An Introduction to. Biological Control

Transcription

1 An Introduction to Biological Control

2 An Introduction to Biological Control Robert van den Bosch P. S. Messenger A. P. Gutierrez Division of Biological Control University of California, Berkeley Albany, California SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Van den Bosch, Robert. An introduction to biological control. Rev. ed. of: Biological control Includes bibliographical references in index. 1. Pest control- Biological control. 2. Insect control- Biological control. I. Messenger, P. S. II. Gutierrez, A. P. III. Title. SB97S.V '.96 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / AACR2 This limited facsimile edition has been issued for the purpose of keeping this title available to the scientific community. First Printing- February 1982 Second Printing-October 1985 This volume is a revised version of BIOLOGICAL CONTROL, by Robert van den Bosch and P.S. Messenger, published in 1973 by Intext Press, New York. The original text has been thoroughly updated for this edition Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1982 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

4 TO ROBERT VAN DEN BOSCH ( ) For the legacy of good works in biological control, for aspiring to the highest of ideals in environmental protection, for tenacity in the face of adversity, for faithfulness to human principles beyond the reach of most men, and for the genuine love his bright spirit cast upon those fortunate enough to have known him. TOP. S. MESSENGER ( ) For the steady leadership of the Division of Biological Control he provided during difficult times, for his many fine scientific works, for his tenacious struggle to enhance and expand the field of biological control, and lastly for the model he provided for students to emulate. A. P. Gutierrez

5 Preface This volume is a revision of Biological Control by R. van den Bosch and P. S. Messenger, originally published by Intext Publishers. In the revision, I have attempted to keep the original theme, and to update it with current research findings and new chapters or sections on insect pathology, microbial control of weeds and plant pathogens, population dynamics, integrated pest management, and economics. The book was written as an undergraduate text, and not as a complete review of the subject area. Various more comprehensive volumes have been written to serve as handbooks for the experts. This book is designed to provide a concise overview of the complex and valuable field of biological control and to show the relationships to the developing concepts of integrated pest management. Population regulation of pests by natural enemies is the major theme of the book, but other biological methods of pest control are also discussed. The chapter on population dynamics assumes a precalculus-level knowledge of mathematics. Author names of species are listed only once in the text, but all are listed in the Appendix. Any errors or omissions in this volume are my sole responsibility. A. P. Gutierrez Professor of Entomology Division of Biological Control University of California, Berkeley vii

6 Acknowledgments Very special thanks must be given to my colleagues, Professors C. B. Huffaker and L. E. Caltagirone, for the very thorough review they provided and for the many positive suggestions they gave. Dr. Lowell Etzel helped develop the sections on insect pathology, and for this I am most grateful. The tireless efforts of Mr. William Voigt require special mention, as he served in very many capacities, among them illustrator, reviewer, typist, and in general an invaluable assistant. Mrs. Joanne Fox and Ms. Barbara Gemmill remained cheerful while typing the many revisions. Messrs. J. K. Clark (University of California, Davis) and P. F. Daley and F. Skinner (University of California, Berkeley) provided many of the photographs of natural enemies reproduced here. Dr. George Poinar (University of California, Berkeley) provided photography and illustrations for the sections on insect pathology, while Dr. D. F. Waterhouse (Chief, Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Australia) provided the illustrations dealing with biological control of the European rabbit and dung in Australia. A. P. G. ix

7 Contents Chapter 1 The Nature and Scope of Biological Control 1 Definition of Biological Control A Comparison of the Biological Control of Pest Insects and Weeds The Role of Pathogens in Biological Control Summary... 7 References Chapter 2 The Ecological Basis for Biological Control Biological Control of Native Species References Chapter 3 The History and Development of Biological Control Ancient Origins North American Beginnings Twentieth Century Developments Quarantine Considerations Development of International Organizations References xi

8 xii Chapter 4 Natural Enemies Contents 37 Predators Parasites Host Specificity Conclusion References Chapter 5 Microbial Control of Insects, Weeds, and Plant Pathogens 59 The Definition and Scope of Microbial Control History Uses and Advantages of Microbial Control Agents The Kinds of Microbial Agents Microbial Control of Weeds and Plant Pathogens The Future of Microbial Control References Chapter 6 Procedures in Natural-Enemy Introduction 75 Identification of the Pest as an Exotic Species Detennination of the Native Habitat of the Exotic Pest Importation Agencies in the United States Foreign Exploration for Natural Enemies Quarantine Reception Mass Culture of Entomophagous Insects Colonization Evaluation of Natural Enemies References Chapter 7 Life Table Analysis in Population Ecology 95 Age-Specific Life Tables Time-Varying Life Tables What Use Are Models? Appendix References

9 Contents xiii Chapter 8 Factors Limiting Success of Introduced Natural Enemies 117 Characteristics of the Colonized Environment Poorly Adapted Natural-Enemy Species and Strains The Importance of Biotypes in Biological Control The Mechanics of Natural-Enemy Introductions Conclusion References Chapter 9 Analysis of Classical Biological Control Programs 131 The Walnut Aphid The Winter Moth The Oriental Fruit Fly The Imported Cabbageworm The Eucalyptus Snout Beetle in South Africa The Olive Scale in California St. Johnswort or Klamath Weed References Chapter 10 Naturally Occurring Biological Control and Integrated Control Effects of Insecticides Ecological and Economic Backlash Integrated Control References Chapter 11 Other Kinds of Pests and Other Biological Methods of Pest Control Other Kinds of Pests Other Biological Methods of Pest Control Summary References

10 xiv Contents Chapter 12 Economics of Biological Controls Importation of Biological Controls Research and Development of Imported Biological Controls Inundative Release of Imported or Native Natural Enemies and Environmental Enhancement A Working Example of Mass Culture and Augmentation of Imported Parasites 216 References Chapter 13 The Future of Biological Control Classical Biological Control Naturally Occurring Biological Control Special Manipulation of Natural Enemies Pest Management and Biological Control Conclusion References Appendix: List of Species Cited in the Text Glossary Index