Methods for control, prevention and removal (eradication) Legislation

Transcription

1 Invasivne species

2 Methods for control, prevention and removal (eradication) Legislation

3 According to IUCN Red list, alien invasive species are responsible for extinction of more species in the world than any other agent. E.g., on the global level 1/3 of birds, 6% of mammals and 11% of amphibians is endangered by alien invasive species.

4 Education better save than sorry - the only successful way of fighting invasive species is prevention (disable their entrance into new habitat) - activities are focused to raise awareness about negative influence of IAS and consequences of their presence in the nature - to be successful against IAS, public must be included (especially risk groups fishermen, pat owners, gardeners) lectures, tv, radio, leaflets, educative publications, Internet..

5 Prevention is the first line of defence - most effective and most cost-effective - if it fails, hard(er) to fight and eradicate already established IAS population - if possible and justifiable the IAS should be eradicated (if prevention didn t work out) - in ideal cases, eradication is the first and only step in stopping the negative influence of IAS - if eradication is not possible, control of spreading is necessary (more demanding and expensive)

6 Taxonomic groups of invasive species introduced to Croatia in 2011 (from DAISI database) IAS with established populations in Cro (that can t be eradicated with nowadays knowledge and technology, their control their spreading into new areas): zebra mussel (Dreissenia polymorpha), killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus), harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus), desert false indigo(amorpha fruticosa) & tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

7 Eradication Mechanical methods - easier for bigger organisms - traps, nets Chemical methods - insecticides, herbicides - Expensive - Sometimes not selective - IAS can become resistant Biological methods (biocontrol) - With other organisms, with diseases - They can become invasive - Before any implementation it should be tested and possible scenarios done

8 Procedure of invasive assessment (estimation) - Risk assessment most frequently a questioner based on the answers, species (present or not present in the area) is classified according to its invasibility - There is no a 100% sure way of invasibility estimation, but comparing our estimates with estimates and experience from ecologically similar areas is helpful - Normally it is done for a single species (taking into account possibility of introduction, population establishment, speed of possible spread and influence) - Also it could be conducted for propagule s vectors and introduction paths (more complex and demanding)

9 What are black and white list? - Based on the risk assessment a species is listed to a list: Black list proved to be strongly invasive - Introduction is strictly forbidden - species that are not necessarily present, but if present they could make lots of problems and damage White list species that are not risky, and their introduction should not present any threat they could be introduced but it should not be taken as introduce it as much as you want and let if freely into the nature Gray list species that are neither on the black not white list - Normally species that are unknown in terms of invasibility (some of their relatives are either on the black or on the white list)

10 Invasive alien species a growing threat in Europe Invasive alien species (IAS) cost the EU an estimated EUR 12 billion per year, prompting the European Commission to push for an EU-wide approach to tackle the issue. The phenomenon, which occurs when plants and animals are deliberately or unintentionally introduced by human action to a new environment where they establish, reproduce and proliferate, is causing serious problems for biodiversity. The dedicated legal instrument aims to tackle the problem through a new harmonised system and a shift from cure to prevention. Recognising the increasingly serious problem of IAS in Europe, the European Commission will launch a dedicated legislative instrument by September The instrument, which is due to be adopted in 2013, is one of six key objectives of the EU 2020 Biodiversity Strategy. The proposal is for three types of interventions; prevention, early warning and rapid response, and management. alien+species+ +a+growing+threat+in+europe&titleleft=environment

11 Commission adopts first EU list of invasive alien species, an important step towards halting biodiversity loss Brussels, 13 July 2016 Today the European Commission took an important step towards halting biodiversity loss, adopting a list of invasive alien species that require action across the EU. The list contains 37 species that cause damage on a scale that justifies dedicated measures across the Union. LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES OF UNION CONCERN Plants: American Skunk cabbage; Asiatic tearthumb; Curly waterweed; Eastern baccharis; Floating pennywort; Floating primrose; Green cambomba; Kudzu vine; Parrot s feather; Persian hogweed; Water hyacinth; Water primrose (2 species); Whitetop weed Animals: Amur sleeper; Asian hornet; Small Indian mongoose; Bryant s fox squirrel; Chinese mitten crab; Coypu; Eastern crayfish ; Grey squirrel; Indian house crow; Marbled crayfish; Muntjac deer; North American bullfrog; Pallas s squirrel; Racoon; Red eared slider; Red swamp crayfish; Ruddy duck; Sacred ibis; Siberian chipmunk; Signal crayfish; South American coati; Topmouth gudgeon; Virile (northern) crayfish The first update of the Union list entered into force in August 2017 (12 new species) The second update of the Union list is under preparation.

12 SUCCESSFULLERADICATIONS IN EU 37 PROJECTS 33 ON ISLANDS 26% RATS 4% RABBITS SUCCESSFUL RECOVERY OF NATIVE BIODIVERSITY

13 INVASIVE INVERTEBRATES (AQUATIC) ERADICATION PROJECTS RARE - mass trapping - Hormone traps inhibit sexual maturity - Pheromone bites sexually mature males - Males sterilisation (x-rays) back to habitat uncessful mating Collapse > 80% treated populations

14 Invasive freshwater crustaceans in Croatia

15 OLD NICS introduced to Europe before 1980 class: Malacostraca order: Decapoda infraorder: Astacidea Signal c. Spiny-cheek c. Red swamp c. Pacifastacus leniusculus Orconectes limosus Procambarus clarkii NEW NICS introduced to Europe after 1980 Calico c. Orconectes immunis Kentucky river c. Orconectes juvenilis Virile c. Orconectes virilis NORTH AMERICA Crayfish plague Eastern white river c. Gulf white river c. Marbled c. Procambarus acutus Procambarus zonangulus Procambarus fallax f. virginalis Yabby Red claw Cherax destructor Cherax quadricarinatus AUSTRALIA New diseases?

16 In Croatia Decapoda Orconectes limosus Pacifastacus leniusculus Eriocheir sinensis Procambarus fallax f. virginalis (Procambarus virginalis)

17 Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) spiny-cheek crayfish Spine on the inner side of the article Brown-red stripes Cephalothorax Rostrum scheme Spines on the sides of the head Up to 12 cm

18 O. limosus o o Origin: North America Introduced to: Europe

19 O. limosus Distribution of O. limosus in Europe (Kouba et al., 2014)

20 O. limosus o Introduced to Europe in the second half of 19th century (Poland) to replace native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) o During 20th century spread across Europe

21 O. limosus o All freshwater habitats o Adaptable to different habitat conditions (even pollution) o Highly fecund

22 O. limosus Impact: o Competition with natives for food and space o Vector of Aphanomyces astaci (crayfish plague) o A. astaci one of 100 worst invasive species

23 O. limosus Control: Up till nowadays no successful methods

24 O. limosus in Croatia Upstream dispersion through the Drava River literature data & research until 2006.

25 Data until g. Data until g.

26 O. limosus O. limosus push out native Astacus astacus & Astacus leptodactylus A. astacus noble crayfish A. leptodactylus narrow-clawed crayfish

27 Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) signal crayfish Up to 16 cm Cephalothorax scheme blue

28 P. leniusculus o o Origin: North America Introduced to: o Europe o Asia: Japan

29 P. leniusculus Distribution of P. leniusculus in Europe (Kouba et al., 2014)

30 P. leniusculus Introduced to Europe in 20th century (1959. Sweden) to replace native crayfish populations o o Impact: o Competition with natives for food and space o Crayfish plague vector Control: o No successful methods

31 P. leniusculus in Coatia Downstream spread through the Mura and Drava Introduced to the Korana River

32 P. leniusculus in Mura & Drava P. leniusculus pushes out (replace) Astacus astacus in Korana pushes out (replace) A. leptodactylus A. astacus noble crayfish

33 The first record of the signal crayfish in Croatia dates from 2008 (Maguire et al., 2008). Until now, signal crayfish records in Croatia have been found in the Mura River and the the Drava River km/year (fastest in Europe) O. limosus was first recorded in Croatia in 2003 (Maguire and Klobucar, 2003; Maguire and Gottstein-Matocec, 2004) in the Nature Park Kopacki rit, where it spread from the Hungarian section of the Danube River > 2.5 km/year

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37 Lake Natoma (USA) - Sweden Lake Tahoe, Lake Hennessey (USA) - Finland Austrija unos iz Kalifornije (Lake Tahoe + Švedske) pritoke Drave i Mure Slovenija - Hrvatska

38 Phylogenetic reconstruction position of Croatian signal crayfish MtDNA 16S rrna Korana Mura

39 Mikrosateliti Mean values N a allelic richnes, H E expected heterosigosity, H O observed heterozigosity, F IS inbreeding coefficient, F ST fixation index; GB Great Britain, PT Portugal, FI Finland, SW- Sweden Locality N a H E H O F IS F ST Korana Mura GB PT FI SW Na highest in Mura Ho slightly lower in Cro Mura > Korane (population established for longer time, repetitive introductions higher diversity), -Lower Ho inbreeding diversity lost, higher number of homozygotes - Fis positive when there is less heterozygotes Fst lower values higher gene exchange (through reproduction) Cro smaller than EU but pop geo separated recent connection? anthropogenic influence introduction from Mura to Korana

40 What is crayfish plague? The most lethal disease for native crayfish Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci class Oomycetes (different plant pathogens potato blight- Ireland)

41 - Why native die, and non-native not? Non native constantly active propo system (melanisation of pathogen) Diéguez-Uribeondo et al. (2006)

42 Pathogen Aphanomyces astaci in Cro P. leniusculus O. limosus Crayfish species O. limosus P. leniusculus Infected/tested 14 / 24 7 / 26 % infected 58% 27% Infection level A0(10), A1(1), A2(2), A3(11) A0(19), A2(4), A3(1), A4(1), A5(1) Pathogen type? B (Ps)

43 - aquaristics -floods

44 Procambarus fallax Procambarus fallax f. virginalis aquaristics mid- 1990s Germany parthenogenetic

45 BSc thesis Marija Cvitanić Fecundity of different ICS M marbled, OL spiny cheek, PL signal, PC P. clarkii

46 Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Edwards, 1854) mitten crab class: Malacostraca oreder: Decapoda infraorder: Brachyura hairy claws Carapace width mm

47 E. sinensis o o origin: east Asia Introduced to: o Europe o North America

48 E. sinensis E. sinensis in Europi In Croatia recorded in 2005 in the Danube River, no recent records

49 E. sinensis o o predator (molluscs, fish, crustacean) Way of spreading: o Aquaculture and commerce (live animals) o Transport ballast waters

50 E. sinensis o o Impact: o Dig into the river banks erosion o Competition for food and space o Reduce native invertebrates abundance Control: no successful method

51 E. sinensis Life history: Catadrome species sexually mature individuals migrate from the freshwater to the sea for mating Tolerant to pollution

52 Procambarus clarkii other invasives in Europe "100 worst" invasive organisms in Europe the most invasive crayfish species at all Distribution of P. clarkii in Europe (Kouba et al., 2014)

53 Calico c. Kentucky river c. Virile c. Orconectes immunis Orconectes juvenilis Orconectes virilis White river c. Florida c. Marbled c. Procambarus acutus Procambarus alleni Procambarus fallax f. virginalis Yabby Red claw Cherax destructor Cherax quadricarinatus

54 Distribution of the New NICS Orconectes spp. and Cherax spp. (Kouba et al. 2014)

55 Distribution of the New NICS Procambarus spp. (Kouba et al. 2014)

56 Family Pontogammaridae invasive amphipodes in Croatia (origin from ponto-caspian basin) Negative impact on native amphipodes, and the whole invertebrate community at a moment only in bigger rivers Dikerogammarus bispinosus Danube, np Kopački rit Obesogammarus obesus - Danube Dikerogammarus vilosus Drava, Danube (killer shrimp) class: order: Malacostraca Amphipoda

57 Dikerogammarus haemobaphes Sava, Drava 50 km upstream (from to 2009.)

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