Area-capability approach for Transdisciplinary study. Satoshi ISHIKAWA RIHN

Transcription

1 Area-capability approach for Transdisciplinary study Satoshi ISHIKAWA RIHN

2 Decline of fisheries resources Fishing down in Global trend? Empty Net (Emerson, 1994) Fishing Down (Pauly et.al, 1998 ) Are the Oceans Dying? (Newsweek, 2002) Empty Oceans (Hayden, 2003) We cannot eat any fish in 2048 (Worm et.al, 2006)

3 Empirical Marine Resource Managements 1995 FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishery Collect Statistics Data, Assess stock status, Decide limit of catch Come up with some rules and regulations on fishing activities International Commissions of several important Fishes

4 Managements of coastal fisheries Coastal area holds high biodiversity Productivity of coastal area is high Coastal area covers only 8% in surfaces of ocean, But It supports 1/3 of total marine productivity. Rich marine resources support many livelihoods Coastal Area Ecosystems are easily affected from human activities in both Land and Sea.

5 Difficulty of stock assessment in coastal zone Large Scale fishery Coastal small-scale Fishery Single-Species, Selective Fishery Multi-Species, Multi-Fishery, Mixed Catch Professional Fishery & landing sites Data collection relatively easy Different approach for stock assessment is required Many Fishery and Stakeholders & many landing sites Data collection quite difficult

6 Difficulty of stock assessment in coastal zone Large Scale fishery Coastal small-scale Fishery About 30 million tons Catch About 30 million tons Catch About ½ Million Employees Over 12 Million Employees About 35 million tons Fuels About 5 million tons Fuels 8 20 million tons Discarded Discarded fish Very Little Jennifer and Pauly 2008

7 For Coastal Fisheries Resource Managements Destruction of Habitats Over Fishing Destructive action Natural Disaster Deterioration of Ecosystem Services Vicious Spiral Reduction of Productivity Reduction of Stocks Aggravation of Poverty Inefficient Use Poverty Reductions, Different Situation of Fisheries and ecosystem features should be taken into account.

8 From Management of resource to Care of Habitats (Ecosystem)!! Large Tidal Flat was in Tokyo Bay in the Edo Period. A lot of sandy fisheries resources were utilized in Tokyo Bay

9 During (High economic growth period of Japan), large wetland and sandy beaches were reclaimed. large seagrass habitats were also disappeared. Fish catch have decreased. Reclamation of Tokyo Bay Fish Catch (ton/year) Reclaimed area in Coastal fishery resources lost spawning area and nursery of larvae and juvenile. Fishery stocks were deteriorated. Year Fish Catch in Tokyo Bay from 1905 to 1995

10 Model of Fish Stock size change Critical Period Recruitment to Stock No. of Individuals (Stock Size) Growth Period Fished Period Natural Mortality Natural And Fishing Mortality Age Spawning and growth habitats conservation should be also taken into account.

11 Relationship between human and marine ecosystem has been weaken Habitats are easily broken Enhance relationships between human and nature Cultivate interests on nature

12 What should we do to save marine resources and marine ecosystems Data collection, Stock evaluation and Set regulation is not enough and do not function. To Promote effective utilizations of natural resources for poverty reduction To Enhance social capitals and safety of life To Cultivate interests of nature To Strengthen surveillance of resource uses To Facilitate conservation of habitats At the same time!!

13 Hamana Lake Stock enhancement of the tiger shrimp in Hamana Lake Water area = 6,880ha Periphery = 128km Depth = 5m 10 th in Japan There are traditional and modern fisheries, including both capture and aquaculture activities. Fishermen have been conducted as commercial activity but in small scale.

14 Hamana Lake There are seven villages. Almost all people conduct fishery. Each village has their own port. There is no custom of collaboration among villages. Stock enhancement of the kuruma shrimp in Hamana Lake Hamaha Lake had been treated as important defense line and transportation sites of Edo metropolitan. Interaction among villages had been prohibited for long time in Edo Period. So, each village has different culture and dialogue from one another. Seven villages conduct fishing in the Lake as main job. They compete the same fish stock. There were many conflicts and fighting among fishermen for fish in the lake. Fish stock was decreased in 1960s.

15 Basic framework and strategy of つくる漁業 (Tsukuru Gyogyo) in Japan Artificial Breeding Intermediate Aquaculture Release of Juveniles Stock Enhancement Better Catch 1. Government establishes stock enhancement centers (SEC) in each prefecture. 2. SEC improve aquaculture technology (density, bait, water conditions etc.) 3. SEC and local fishermen conducted breeding fish for release 4. SEC establish release technology (size of fish, location, timing, number etc.) 5. SEC and fishermen release juvenile fish. 6. SEC and fishermen collect data of fish catch. 7. SEC estimate impacts of release to stock enhancement. In many cases, there were no technology of breeding, and aquaculture, there were no information environment and habitats, there were no catch and statistical data SEC staff had to solve many difficulties by himself.

16 What changes had happen in Hamana Lake area? Aquaculture site Stock Enhancement Center There were 7 fishermen villages. They had own landing sites each other. They competed for fishery stock. There were no collaboration. There were no exact fishery statistics. They did not have sense of stock enhancement. (They conducted only fishing, but aquaculture) But, deterioration of fish stock was a common sense of them Stock enhancement Center Established and the public project of larval shrimp release started, but nobody was expert Intermediate aquaculture of larvae failed. No participation from villagers Researcher conducted catch data collection, shrimp size measurement at landing sites, Examined the appropriate bait for shrimp larvae, clarified food web around shrimp, determined the best size for release, determined the best place and month for release, and continue the intermediate aquaculture Young fishermen of Shirasu village started collaboration. And First Release (3million) Second release (more than 10 million) 1983 Murakushi, Iride, Yutho joined the collaboration 1984 Washizu Maisaka Arai joined the collaboration 1985 Public project terminated, Release activity were carried over by fishermen million release 1995 Virous Disease happen on Shrimp

17 What changes had happen in Hamana Lake area? Main Fishery Ground of Shrimp Release Point Stock Enhancement Center Prof. Fushimi conducted Breeding technology development Environmental Assessment Catch data collection and stock evaluation Rraring and release larvae of tiger shrimp Impact assessment on stock and income Etc. Prof. Fushimi, H He was a researcher in charge the stock enhancement of tiger shrimp in Hamana lake He said There were no data, no collaboration, no technology, no expectation for stock enhancement. But that was my job. Fishermen participated to Rearing and releasing Data collection Environmental assessment Set regulation of fishery Trading improvement

18 Lessons from Hamana Lake Earnest and continuous efforts of Scientist Appropriate technology improvement Well understanding of linkage between natural resources and local livelihoods of users Well understanding of linkage between environment and natural resources Realization of improvement of users lives by care of nature Social-capital enhancement

19 Area-capability cycle

20 Collaboration of user group, government and scientists (Experts) Evaluation Advice Technical supports User s group Utilizations & Care Activities Monitors & Managements Collaboration For Effective use of a Resource Outside Experts Analyses & Evaluations Data Information Consultation Governments International bodies Understanding & Supports Trans-disciplinary (TD) study through effective utilizations of resources And Care of nature around users

21 Area-capability approach Local Government Experts, Scientists NPO etc. Sharing Data and Info. Collaborative actions Local Groups Experts, Scientists NPO etc. Analysis Valuation Analysis Valuation AC approach can make additional values on users products

22 Expected ACC From Community-based Stock Enhancement of Tiger prawn Improvement of market accessibility Community based Aquaculture Involvement of other sectors Fishermen Associations Effective Utilization of Resource Resource Improved Status Increase prawn Stock Driving Forces Hope, Pride Local Community Enhanced Capability Increase incomes Decrease conflicts Care for Ecosystems Release Juveniles By research project Release Juveniles By Fishermen & government Environmental Monitoring by Fishers Increase Public Awareness of Habitats importance

23 Community based Set-net fishery By TD/SEAFDEC and DOF/Thailand in Rayong

24 Set-net (Teichi-ami) Fish Court (Surrounding net) Slope net Final Chamber Chamber net Length m Depth 15m Width 20m Entrance Passive Type of Gear, fixed in costal water Large-scale trap net with compound design Waiting for the migrating fish schools, and entrapping them in the chamber net Leader Net 200m

25 Location of Rayong set-net project Small scale fishery conflicts Commercial fishery

26 Location of Rayong set-net project By fisher group By researcher

27 History of Set-net Installation into Thailand 2001 ASEAN-SEAFDEC Millennium Conference on Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security in the Region in Bangkok 2002 International Set-Net Fishing Summit in Himi Rayong Set-Net Project SEAFDEC- EMDEC-Fishermen Group JICA grass-root project by SEAFDEC, TUMSAT and Himi City 2007-Present Operated and Managed by fishers group 2008 Training course for Practices and Theories Choko-ami in Chonburi, by Kasetsart Univ New challenge in Southern Gulf of Thailand steered by DOF, Thailand Start Project! Got Idea SEAFDEC: Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency TUMSAT: Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan Mr. Aussanee Munprasit Senior Officer of SEAFDEC EMDEC: Eastern Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center, Department of Fishery, Thailand Himi city: Located in Toyama Prefecture, in Japan Very famous as Set-net fishery

28 Processes of Set-net Installation As set-net is treated as illegal fishing gear, Mr. Aussanee should get permission from DOF as experiment. And he should also get permission from local government. He failed from Ban Phe, but from Mae Ramphung. SEAFDEC set one project of set-net installation for fisheries resource management, leaded by Mr. Aussanee in SEAFDEC held town meeting to establish new fishermen community. More than 200 villagers participated from seven villages located along Mae beach to the community fishery using Set-net. Mr. Aussanee designed and made the set-net in front of Mae beach in cooperation with fishermen community members.

29 Problems and Difficulties in the 1 st year Strong current Bad Design of Net Anchors entangled with net Bad Operation of fishing Fish Catch was not good!

30 Improvement of Set-net fishery After one year, many participants broke away from Set-net Community due to bad income. SEAFDEC consult with Japanese Researchers of TUMSAT and Fishermen who are conducting Set-net in Himi city. Japanese Researcher improved the set-net design and materials. Himi Fishermen improved the operation and treatment of nets. And they conducted training of fishermen community. JICA grass-root project started by SEAFDEC, TUMSAT and Himi City with Fishermen of Rayong. Rayong fishermen got new boat and established community sales store of their catch. They started pooling system of their catch. (they share all benefit among participants. So they should note their catch and sales)

31 Gear Improvement since 2 nd year 漁具設計改良 1. Modified to slimmer style 身網の設計変更 1 st year 45 x 140 x 250 m 2 nd year 20 x 155 x 250 m Developed to narrower and lower slope&entrance net 昇り網の設計変更 (Unit : m) 1 st year; 5.0x3.0x14 2 nd year; 0.7x8.0x8.0 3 rd year; 0.7x9.0x8.0

32 Fishing Operation in Rayong Man-power hauling Morning hauling Every 2 days 3-4 boats, fishermen hours min September-April Himi 2

33 Variety of catch The Catch Most of set-net catch are pelagic species, variety of the catch showed an important characteristics of the coastal fisheries resources. They caught different species by set-net from that they collected by small gears. High quality Management Skill of them was improved through selling and pooling system

34 Major Species Catch from Biological Data are also collected Rayong set-net Yellow stripe scads Round herring Gar fish Indian threadfish Trevally Spanish mackerel Black pomfret Barracuda Indian mackerel Sailfish Rabbitfish Emperer Sea bream Threadfin bream Threadfin bream Indo-pacific mackerel Yellowstrip scad Hairtail Wolf-herring Snapper Sardine Leather jacket Leather jacket Blue swimming crab Bigfinreef squid Loligo squid Cuttlefish 34

35 Detailed Fishery Statistics data have been collected st ( ) 2nd ( ) 3rd ( ) 4th ( ) 5th ( ) 6th ( ) 7th ( ) 8th ( ) st ( ) 2nd ( ) 3rd ( ) 4th ( ) 5th ( ) 6th ( ) 7th ( ) 8th ( ) Daily catch (kg) Catch (Kg) ,000 25, Date Daily value (Baht) Value (Baht) 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Date

36 Average catch (kg) and value (THB) Daily average catch and value Average catch (Kg) Average value (x10 THB) trip Year of Project Implementation 36

37 Lessons from Community-based Set-Net Fishery Frequent and Deep communication of user and scientists Continual collaboration of user and scientists New Technology can support to create new user group. Through utilization of resources, impotence of habitats and ecosystems are understood by users. Community-based utilization collect enough data of stock assessment automatically. Community-based activity provide new capability of local resource utilizations.

38 ACC from Development of utilization methods: Community-based set-net fishery in Rayong, Thailand. Tourism Activity Community Fish Market Set-Net Installation by SEAFDEC Involvement of Other sectors Improvement of Trading system Establishment of Fishers Community Post Harvest Technology Effective Utilization of Resource Resource Improved Status New Target Species Driving Forces Hopes, Prides Care for Ecosystems Local Community Enhanced Capability New Markets, Decrease conflicts Management Skill Operational Skill Environmental and Food Web estimation Fishery Statistical data collection Cultivate interest for Ecosystem

39 TD study for increase AC cycles is required Biology Ecology Technology Archaeology Area study Can contribute To find local resources And To create new markets Resource Increased Stock Habitats improvement Biomass, Biodiversity Effective Utilization Driving Force Increased Care for Ecosystem User Community Improvement of QoL Capability Enhanced Scientific Evaluation Can add new values on local products And Facilitate collaboration of user and scientist As AC cycle is drown at each resource, number of it shows number of resources

40 Fin!

41 World Fish Catch