Does the invasional meltdown exist? The case of the Ponto-Caspian community
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1 Does the invasional meltdown exist? The case of the Ponto-Caspian community Karolina Bącela-Spychalska 1 Dagmara Błońska 2 Joanna Grabowska 2 Łukasz Jermacz 3 Michał Rachalewski 1 Małgorzata Poznańska-Kakareko 3 Tomasz Kakareko 4 Tomasz Rewicz 1 Jarosław Kobak 3 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology & Hydrobiology 2 Department of Ecology & Vertebrate Zoology Faculty of Biology & Environmental Protection 3 Department of Invertebrate Zoology 4 Department of Hydrobiology
2 Invasional Meltdown phenomenon One of the major concepts in invasion biology Invasive species facilitate the introduction of other invaders and increase their impact on local communities A community-level phenomenon Alien species do not need to originate from the same region, but the common origin may help Simberloff D, Von Holle B Positive interactions of nonindigenous species: invasional meltdown? Biol. Inv. 1: Ricciardi A Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an invasional meltdown occurring in the Great Lakes? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:
3 The Ponto-Caspian community in Polish fresh waters Does the IMD occur in this system?
4 1. Do Ponto-Caspian gammarids facilitate sympatric gobies? Gammarids are often found in the guts of gobies in invaded ranges Their presence is postulated to facilitate the goby spread Valuable food source the fish know from their home range But is it really their choice or just the lack of alternatives? What if native gammarids were present in the area instead of the aliens?
5 17 cm 1. Do Ponto-Caspian gammarids facilitate sympatric gobies? 19 cm Predator: the racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus Duration: 3h Number of prey items: Shelters No shelters Immobilized prey 2 prey species: D. villosus vs. G. fossarum P. robustoides vs. G. fossarum (aliens) (native) Błońska D, Grabowska J, Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K Feeding preferences of an invasive Ponto- Caspian goby for native and non-native gammarid prey. Freshw. Biol. 60:
6 Number of consumed individuals 1. Do Ponto-Caspian gammarids facilitate sympatric gobies? N=20 P. robustoides vs. G. fossarum aliens D. villosus vs. G. fossarum Shelters No shelters natives Immobilized prey Predator The racer goby Babka gymnotrachelus The native species were always preferred by fish, regardless of prey behaviour Effect of prey structure: hardness? Błońska D, Grabowska J, Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K Feeding preferences of an invasive Ponto- Caspian goby for native and non-native gammarid prey. Freshw. Biol. 60:
7 1. Do Ponto-Caspian gammarids facilitate sympatric gobies? Increase in weight (g) A long-term (4 weeks) exposure of the racer goby to various food types: alien gammarid D. villosus native gammarid G. fossarum chironomid larvae N=14-18! Negative growth on the diet consisting of the alien species D. villosus G. fossarum Chironomids Błońska D, Grabowska J, Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K Feeding preferences of an invasive Ponto- Caspian goby for native and non-native gammarid prey. Freshw. Biol. 60:
8 1. Do Ponto-Caspian gammarids facilitate sympatric gobies? Alien gammarids are not such a good diet for Ponto-Caspian gobies It is likely that their native counterparts would facilitate the fish much better if they had not been displaced by the invaders Błońska D, Grabowska J, Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K Feeding preferences of an invasive Ponto- Caspian goby for native and non-native gammarid prey. Freshw. Biol. 60:
9 2. Does the zebra mussel facilitate or inhibit gobies? Zebra mussel colony increases zoobenthos density, but decreases its availability to benthivorous fish What is the outcome? a good feeding ground for fish or a good shelter for their prey? What increase of zoobenthos density makes a mussel colony a good feeding ground for fish? Is this increase realistic in the field? Kobak J, Poznańska M, Jermacz Ł, Kakareko T, Prądzyński D, Łodygowska M, Montowska K, Bącela-Spychalska K Zebra mussel beds: an effective feeding ground for Ponto-Caspian gobies or suitable shelter for their prey? PeerJ 4:e2672
10 2. Does the zebra mussel facilitate or inhibit gobies? 1h of feeding Feeding from different substrata mussels Food: chironomid larvae: x 8, 12, 16, 24, 32 a racer or tubenose goby Babka gymnotrachelus Proterorhinus semilunaris stones x 8 shelter sand x 8 8 larvae = 520 ind./m 2 Kobak J, Poznańska M, Jermacz Ł, Kakareko T, Prądzyński D, Łodygowska M, Montowska K, Bącela-Spychalska K Zebra mussel beds: an effective feeding ground for Ponto-Caspian gobies or suitable shelter for their prey? PeerJ 4:e2672
11 Number of consumed larvae 2. Does the zebra mussel facilitate or inhibit gobies? racer goby a tubenose goby b a c N=36 d d d b bc d N=39 e e d c Initial number of larvae sand stones mussels Mussels are better than sand when contain 2x more food Mussels are better than stones when contain 2x (racer) or 1.5x (tubenose) more food Kobak J, Poznańska M, Jermacz Ł, Kakareko T, Prądzyński D, Łodygowska M, Montowska K, Bącela-Spychalska K Zebra mussel beds: an effective feeding ground for Ponto-Caspian gobies or suitable shelter for their prey? PeerJ 4:e2672
12 2. Does the zebra mussel facilitate or inhibit gobies? The increases in zoobenthos densities in mussel colonies needed to show the positive effect on fish (ca. 2x) are often observed in the field The positive effect of zebra mussel colonies on the goby fish is likely and may contribute to the invasional meltdown Kobak J, Poznańska M, Jermacz Ł, Kakareko T, Prądzyński D, Łodygowska M, Montowska K, Bącela-Spychalska K Zebra mussel beds: an effective feeding ground for Ponto-Caspian gobies or suitable shelter for their prey? PeerJ 4:e2672
13 3. Does the zebra mussel facilitate alien gammarids? A zebra mussel colony provides shelters and food for gammarids Several species (D. villosus, D. haemobaphes, E. ischnus) are known to reach high densities in mussel beds What is the quality of a mussel bed as a shelter for gammarids? Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Płąchocki D Effectiveness of zebra mussels to act as shelters from fish predators differs between native and invasive amphipod prey. Aquat. Ecol. 48:
14 3. Does the zebra mussel facilitate alien gammarids? 250 mm Predator sector (a racer goby) Gammarid sector (10 ind.) 300 mm sand plants We counted the survivors after 24 h stones empty mussel shells living mussels Kobak J, Jermacz Ł, Płąchocki D Effectiveness of zebra mussels to act as shelters from fish predators differs between native and invasive amphipod prey. Aquat Ecol 48:
15 Gammarid consumption Dikerogammarus villosus inhabitant of mussel colonies Pontogammarus robustoides not closely associated with mussels Kobak et al sand plants stones shells mussels sand plants stones shells mussels 78% 80% 80% 81% 73% 70% 64% 65% 62% Mussels protect D. villosus from predators 39% No significant effect for P. robustoides
16 4. Do the gammarids facilitate each other? Rachalewski M, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K, Podgórska M, Kobak J unpublished Gammarids originating from the same region can sense one another s chemical signals and better respond to predation danger find suitable habitats
17 4. Do the gammarids facilitate each other? 10 gammarids in the maze Duration: min Video recording and analysis of time spent in the zones (Noldus Ethovision XT 10.1) Source tanks (40 l) Valve (flow regulation) Hoses with gravitational flow (0.5 l/min) Rachalewski M, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K, Podgórska M, Kobak J unpublished Y-maze 18 cm outlet
18 4. Do the gammarids facilitate each other? Response variable: time in the signal zone Signal source Rachalewski M, Jermacz Ł, Bącela-Spychalska K, Podgórska M, Kobak J unpublished Responding species Living individuals Crushed individuals Dv Dh Pr Dv Dh Pr D. villosus D. haemobaphes P. robustoides D. villosus is attracted by signals from P. robustoides Other species respond only negatively to heterospecific signals No facilitation except D. villosus
19 5. Do the gammarids hurt zebra mussels? Zebra mussels help gammarids by providing them shelters and food That is why gammarids are commonly found in mussel colonies Is there any reverse impact: of gammarids on mussels? They can irritate soft parts of mussel body by crawling among them Kobak J, Poznańska M, Kakareko T Behavioural changes of zebra mussel D. polymorpha induced by Ponto-Caspian gammarids. Biol. Inv. 14:
20 20 cm 5. Do the gammarids hurt zebra mussels? PVC tiles 22 cm Control Kobak J, Poznańska M, Kakareko T 2012 Behavioural changes of zebra mussel induced by Ponto-Caspian gammarids. Biol. Inv. 14: gammarids Sand 24 h Mussels exposed to gammarids attached more strongly (by 40%) and stayed at the bottom more often (by 40%) These responses resemble those induced by predators Kobak J, Poznańska M, Kakareko T Behavioural changes of zebra mussel D. polymorpha induced by Ponto-Caspian gammarids. Biol. Inv. 14: Also, mussels reduce their valve opening (time and %) in the presence of gammarids Dzierżyńska-Białończyk et al. unpublished Negative effect of gammarids on mussels
21 The Ponto-Caspian community in Polish fresh waters Several positive interactions not supported Only the positive effects of dreissenids confirmed
22 IMD in the Ponto-Caspian community in Polish fresh waters Several positive interactions not supported Only the positive effects of dreissenids confirmed Is it a general IMD phenomenon or just specific traits of a single unique species?
23 Thank you for your attention The study was supported by Grants of the National Science Centre No. 2011/03/D/NZ8/03012 to Karolina Bącela-Spychalska and No. 2012/05/B/NZ8/00479 to Jarosław Kobak NATIONAL SCIENCE CENTRE POLAND Some drawings borrowed from Ania Dzierżyńska-Białończyk - thanks!
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