Dr. James F. Sutcliffe Biology Department Trent University Peterborough, Ontario Contributors Dr. Walter J. Tabachnick Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory University of Florida Vero Beach, Florida Dr. Edward D. Walker Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Dr. Donald E. Weidhaas US Department of Agriculture (retired) Gainesville, Florida Dr. Stephen K. Wikel Department of Entomology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma

8 ix Preface The subject of medical entomology continues to be of great importance. Arthropodborne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue and filariasis continue to cause considerable human suffering and death. Problems in animal production, wildlife and pets of humans caused by arthropods still exact a large economic toll. In the past 2 decades, the invasion of exotic pests and pathogens has presented new problems in several countries, including the USA. For example, the year 1999 saw the invasion of the eastern USA by Aedes japonicus, an Asian mosquito, and West Nile virus, a mosquito-transmitted African arbovirus related to St. Louis encephalitis virus. At the same time old and new health problems with arthropods occur, the traditional approaches to arthropod control have become more limited. Arthropod resistance to chemical pesticides by arthropods, a diminishing interest on the part of pesticide producers to develop new products for public health and veterinary uses, and the regulatory restrictions on pesticide use worldwide forces medical entomologists to seek entirely new methods to control arthropod vectors. The field of medical entomology has expanded in recent years to include a number of new approaches and disciplines. When the widely-used textbook of medical entomology by James and Harwood was released in 1979, molecular biology was in its infancy. There were many examples of applications of genetics to medical entomological problems, but little understanding of the expression of genes for factors such as insecticide susceptibility, vector competence, host preference and similar important phenomena. Now, a variety of new methods are available to study genes, and to genetically alter important characteristics in vectors as a potential means of controlling human and animal diseases. Many of the traditional tasks of medical entomologists continue to be important. Arthropod systematics is important because the need for accurate identification of arthropods is vital to an understanding of natural disease cycles. Systematics has been made even more challenging because of the current appreciation of the number of groups of sibling species among vectors of important disease pathogens. New molecular tools are assisting in separating these forms. The ecology of arthropod-mediated problems is still the fundamental component of medical entomology. New tools available to researchers also abound here, perhaps none more important than the desktop computer. With the enormous increase in the literature associated with medical entomology - there are several new journals that have appeared during the past 20 years - it may be unrealistic to cover the entire field of medical entomology in a single textbook. However, we felt that a textbook of medical entomology aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students was lacking, especially one that recognized modern approaches to the field. Further, we sought to emphasize the ecology of arthropod-mediated diseases rather than

9 x the arthropods themselves. To produce such a book, information traditionally available, such as keys to the identification of medically-important arthropods, had to be left out. Fortunately, there are other sources of this information, most notably the excellent treatment by Lane and Crosskey entitled "Medical insects and arachnids." For advanced students interested in the application of modern biological approaches to vector biology there is the book edited by Beaty and Marquardt entitled "The biology of disease vectors." Neither of these books stresses the epidemiology of arthropodborne diseases and other public health and veterinary problems with arthropods. We believe this textbook will fill that gap, while serving as an overall introduction to the subject. Another book that should be mentioned is Service's "Medical entomology for students." This book provides a concise treatment of public health entomology for students, induding physicians, nurses and public health officials, who seek a brief introduction to medical entomology. We hope our text will provide adequate coverage of the subject of medical entomology on a worldwide basis. It is inevitable that a book edited and written mainly by Americans will have an American bias, especially in terms of the examples offered, but we have tried to minimize that. Finally, we hope that those interested in public health and veterinary problems will find an adequate treatment of both those subjects under the overarching title of medical entomology. This book could never have been produced without the substantial assistance of many people. Nancy Dullum was an enormous help in typing and retyping manuscripts, in handling much of the administrative responsibility for contacting authors and in coordinating corrections. James Freeman edited all the chapters for grammer and syntax. Kenneth Lorenzen pre- Preface pared many of the computer generated figures and did the final editing and checking of manuscripts. Carol S. Barnett prepared several original drawings. We are especially appreciative of the many people who reviewed individual chapters. Their comments were extremely helpful, and often uncovered important references in the literature. Those reviewing one or more chapters were: M.F. Bowen, Patricia A. Conrad, Anthony J. Cornel, J. Gordon Edwards, Durland Fish, John E. George, Nancy C. Hinkle, Harry K. Kaya, Marc J. Klowden, Robert S. Lane, Chester W. Moore, Mir S. Mulla, Frederick A. Murphy, Roger S. Nasci, William K. Reisen, Ronald M. Rosenberg, Michael W. Service, Walter J. Tabachnick, Edward D. Walker, Robert K. Washino and Robert A. Wirtz. We are indebted to many other individuals and organizations who furnished illustrations. They are mentioned in the figure captions. Finally, we wish to acknowledge the support and encouragement of our late friend and colleague, E. Paul Catts, who was originally one of the authors and the illustrator for this text. This book is dedicated to him. Bruce F. Eldridge and John D. Edman Davis, California, December 1999 A NOTE CONCERNING THE SECOND PRINTING We are indebted to many individuals who reviewed the first printing of this book and pointed out numerous errors and inconsistencies. We hope we have removed most of them. We have also corrected several figures and their captions and added several new ones. BFE JOE Davis, California, October 2003