1. Orange Shelf Edge. Along Namibian border 1960 km m 1500 m. Anemone, Anthosactis capensis 480m, west coast

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1. Orange Shelf Edge Along Namibian border 1960 km 2 250 m 1500 m Only un-trawled sandy shelf edge in Benguela

Research: habitat recovery from trawling and oil and gas activities Anemone, Anthosactis capensis 480m, west coast

2 1. Orange Shelf Edge Along Namibian border 1960 km m 1500 m Only un-trawled sandy shelf edge in Benguela ecoregion Threatened seabed habitats in good condition Sensitive ecosystems (hard grounds) Blue shark aggregations Research: habitat recovery from trawling and oil and gas activities Anemone, Anthosactis capensis 480m, west coast Key sources of info: Majiedt et al. (2012), Sink et al. (2012a,b, 2013), Kirkman et al. (2013), Jolly et al. 2013, CBD (2014) 2

2. Namaqua fossil forest 23km Off Port Nolloth 120-150 m, 430 km

water corals Unprotected mud habitat (inner shelf) Good condition

3 2. Namaqua fossil forest 23km Off Port Nolloth m, 430 km 2 Unique fossilised yellowwood forest Sensitive habitat Cold water corals Unprotected mud habitat (inner shelf) Good condition ecosystems Key sources of info: Stevenson and Bamford 2003, CBD

area Zoleka Filander, DEA Key sources of

4 3. Namaqua Coast Spoeg River mouth Island Point, coast to 150 m 760 km 2 First marine protection in Namaqualand Threatened but unprotected habitats in good condition Priority estuaries and beaches Hake nursery habitat Ecotourism area Zoleka Filander, DEA Key sources of info: Attwood et al. 1997, Majiedt et al. 2012, CBD

4. Child s Bank 180-450 m depth, off Hondeklip Bay 1335 km 2 Unique feature probable carbonate mound

courtesy of Childs Bank experimental closure team SAEON SADSTIA DAFF SANBI UCT, 380m Key sources of

5 4. Child s Bank m depth, off Hondeklip Bay 1335 km 2 Unique feature probable carbonate mound Cold water corals Sensitive ecosystem Eco-certification support for hake fishery Research Images courtesy of Childs Bank experimental closure team SAEON SADSTIA DAFF SANBI UCT, 380m Key sources of info: Kirkman et al. (2013), Majiedt et al. (2013), CBD 2014, Sink et al. (2012,2011), Atkinson et al. (2012) 5

6 Childs Bank Cold Water Corals Image courtesy of Childs Bank experimental closure team SAEON SANBI SADSTIA DAFF UCT 350m 6

5. Benguela Bank 1460 km2 250-400m 116-134 km offshore Threatened hard ground habitat types in good condition Sensitive ecosystems Few options for protection Lowest socio-economic cost (outside of

7 5. Benguela Bank 1460 km m km offshore Threatened hard ground habitat types in good condition Sensitive ecosystems Few options for protection Lowest socio-economic cost (outside of trawl footprint) Eco-certification support Image courtesy of Childs Bank experimental closure team SAEON SANBI SADSTIA DAFF UCT 350m Key sources of info: Majiedt et al. 2012, Sink et al. (2011, 2012a,2013) 7

6. Benguela Muds Just North of Cape columbine, 350 400m 90 km 2 Critically endangered mud

possible Lowest socio-economic cost Research habitat recovery Gurnard (above) & seapen (below)

8 6. Benguela Muds Just North of Cape columbine, m 90 km 2 Critically endangered mud habitat in good condition Entire habitat type within the trawl footprint Industry avoidance not possible Lowest socio-economic cost Research habitat recovery Gurnard (above) & seapen (below) in deep muds, ACEP Key sources of info: Majiedt et al. 2012, Sink et al. (2011, 2012a), CDB (2014) 8

7. Cape Canyon Canyon head off Cape Columbine 660 km 2, 200-400m Threatened, unprotected canyon habitat

Life history importance for seabirds, marine mammals, small pelagics, hake Cape Canyon 480 m Jago

9 7. Cape Canyon Canyon head off Cape Columbine 660 km 2, m Threatened, unprotected canyon habitat Cold water corals Sensitive habitat Industry avoidance not possible Lower cost than canyon off Cape Point Life history importance for seabirds, marine mammals, small pelagics, hake Cape Canyon 480 m Jago Diamondfields International Key sources of info: Majiedt et al. (2013), Sink et al. (2011, 2012a,b,2013), CBD

10 8. Robben Island 620 km 2, m Threatened island habitat in good condition Endangered seabirds including penguins, cormorants Abalone recovery West coast rock lobster protection Ecotourism Cultural heritage Key sources of info: Majiedt et al Jaco Barendse 10

9. Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Incl. Protea, Argentina and Other Seamounts 8585 km 2 ; 2000-4000 Seamount ecosystems and species incl.

11 9. Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Incl. Protea, Argentina and Other Seamounts 8585 km 2 ; Seamount ecosystems and species incl.cold water corals Open ocean ecosystems and species Sensitive habitats Life history importance for seabirds and turtles Key sources of info: Sink & Samaai 2009, Sink et al. (2011), CDB (2014) Brian Skerry 11

10. Brown s Bank Corals 3 coral closures, 250-400m range 380 km 2 Threatened and sensitive habitat Cold water corals Eco-certification support EBSA management Research on habitat

12 10. Brown s Bank Corals 3 coral closures, m range 380 km 2 Threatened and sensitive habitat Cold water corals Eco-certification support EBSA management Research on habitat recovery Corals trawled in proposed MPA Key sources of info: Hutchings et al. (2002), Sink and Samaai (2009), Sink et al. (2011, 2012b, 2013), Majiedt et al. (2012), CBD (2014) 12

11. Brown s Bank Complex Gravel, 80m, ACEP 783 km 2, 100-200 m Rare and unprotected gravel

Seabird foraging area Fish spawning area (hake, small pelagic fish) Key sources of info: CBD

13 11. Brown s Bank Complex Gravel, 80m, ACEP 783 km 2, m Rare and unprotected gravel habitat (Cr) Threatened seabed & open ocean habitats Untrawled rocky habitat in good condition Seabird foraging area Fish spawning area (hake, small pelagic fish) Key sources of info: CBD 2014, Majiedt et al. (2013), Sink et al. (2012, 2011), Sink and Samaai (2009 Hutchings et al. (2002) 13

50-150m Benthic and pelagic habitat protection Threatened deep

foraging area Recovery of overexploited linefish species Key

14 12. Agulhas Bank Complex Incl. Alphard Banks and parts of 45 and 72 Mile Banks 4608 km 2, m Benthic and pelagic habitat protection Threatened deep reef system Sensitive habitats Important nursery, spawning and foraging area Recovery of overexploited linefish species Key sources of info: Hutchings et al. (2002), Sink et al. (2012, 2011), DAFF data sets Photos by Geoff Spiby 14

13. Agulhas Mud 207 km 2, 80-100m Threatened mud habitat in good condition (CR) One of two options to protect this habitat Lowest socio-economic cost Support for

15 13. Agulhas Mud 207 km 2, m Threatened mud habitat in good condition (CR) One of two options to protect this habitat Lowest socio-economic cost Support for eco-certification Research habitat impacts and recovery Gurnard, 86 m African Coelacanth Ecosystem Program Key sources of info: Sink et al. (2012a, 2012b), CBD (2013) 15

pelagic habitats in good condition Cold water coral reef Possible seep habitats Sensitive ecosystems Mako shark

16 14. Southwest Indian Seamounts Incl. parts of Davie, Shackleton/ Natal seamounts 9450 km 2, m Seamount ecosystems Other unprotected benthic and pelagic habitats in good condition Cold water coral reef Possible seep habitats Sensitive ecosystems Mako shark nursery area Charlene da Silva Key sources of info: Hutchings et al. (2002), Sink and Samaai (2009), Sink et al. (2011, 2012), CBD (2013), Groeneveld et al. 2014, Foulis 2013 Seamount on echo-sounder 16

16. Port Elizabeth Corals 499 km 2, 400-1000m Threatened shelf

water corals Sensitive ecosystem Life history importance for

kingklip spawning requirements Key sources of info: Sink et al.

17 16. Port Elizabeth Corals 499 km 2, m Threatened shelf edge habitat in good condition High mounds of reef building cold water corals Sensitive ecosystem Life history importance for kingklip (adjacent to kingklip box) Research: habitat recovery, kingklip spawning requirements Key sources of info: Sink et al. (2012, 2011), Sink and Samaai (2009), DAFF data sets, Hutchings et al. (2002) 17

18 Photo by Larry Hutchings Echo-sounder image of a coral mound on the seabed Reef stands 20 m off the seabed, m depth 18

17. Amathole Expansion Near East London Extension of 2 existing MPA

open ocean habitats Threatened canyon and mud habitat in good condition

Linefish recovery Original coelacanth capture site Peter Timm Key sources

19 17. Amathole Expansion Near East London Extension of 2 existing MPA components, 3810 km 2 ; maximum depth 2200m 6 to 58km offshore Seabed and open ocean habitats Threatened canyon and mud habitat in good condition (Cr) Cold water corals High habitat diversity Sensitive ecosystems Linefish recovery Original coelacanth capture site Peter Timm Key sources of info: Sink et al. (2011, 2012a, 2012b), SAIAB archives, DAFF data sets ACEP ROV 19

18. Protea banks Southern KZN, Mpenjati-

High habitat diversity 3 Submarine canyons,

condition 7 Shark species aggregate in this

Linefish recovery Ecotourism Key sources of

(2013), Sink and Samaai (2009), Hutchings et

20 18. Protea banks Southern KZN, Mpenjati- Mzimkulu Offshore of 30 m 3229 km 2, m High habitat diversity 3 Submarine canyons, deep reefs Threatened habitats in good condition 7 Shark species aggregate in this area Spawning aggregations (linefish) Linefish recovery Ecotourism Key sources of info: Sink et al. (2012, 2011), Harris et al. (2013), Sink and Samaai (2009), Hutchings et al. (2002, Mann 2000, CBD 2013) Several images by Geoff Spiby 20

19. Aliwal Shoal Expansion KZN, Just south of Durban Includes Illovo Banks

threatened species eg. Seventy four Linefish recovery eg. kobs Eco-tourism incl.

21 19. Aliwal Shoal Expansion KZN, Just south of Durban Includes Illovo Banks Expansion of existing MPA 577 km 2, 0-600m Threatened, unprotected habitats in good condition eg. Deep reefs with seafan groves Sensitive ecosystems Spawning aggregations of threatened species eg. Seventy four Linefish recovery eg. kobs Eco-tourism incl. scuba and shark diving Deep Reef, 70 m, Illovo Banks, ACEP Key sources of info: Harris et al. (2012), Sink et al. (2012a), Hutchings et al. (2002), Mann (2000) 21

20. uthukela Banks KZN, North of Durban Blythedale to

Threatened and rare seabed habitats Offshore

reefs and submarine canyon Connectivity and ecological

Juvenile hammerhead sharks Linefish recovery Mud &

22 20. uthukela Banks KZN, North of Durban Blythedale to just south of Richards Bay 5666 km 2, m Threatened and rare seabed habitats Offshore paleo-estuarine habitat, relict muds, shallow and deef reefs and submarine canyon Connectivity and ecological processes Spawning & nursery function eg. Juvenile hammerhead sharks Linefish recovery Mud & Gravel habitats m ACEP Key sources of info: Sink et al. (2012, 2011),Harris et al. (2012) 22

21. isimangaliso extension Mozambique border Cape St Lucia lighthouse 14 236 km 2, 0-1800m Brian Skerry

habitats - cold water corals, canyons Alignment with World Heritage Site boundaries Integrated

23 21. isimangaliso extension Mozambique border Cape St Lucia lighthouse km 2, m Brian Skerry Leatherback turtle foraging area & importance for migratory species Coelacanth habitat Sensitive habitats - cold water corals, canyons Alignment with World Heritage Site boundaries Integrated enforcement opportunities Key sources of info: Harris et al. (2012), Sink et al. (2012, 2011), Sink and Samaai (2009) 23

Progress in Marine Ecosystem Classification, Mapping and Targets: Testing the Boundaries

Progress in Marine Ecosystem Classification, Mapping and Targets: Testing the Boundaries Kerry Sink 1, Natasha Karenyi 1,2 and Tamsyn Livingstone 3 1 South African National Biodiversity Institute 2 University