Alien macro-crustaceans in freshwater ecosystems in Flanders
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1 Alien macro-crustaceans in freshwater ecosystems in Flanders Pieter Boets, Koen Lock and Peter L.M. Goethals Pieter Boets Ghent University (UGent) Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Jozef Plateaustraat 22 B9000 Gent, Belgium be
2 Introduction Why are aquatic ecosystems vulnerable to invasions? Ballast water Attachment to ships Interconnection of canals Vacant niches as consequence of pollution Impact of invasive macroinvertebrates? Ecological: decrease of diversity destabilization of ecosystem Economical: high costs for eradication decrease of yield in aquaculture
3 Introduction pathways Deliberatly introduced + aquaculture Shipping (long distance) Shipping (short distance) + interconnection of canals
4 The process of invasion Potential donor region Transport (e.g. through ballast water of ships) Introduction Biotic and abiotic factors Establishment & reproduction Interactions between species (competition, predation, ) Dispersal & dominant behavior
5 Overview of freshwater macrocrustaceans First occurence in in Flanders Family Species Origin Flanders Gammaridae Gammarus pulex Gammarus fossarum Southern Gammarus roeseli Europe Gammarus tigrinus USA Echinogammarus Iberian berilloni Peninsula Dikerogammarus villosus Ponto-Caspian Talitridae Orchestia cavimana Ponto-Caspian Crangonictid Crangonyx ae pseudogracilis USA Chelicorophium Corophidae curvispinum Ponto-Caspian Asellidae Asellus aquaticus Southern Proasellus coxalis Europe Southern Europe Proasellus meridianus Southern Atyidae Atyaephyra desmaresti Europe Janiridae Jaera istri Ponto-Caspian Mysidae Hemimysis anomala * Ponto-Caspian Limnomysis benedeni Ponto-Caspian Astacidae Astacus astacus * Astacus leptodactylus Pacifastacus leniusculus Ponto-Caspian * North America Cambaridae Procambarus clarkii USA Orconectes limosus USA Grapsidae Eriocheir sinensis Southeast Asia red colour = alien species ? * = not recorded during recent
6 Killer shrimp - Dikerogammarus villosus Presence - Native in Ponto-Caspian area - Dispersal through Europe (also Flanders) Life characteristics - Strong competitor - Unequal sex-ratio (more then ) - Early sexual maturity - High reproduction rate Dispersal of D. villosus in Europe (Bij de Vaate et al. 2002) Diet - Omnivore: filterfeeder, carnivore, detrivore
7 Aims of the study Predation of several prey by D. villosus based on lab experiments - Different substrates - Different prey Substrate preference of D. villosus based on lab experiments - Single species experiments - In the presence of the native Gammarus pulex Use of decision trees to model the presence of D. villosus based on field observations
8 Material & methods Predator-prey interactions: Sand, gravel or no substrate D. villosus and five types of prey (experiment 1) D. villosus and one single type of prey (experiment 2-6) Substrate preference: Sand, gravel, leaf surrogate or no substrate D. villosus, G. pulex, combination of both species Model (decision tree): WEKA software (J48 algorithm) Model reliability evaluation based on Correctly Classified Instances (>70 %) & Kappa (>0.4)
9 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus sp. Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
10 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus sp. Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
11 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus species Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
12 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus sp. Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
13 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus sp. Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
14 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus sp. Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
15 Material & methods Predator and prey Predator: Dikerogammarus villosus Prey: Asellus aquaticus Chironomus sp. Cloeon dipterum Gammarus pulex Crangonyx pseudogracilis Gammarus tigrinus
16 Results & discussion Survival multiple prey experiment
17 Survival single prey experiment Species p G. pulex 0.68 C. dipterum A. aquaticus C. pseudogracilis G. tigrinus
18 Survival large & small individuals
19 Substrate preference: lab experiments Separate Sand (%) Combination Water (%) Leaf surrogate (%) 30.0 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 6.9 Gravel (%) 63.3 ± ± ± ± 1.9
20 D. villosus ~ river characteristics Present Absent
21 D. villosus ~ river characteristics Present Absent
22 Habitat suitability model Dikerogammarus villosus Classification tree of Dikerogammarus villosus (PCF = 0.01) CCI = 77 % (> 70 %) K = 0.5 (> 0.4) Bank structure = natural Absent Bank structure natural Present O2 saturation 89.0 O2 saturation > 89.0 % % Conductivity > 510 µs/cm Conductivity 510 µs/cm
23 Conclusions Predatory behavior towards native and exotic macroinvertebrates Wide range of prey of different size Competitively stronger than other macroinvertebrates Preference for stony substrates based on lab experiments Field observations and lab experiments can lead to different conclusions Heterogeneity, diversity and the interactions between species are crucial Based on the habitat suitability model, D. villosus can be found canals with a good chemical water quality
24 Thank you for your attention! Questions?
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