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1 * "#$%#&'()"*+'(',"&"(-*.(*/"0$1+'(',.(,*2"'&3* * "#$%&"%'()*"+,"$"-.+/0&)1&23.'&.%34&"#+56$.*"" * " * * * * 4&"0."*4#.533%(*'(6*4&"0."*78"#33%(* * * +'3-"#*29"3.3:*;<=1<4<124>1?11@ABC@DEF11/4* G"H'#-&"(-*%$*+'(',"&"(-*'(6*4(,.(""#.(,* G.I.3.%(*%$*<(6J3-#.'0*4)%(%&K*

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3 "#$%#&'()"*+'(',"&"(-*.(*/"0$1+'(',.(,*2"'&3* * "#$%&"%'()*"+,"$"-.+/0&)1&23.'&.%34&"#+56$.*"" ** * 4&"0."*4#.533%(*'(6*4&"0."*78"#33%(** * * * " 9)'6"&.)*3:;"#<.3%#=*2%&'3*>%#6* 4?'&.("#=*9(('*7@#A'00*BC((DE)5* F%&;'(G*3:;"#<.3%#3=*F@#.3-.'(*HDD"3"(*'(6*+'#.'*I8C#5* " * +'3-"#*2@"3.3J*KLH1L4L124M1911NOPQNRST11/4* U";'#-&"(-*%$*+'(',"&"(-*'(6*4(,.(""#.(,* U.<.3.%(*%$*L(6:3-#.'0*4)%(%&G

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5 Acknowledgements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

6 Abstract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

8 Sammanfattning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

10 Table of Contents " #$%&'()*%+'$",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,""," -.*/0&')$(",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"",1" 2&'3456"(57*&+8%+'$",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"1",9" 2)&8'75",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9",:" 1" 1," 1,1" E575.&*C"8&'*577",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"A" 1,9" E575.&*C"65%C'('4'0D",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"F" 1,:" B5%C'("*&+%+*+76",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"" 9" G&.65"'<"&5<5&5$*5",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9" 9," H$'I45(05J+$%5$7+K5"*'68.$+57",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9" 9,1" L5.6I'&/",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,":" 9,9" 9,:" 25&<'&6.$*5"B.$.0565$%",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"1>" 9,>" M"7D$%C57+7"'<"%C5"%C5'&+57",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9A" :" N68+&+*.4"G+$(+$07",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9O" :," P'68.$D"8&575$%.%+'$",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"9O" :,1" #$<'&6.%+'$"7D7%567".$("*'66)$+*.%+'$",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,":9" :,9" LC5"(5K54'865$%"%5.67",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"::" :,:" E'457".$("&578'$7+3+4+%+57"%./5$"3D"%C5"%5.6"65635&7",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,":A" :,>" 25&<'&6.$*5"B.$.0565$%",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,">F" >" >," >,1" NQ%5&$.4"<.*%'&7"%C.%".<<5*%"%C5"85&<'&6.$*5"+$"%C5";BL7",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,">A" >,9" G)%)&5"&575.&*C",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"R9" A" E5*'665$(.%+'$7"<'&"G+$(I+75",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"R:" A," E5*'665$(.%+'$7"%'"35*'65"6'&5"754<J6.$.05(",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"R:" A,1" #68&'K5"%C5"2BJ8&'*577"'$"."%5.6"45K54",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"R>" A,9" A,:" G)%)&5"&575.&*C".%"G+$(I+75",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"OF" -+34+'0&.8CDSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS,,O ""#$%&'(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((())*+**** ""#$%&'**,*-#.*/01%2*(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((())+*

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27 "#$%&'(#&(&#&)*& The autonomous scale of a group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

28 "#$%&'(#&(&#&)*& Ongoing or temporary teams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igure 4: A classification of self-managing teams (SMTs), modified by authors (2012) and based on theories (Ray & Bronstein, 1995; Stoak Saunders & Ahuja, 2006). 3.3 Self-managing teams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hen is it suitable to use self-managing teams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xternal factors affecting the work in a self-managing team?6&&p3&#)$1-%5$*3-2(&$30#&236$3*$)-)(10&)*&36&3&$%(#'%36&'032-.&; ) 36&*'%5$)7;20*6$236&&P3&#)$11&$.&#2;$29&11$236&-)('#%$3-')2723&%2$/$-1$81& ('#36&*'%5$)7> +,

31 "#$%&'(#&(&#&)*& The role of external leaders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

32 "#$%&'(#&(&#&)*& -&$%$).-/&) $*-0)1$**'#.0)123456/&#32&- $247+,,89":#-/&#%'#&7;*/&#%&#/'#)&- ')23 -' =:#.&) -/& -&$%<4 ;*/&#%&#/'#) &- $247 5+,,89 $2<' '=<&#D&. -/$- -/& '#1$)0A$-0')< </0(-&. #&*'%%&).&. %'.&2< $). *')<0.&#0)1 -/& Information systems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37 "#$%&'(#&(&#&)*& -.&-&$%/'0)1$#2&34#$-.&#-.$)$*-$3$*.$))&5('#*'%%0)2*$-2')-.#'06.7.2*.$55 2)('#%$-2')%03-8$339:.&-&$%5&$1&#$53')&&13-'.&58-&$%%&%/&#321&)-2(;$)1 1&<&5'8-.&2#0)2=0&$/252-2&3$)13>2553('#$**'%8523.2)6-.&-&$%6'$ Critical success factors for a Self-managing team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igure 5: Activities needed for efficient performance management +,

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igure 9: The operational processes at Findwise Company goals and vision L5&%+-342$(.334&22;2(&.9*%+,8%.24(.H22+81&:%+-8%34($&1J2'334(3815),')(&%7; 342 '1#$(+; A%.%1+9 H5.%+2.. '5)35&29 &5)2. (+, A()52.< M+ N$&%) O0PO9 34%. 8(. ()) '1#$%)2,%+(H&1'45&2'())2,Q=42*%+,8%.2E$%&%3R984%'48(.4(+,2,15331())342'1> 81&:2&. (3 342 '1#$(+;< =42 %,2( 8(. 31 $ & 2A2&;34%+- &2-(&,% /0

53 "#$%&%'()*%+,%+-. 1&-(+%2(3%1+() '4)34&5 (+, 65)% (3 5('8 '19:1&;5& :14), ;+1: :8( &45.$%&%3(3385'1#$(+<:(.= >"#$%&"#&'()*"+,"%-*"#+"./0/('0#"%0/" ('8+5:'1))5(-45: (3*%+,:%.5=D5.$%3538%.C385'1#$(+<8(.,5'%,5, (35 (+< -1(). % &1'84&5C 65'( '19714+,5&. 38(3 385 #4.3 '(+ 65 #1&5 4+,57%+5, (+, 4$ 31 5#$)1<55. 31,535&#%+5= E7 '14&.5C 385 '1#$(+<.814), (+, '19714+,5&. 8%-8)% %#$1&3(+'5 17-1(). (3,%775&5+3 F'1#$(+<C $&1'5..C 35(#C #5(+%+- :% An organizational culture that encourages taking responsibilities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igure 10: Some of the information and communication channels at Findwise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he development teams ($) *+#,-+./0)."/) "1) $%/) /2&"'//.) 34/) "453#+6/,) +#) 2/43#/#$) $/3.) $%3$) 34/) %"&,) 7"#.$3#$)/8/#)31$/4)3)24"9/7$)+.)/:/7;$/,<)=/4/0)$%/)>37?54";#,)$")$%+.)-"4?+#5).$4;7$;4/)+.) //

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he Production Manager 123N&4,8'5%4+>(+(-3&%.+45($(& (#I8523%.&3.$4+.%I)394&523$%$3)%+3 49 %+'4#%+- $&4H3'5.F G394& #$)4@ &8'58&3, %+.3)9:#(+(-3,53(#.A523 64&;$3&94&#3,I@523N&4,8'5%4+>(+(-3&%+')8,3,()45#4&364&;5(.;.52(+%5,43. 54,(@F= #I3&493#$)4@33.%+'&3(.3,%5I3-(+54I3544#8'2542(+,)394& 4+3$3&.4+F123N&4,8'5%4+>(+(-3&+46H8.5.8$$4& (#M3(,3&(+,52353(# %+.53(,4953))%+-523#62(554,4FO3.5%))2(.5239%+().(@(I48562(553(#52(5%.523 #4.5.8%53, & (.$3'%9%' $&4H3'5 I85 (. 23 $85. %5A 23 %. P5&@%+- 54 #(;3 2%#.3)9 8++3'3..(&@Q (+, (#. '(+ #(;3,3'%.%4+. &3-(&,%+- 62%'2 $&4H3'5. 52(5 (&3.8%5(I)394&523$(&5%'8)(&53(#(+,62%'2(&3+45F14.8##(&%73A4+3'(+.(@52(5523 N&4,8'5%4+>(+(-3&2(.5234J3&())4$3&(5%J3&3.$4+.%I%)%5@94&523'44&,%+(5% $&4H3'5.F <''4&,% (# M3(,3&.A 523 '44$3&(5%4+ I N&4,8'5%4+ >(+(-3&(+,52353(#.64&;63))F12%.%..4#352%+-52( &13(#M3(,3&.().4 (-&334+(+,523@())+45%'3,52(5523N&4,8'5%4+>(+(-3&2(.5(;3+(.53$I(';.%+'3 /0

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he Production Process Owner H1 *%+,=%.3D 123 &5)3 (. 123 E&5,B'1%5+ E&5'3.. <=+3& 2(. (.1&(13-%' &3.$5+.%8%)%14 573&())123$&5,B'1%5+13(#.D%+')B,%+-123,373)5$#3+113(#.(+,1233A$3&113(#. J12(1=%))83,3.'&%83,83))5=K;?23E&5,B'1%5+E&5'3..<=+3&#(>3..B&312(1())123 13(#.2(73$&5I3'1.15=5&>=%12(+,123-5()%.152(73(8%))(8)3&(1359LMN( %'3;?5,(4D 123.(#3 $3&.5+ =25 2(. 123 E&5,B'1%5+ F(+(-3& &5)3 25),. 123 E&5,B'1%5+E&5'3..<=+3&&5)3; Providers of knowledge to the team?23$&5i3'1.12(112313(#.3a3'b13'(+83597(&%5b.'2(&('13&%.1%'.d=2%'2%#$)412(1.5#31%#3.>+5=)3,-312(1'( b+,=%12%+12313(#%.+33,3,;o3'(b.35912%.d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

59 "#$%&%'()*%+,% Agile working methods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he different work methods in Gothenburg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oles and responsibilities taken by the team members "#$ %#&#'()*#+,$,#-*.$ -,$,"#$ (//01#$ 0+$ 2,(13"('*$ -4#$ *(4#$ (4$ '#..$.#'/5( $ -+%$ 90,"0+$,"#$,#-*$*:',0)'#$4('#.$1(5#;0.,.<$"0.$*#-+.$,"-,$#-1"$*#*=#4$1-+$"-&#$%0//#4#+,$ 4('#.$ %#)#+%0+6$ (+$,"#$.1()#$ (/$,"#$ )4(>#1,8$,"#$ 1(*)'#;0,?8$ 9"-,$.#-41"$ )'-,/(4*$,"#?$ /0

60 "#$%&%'()*%+,%+-. "#$$%&'()%'*+%,-./%0,(,+%'1,%'2%-",%1'-%.'11'*%('$,%#%&,$$%#%-",%(,3'*454$4-4,%-"#-% -",% ('$,%,*-#4$% &4$$% 5,%,63$#4*,7/% 89(-",(1'(,+% -",%,13$':,,% '1,-41,% &'()% 2'(% #*% 4*-,(*#$%3('.,%#*7%-",%1,#*4*;%'2%-"4%&4$$%#$'%5,%,63$#4*,7/% The meaning of being a consultant 1( (# #7#87&. (-&77 56(5 567 #7(+% %+- ( -33, '3+.9)5(+5 %. 567 #3.5 %#$3&5(+5 '6(&('57&%.5%' 56( , 53 $9&.97: ; (<7 ( '9.53#7& $&3=7'5%5%.%#$3&5(+556(55672'(+5()>53567'9.53#7&%+(?(256(5567'9.53#7&'(+ 9+,7&.5(+,@(.?7))(.$9&.9%+-.3'%()'3#$757+'7.(+,6(<%+-(')7(&43'9.3+.()7.: A672+77,536(<7(+9+,7&.5(+,%+-43&567%&$&3,9'5(+,56789.%+7..(+,?6(5<()97 567%&$&3,9'5'(+-%<7567'9.53#7&: Functional roles in a search project A6749+'5%3+()&3)7.?%56%+567,7<7)3$#7+557(#.56(5(&7+77,7,%+(.7(&'6$&3=7'5 (&7'3+'7&+7,(.&3)7.56(5(&7+77,7,537B7'957('9.53#7&$&3=7'5: The Team Leader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he Project Manager *9&567&#3&7@7('6$&3=7'5().36(.(M&3=7'51(+(-7&:A6%.$7&.3+%.+35(4%B7,M&3=7'5 1(+(-7&43&7('657(#N%5%.%+.57(,4%B7,43&7('6$&3=7'5:*3&7B(#$)73+757(#'(+ 6(<756&773+-3%+-$&3=7'5.(+,567.7$&3=7'5.'(+6(<7,%447&7+5M&3=7'51(+(-7&.:A67 M&3=7'51(+(-7&'( %+57&+()@? (##7#87&.6(<7567&3)7@895 /0

61 "#$%&%'()*%+,%+-. %1 '(+ () &+() 674&4.2# %, (#.14$. %+9 :2& 45(#$)4 %: (+ '4&1(%+45$4&1%.+44,4,672'(+74)$17414(#;<74=&2>4'1?(+(-4&#(%+(..%-+#4+1 %.174&4.28&'4$)(++%+-:2&174$&2>4' &.74%.().2&4.$2+.%3)4:2&174#(%+ '2+1('1 6% '8.12#4&9.411%+- 8$ #441%+-. 6% '8.12#4& (+, #(%+1(%+%+- 14(#'(+.1(B6%17%+174-%C4+38,-41; Other roles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nternal processes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

62 "#$%&%'()*%+,% Performance Management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igure 11: The five sub-processes within the TM-process C76J8#$6:6+'6K6>6)8$#6+:$&8'6..%.&6.$8+.%D)6 ;8& 6+.9&%+- :7(: :76 '8#$(+@N. +66,;8&'8#$6:6+'6%..(:%.;%6,AO+6>()9(:%8+%.'8+,9':6,6('7#8+:7&6-(&,%+-57(:.?%)).:768;;%'685+.(::76#8#6+:ID8:7%+:6&#.8;1CB&6)(:6,?+85)6,-6(+,#8&6.:&(:6-%'(&6(.AC766>()9(:%8+().86P(#%+6.57%'7'8#$6:6+'6:7(:#%-7:D6+66,6, %+ :76 ;9:9&6A 1; :76@ )('? (.$6'%;%' '8#$6:6+'6 (&6(4.8#6 6#$)8@66. (&6 8;;6&6, /0

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69 "#$%&'(' +$#$,-. /0 #/12 34(54 $0,6-' 14$1 $ '-%78+$#$,(#, 1-$+ '4/6%. +$ ('(/#' 3(14(#14-,0/6:24$;-5/++/#,/$%'$#.<-0-':/#'(<%-7/014-(0/3#:-07/0+$#5-=>#?(,60-@A214-1-$+'$0-+$::-.$'/#,/(#,<-5$6'-14-1-$+':-07/0+/#$:-0+$#-#1 <$'('$#.$0-#/1.(''/%;-./#5-14-&4$;-5/+:% $'9'=B4-/0(-' '1$1-14$1 '-%78+$#$,(#, 1-$+' '4/6%. 0-C6(0- %(11%-2 (7 $#& %-$.-0'4(: DE$& $#. "55/0.(#, 1/ /0(-'2 14(' +-$#' 14$1 1/.$& 14-.-;-%/:(#, 1-$+' $1 14- I1/594/%+/77(5-$0-$%+/'1'-%78+$#$,(#,1-$+'= Figure 13: The characteristics of the development teams at Findwise, (Ray & Bronstien, 1995; Stoak Saunders & Ahuja, 2006) modified by authors (2012). 5.2 External factors that affect the performance in the SMTs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he external leaders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72 "#$%&'(' Information systems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

73 "#$%&'(' +,--.#(+$/01(#/203(42/5$&(/+$#$660+/2,550%%/20/0$-+$#,703$/0(#$#066(+(0#/ 5$& Empirical findings other external impact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igure 15: External impact on Self-managing teams )*

74 "#$%&'(' 5.3 Internal factors that affect the performance in the SMTs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eam beliefs and meeting organizational objectives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eam Composition +,-.:-/$%%@--%(#0('2,$2$%%-56%.&--',$:-$8$62-82.S+,-7(#89('-'6(/(2T<9,(3, -#3.4/$0-' 2,- -56%.&--' 2. $32 /-'6.#'(;%-< $#8 9./? (# $ 6/.3-''C./(-#2-8./0$#(1$2(.# 9(2,.42 5$#$0-/'= +-$5' 3.56.'-8.@ (#8(:(84$%'9(2,',$/-8#./5'$#8:$%4-'3$#$33./8(#02.U-%%H*RRPL<;-3%$''(@(-8$',.5.0-#.4'.#$8--6-/C%-:-%$#82,-'-2-$5'9(%%,$:-2,-6.''(;(%(2&.@;-(#0$;%-2. 9./?5./--@@(3(-#2%&=O,-2,-/2,-8-:-%.65-#22-$5'$/-9./?(#05./--@@(3(-#2%&./ # ,-(/,.5.0-#.4'3.56.'(2(.#$/-,$/82.2-%%<$'2,('('$3$'-'248&9(2,.42 )*

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77 "#$%&'(' +(,-$-.+(,'$#/0$#$1,-'2(%%3,+$-/45$.+(,6,7 89 '5: ;(#/2(', +$' 5#%& 056,/ 4+, 0$#$1,--5%,9-50,<4,-#$%%,$/,-'452$-/'0$#$1,-'95-,6,-&4,$07=+,-,95-:9>-4+,- (#6,'4(1$4(5#'#,,/453,/5#,-,1$-/(#1+524+,=,$0?,$/,-'+5>%/3,(#65%6,/(# Other internal factors "4 4+, '+$-,/ 3,%(,9' 2(4+(# 4+, 4,$0 2,-,.5#'('4,#4 2(4+ 4+, $ 4->, /-(6,: 4+,-, (' $ -('C 4+$4 4+, 4,$0 0,03,-' 2(%% '4$-4 25-C(#1 (# /(99,-,#4 /(-,.4(5#' (9 4+,& /5 #54 +$6, $.%,$- >#/,-'4$#/(#1 $35>4 4+, 53B,.4(6,'7 =+, 4+$# -('C 45 3, /('9$65>-,/ $#/ 4+, 9%,<(3(%(4& 4+$4 (' C,@4 3,42,,# $#/ 2(4+(#4+,4,$0'0(1+4$%'53,/$0$1,/7"%4+5>1+4+,&2$#445C,,@4+('9%,<(3(%(4&(4(' (0@5-4$#4 45 +$6, $ "##"$%&"'()$*%+,'-,-'.%3,42,,#$%%4,$0''54+$4 4+,& $%%.$# >',.5005#1>(/,%(#,':3>42(4+4+,$3(%(4&45/,6,%5@4+,(-52#25-C0,4+5/' ,&.$# '4->.4>-, 4+, /$(%& 25-C (# %(#, 2(4+ 4+,', 1>(/,%(#,'7 E52 4,$0'+$6,25-C,/451,4+,-95-%,''4+$#$&,$-:3>4$%-,$/&:4+,25-C(#1'4->.4>-,'(# 4+, 4,$0' +$6, 3,.50, /(99,-,#4($4,/ 9-50,$.+ 54+,-7 ;>-4+,-05-,: 4+, 4,$0' (# F54+,#3>-1 >', $#54+,- 25-C(#1 '4->.4>-, 4+$# 4+, 4,$0' (# G45.C+5%07 89 ;(#/2(', 2$#4 45 (#.-,$', 4+, #>03,- 59,0@%5&,,': 3>4 $4 4+, '$0, 4(0, C,,@ 4+(' /(99,-,#4 25-C(#1'4->.4>-,'$44+,6$-(5>'599(.,'(42(%%3,+$-/95-4+, /(#$4,$%%4+, 25-C7894+,&2$#445+$6,'(0(%$-,.5#50(.$%0,$'>-,'3,42,,#4+,599(.,'4+('.$# $%'5 3,.50@%(.$4,/ 3& 4+, /(99,-,#4 '4->.4>-,' 4+$4 4+,& +$6, 45/$&7 ;>-4+,-05-,: /(99,-,#425-C(#1'4->.4>-,'3,42,,#4+,',%9H0$#$1(#14,$0'.$#$%'5+$6,$#,1$4(6, (0@$.4 -,1$-/(#1 4+, (0@%,0,#4$4(5# 0$#$1,0,#4 $.4(6(4(,'7 "' ;(#/2(',2$#44+,IJH$.4(6(4(,'453,05-,(#4,1-$4,/$#//5#,3&4+,4,$0:/(99,-,#4 25-C(#1'4->.4>-,'0(1+4$%'5%,$/45/(99,-,#42$&59+$#/%(#1IJH$.4(6(4(,'2(4+(#4+, 4,$0'7 =+,(#4,-#$%9$.45-'4+$4+$6,(0@$.45#4+,GJ='$-,'>00$-(A,/(#;(1>-,K)7 Figure 16: Internal impact on Self-managing teams )*

78 "#$%&'(' Summary *+,-(.'/0$./1-/+('$#$%&'(''+12,3/+$//+,(#/,.#$%$#3,4/,.#$%-$5/1.'$33.,'',3(# /+, /+,1.,/(5$% -.$6,21.7 +$3 $# (60$5/ 1# /+, ',%-86$#$9(#9 /,$6' $:(%(/& 10,.$/,,--(5(,#/%&;<=./+,.61.,>'16,-$5/1.'-1=#33=.(#9/+,,60(.(5$%'/=3&$%'1'+12,3/1 /+$/$.,2.(//,#(#.,3(#3(5$/,-$5/1.'/+$/$.,,60(.(5$%-(#3(#9'; Figure 17: Factors that have an impact on how the SMTs can work efficiently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81 "#$%&'(' +,(-,(''..#$'$#./0.1#$%%.$2.13('1.'45#'(6% (#90,.0$19.0'$0$415-.'' %.:.%; Performance Feedback on a team level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

82 "#$%&'(' Figure 19: Performance feedback on a team level at the case company today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eam appraisals and rewards C#,1+34,31584,'33$'0'31'1%:,+19',%+76$#$8(#83,$6('4$#-%(#83,$62,9+196$#/, $229$('$%BQ913,=?@@RA$985,'34$3;4,#/1#-5/3(#83,$6$229$('$%'<3;1$9,$'#,,-' )*

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ummary Performance management activities on a team level I# $ +.$7 %./.% ,27$#8. 7$#$3.7.#+ $8+(/(+(.' #$7.1 3,$% '.++(#3< 5.26,27$# $89<$#15.26,27$#8.$552$('$%'4$/.-..#+$9.#(#+,8,#'(1.2$+(,#: J#;(302.KL<(+('(%%0'+2$+.14,?+4.$8+(/(+(.'$2.2.%$+.1+,.$84,+4.2: Figure 20: The Performance Management Process for Self-Managing teams Goal setting on an individual level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erformance feedback on an individual level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

85 "#$%&'(' Figure 21: Performance feedback on individual level at Findwise (Davis, 2007: p.145) Performance appraisal on an individual level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

86 "#$%&'(' +,$+ +,- $../$('$%./01-'' 1$# 2-3(4(3-3 (#+0 506/ 3(55-/-#+ '+-.' +,$+ ',06% (# $ +(8-5/$8-05 $ &-$/9 :,- 506/ '+-.' $/- 1$%%-3;.-/50/8$#1-.%$##(#<=.-/50/8$# (0#=.-/50/8$#1-$''-''8-#+=$#3.-/50/8$#1-/-4(->9:,-803-% 10#'+/61+-32&?/0+-@ABBAC,$'2--#803(5(-3$#3('./-'-#+-3(#D(<6/-AA9 Figure 22: The performance appraisal process at Findwise, modified from Grote (2002: p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88 "#$%&'(' "#$%#&'()"* #"+,"-. +,-.-/01/2$#3- /-4(-5 ',16%7 0136' 1# 5,-8,-/ 8,- -2.%1&--,$'/-$3,-78,-91$%'1/#18$#7(8',16%7#185-(9,8'$%$/&1/./1218(1#$88,-'$2-8(2-:;8('(2.1/8$#88,$88, ,-/-4(-5('7('36''-75(8,'12-1#-168'(7-8,-8-$2:;08,-91$%',$4-#18<--#$3,(-4-7=8,-/-$'1#5,&26'8<-7('36''-7:>?/18-= "8 C(#75('-= 8,- D-/01/2$#3- E-4-%1.2-#8./13-'' (' #18 /-'.1#'(<%- 01/ 8,('.$/8 &-8= (#'8-$7 8,- D-/01/2$#3- $#7 F-#-0(8./13-'' (' /-'.1#'(<%- 01/,$4(#9 8,- /-4( (#9' 5(8, 8,- 8-$2 2-2<-/': "' 8,('.$/8 ',16%7 (#3%67- $%% 9$8,-/ <$3G0/127(00-/-#8.$/8'108,-1/9$#(H$8(1#/-9$/7(#98,-8-$22-2<-/$#7, $%6$8-,(2=(83$#<-7('36''-75,-8,-/8,-+-$2I-$7-/('8,-21'8$../1./($8-.-/'1#81-J-368-8,('.$/81/#18:K#3-$9$(#=(8('(2.1/8$#88,$88,-+-$2I-$7-/71 #18 <-312- $ 2$#$9-/ 01/,(' 15# %(88%- 6#(8= 5,(3, -$'(%& 3$#,$..-# (0,- $%'1-4$%6$8-' 8,- 91$% $3,(-4-2-#8 10,(' 8-$2 2-2<-/: K# 8,- 18,-/,$#7= (0 8,- +-$2 I-$7-/('8,-1#-8,$8.%$#8,-8-$22-2<-/'L91$%'-88(#9$#78,-.-/'1#8,$83/-$8-' 8,-31#7(8(1#810$3(%(8$8-8,-91$%$3,(-4-2-#8./13-''=,-2(9,8$%'1<-8,-<-'8.-/'1# /2(#-,15 8,-./13-'' 5-#8: "#18,-/ 8,169,8 (' 8,$8 $' 8,- 8-$2' $/- '1,1219-#16'5(8,21/-1/%-''#-5M9/$76$8-7-2.%1&--'L$#75(8,$8-$2%-$7-/5(8, $%21'88,-'$2--J.-/8('-$#7-J.-/(-#3-$'8,-/-'8108,-8-$22-2<-/'=8,-31# %-88(#98,-8-$2%-$7-/-4$%6$8-8,-18,-/2(9,8-#76.(#$31#0%(38: Reward systems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

89 "#$%&'(' (#*%+,#-,./,012+34/,#(53%,5,#.(#0',%*65$#$0(#0.,$5'7"%8,''2#9:8,##(#0'2#; $#A4,%%6+#A,1'.22A4$&? Summary - Performance management activities on an individual level "'*21./,.,$5';./,3,1*215$#-,5$#$0,5,#.$-.(8(.(,'2#$#(#A(8(A+$%%,8,%(#-%+A, 02$% ',..(#0; 3,1*215$#-, *,,A@$-B $#A 3,1*215$#-, $331$('$%'? E/$. (' (5321.$#..2-2#'(A,1 2# $# (#A(8(A+$% %,8,% ('./$../, 312-,'' (' *$-../$../, (#A(8(A+$%('3$1.2*$.,$5;$'4,%%$'./,.,$53,1*215$#-,5$#$0,5,#.$-.(8(.(,'$#A /24./,&$1,,D,-+.,A?F#,$-/'.,3;(.('./,1,*21(5321.$#..21,5,5@,1./('(53$-. $#A.$B,(.(#.2-2#'(A,1$.(2#?G(0+1,<H'/24'./,312-,''2#$#(#A(8(A+$%%,8,%?? Figure 23: The Performance Management activities on an individual level ))

90 "#$%&'()#$( 6 Conclusions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actors affecting the PM-activities on team and individual level,#-./-&.0#1)2.03.4)1304.5/46(7)0)()89#40/$003/003.:;</%0)2)0).(/4..=.%'0.6)$ /$.>>)%).$0 5/? 03/0 5)&& &./6 0# ()4.6 4.('&0( >#4 03. #41/$)@/0)#$A B$ / 5/? #> 8/C)$1 03. :;</%0)2)0).( /(.>>)%).$0 /( 9#(()-&.7 %#89/$).( $..6 0# '$6.4(0/$6 3#5 2/4)#'(>/%0#4(3/2./$)89/%0#$03./%0)2)0).(A Goal Setting on team level D3.$4.(04'%0'4)$1/$#>>)%.#4/53#&.#41/$)@/0)#$)$0#E;,(703.4.)(/&5/?(/4)(C 03/003.0./8(6)>>.4.$0)/0.0##8'%3>4#8./%3#03.47/$6/>0.4/53)&.03.?8)130(0/40 >'$%0)#$)$1 &)C. (8/&& /'0#$#8#'( '$)0(A F41/$)@/0)#$( $..6 0# )$0.14/ #41/$)@/0)#$/& 1#/&( /$6 #-G.%0)2.( 0#5/46( /8( /$6 8/C. ('4. 03/0./%3 E;, 5#4C()$03.(/8.6)4.%0)#$7(.0-?03.#41/$)@/0)#$A,#8/C.('4.03/0./%30./86#.( 03)(B$/+0#%$*-($/#%6+-%.:.0.&.#%03/0/4./(()1$.60# #41/$)@/0)#$/&#-G.%0)2.(/4. $..6.6A,3)( 4#&. %/$ -. (.&.%0.6 )$ 6)>>.4.$0 5/?(7.) #'13 0?)$1 03.(. 4.(9#$()-)&)0).(0#/(9.%)>)%4#&.03/0/&4./6?.=)(0()$./%30./87#4-?)89&.8.$0)$1 )$%.$0)2.( -? '()$1 / 4#&.<8/04)=7 /$6 4.5/ / ( 03/0 /4. 0/C)$1 03)(.=04/4.(9#$()-)&)0?A D3.$5#4C)$1)$(.&><8/$/1)$10./8(703.%#<5#4C.4(/4..=9.%0.60#0/C.#$/&/ (9#$()-)&)0?03/$)$3).4/4%3)%/&#41/$)@/0)#$(7-.%/'(.03.4./4.$#$.7#4#$&?/>.57 ('9.42)(#4?%#$04#&(?(0.8(A,3)()(/$.=04/6)8.$()#$%#$()6.4)$153.$)0(')0/-&.0# 5#4C&)C.03)(7)$0)1300./8(53.4.?#'$..60#.$G#?0/C)$1.=04/4.(9#$()-)&)0).(7/$6 3/2)$1 %"*/#($ :#0.#2%$ 5)03)$ /8A,3. #41/$)@/0)#$ $..6( 0# 3/2. / %'&0'4. 03/0 ('99#40( 03.(. 5#4C)$1 8.03#6(7 /$6 )0 $..6( 0# ('99#40 >&.=)-)&)0? /$6.$3/$%. C$#5&.61.04/$(>.4.2.$)>./%30./8)$03.>'0'4.5)&&1.08#4.(9.%)>)%1#/&(0#5#4C 5)03A,3.? 0# $..6 0# 5#4C 0#5/46( 03. #41/$)@/0)#$/& 1#/&(A H'403.48#4.7 /$#03.4>/%0#403/0/>>.%003..=.%'0)$1#>03.1#/&(.00)$1)(03.#1&#/-*0$0#*(#/%A,3.? $..60#%&./4&?%#88'$)%/0.03.#41/$)@/0)#$/&1#/&(0#03.0./8(/$6/&(#8/C.%&./4 53/003.?.=9.%0>4#803.0./8A,3.?/&(#$..60#94#2)6.)$>#48/0)#$$..6.60#03. 0./8 (# 03/0 03.? %/$ %#$6'%0 03.)4 #5$ 9.4>#48/$%. 8/$/1.8.$0 94#%.((A B$ 8#4. 8/0'4.0./8(703.&./6.4%/$&./2.8#4.4.(9#$()-)&)0?0#03.0./8(03/$)$)88/0'4. 0./8(A B> /8 (3#'&6 5#4C 5) /8 1#/&(7 /$6.=.%'0. 9/40( #> 03. *+

91 "#$%&'()#$(,-./#.01$%- 01$12-0-$3,.#%-(("#$%&'()*#&$ 1$4 2')4-&)$-( /#. 5#6 35)( (5#'&4 7-1%5)-8-4 $--4( 3# 7- %#00'$)%13-4 3# :35-.6)(-; )( 1.)(< % &#,( 4)//-.-$3,-./#.01$%- 01$12-0-$3,.#%-((-( 1$4 6#.< 6)35 2#1& 1%5)-8-0-$ $#3 )$ &)$- 6)35-1%5 #35-. 1$4 $# %#0,1$= Performance Feedback on team level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ppraisals on team level D5)(,-./#.01$%-01$12-0-$31%3)8)3=)(#$13-10&-8-&%&#(-&=.-&13-43#35-#'3%#0- #/35-,-./#.01$%-/--471%<0--3)$29I-.-;1%#00'$)%13)#$%51$$-&)($--4-43#01<- (' ,*+'$)-" -+).+'/" 6)35)$ 35- #.21$)E13)#$ " #$%&'()*#&$ 35-= $--4 17#'3 5# ( 1.-,-./#.0)$29 D5-#.)-( ( =-1.&= 0--3)$2 (5#'&4 35- /1%3#.( 1//-%3)$2 35-,-./#.01$%- 01$12-0-$3 1%3)8)3)-( #$ &-8-& 1.- (5#6-49 Figure 24: The external and internal impact on the PM-activities on a team level *+

92 "#$%&'()#$( Goal setting on individual level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erformance feedback on individual level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

93 "#$%&'()#$( Performance Appraisals on an individual level,-.$)/%#0.(/#/-.1.23#204$%.41124)(4&(5/-."#$%&'($")*+*(,&*$..6/#34%)&)/4/. /-.%#00'$)%4/)#$#3)01#2/4$/)$3#204/)#$7./8..$/ )(.29/-.:.40;.46.2< )( A#)$A /# )(.6-4( 1.23#20.6 6'/).( )$ /-4/ 42.4? C/ )( 4&(# )01#2/4$/ /# %#$()6.2 /-. 34%/ /-4/ (#0.,0(,%"'-)-,'1,%*)0)A-/ $..6 /-. )$3#204/)#$ /-4/ )( A)=.$ 6'2)$A/ )(4&0../)$A4$6/-..>/.2$4&&.46.2(3'2/-.20#2.$..6/#6.%)6.-#8 / (-#'&67.(./4$68-#(-#'&6-4=./-.2.(1#$()7)&)/B3#2(.//)$A/-.(4&42B? :-. #$. 8-# 8)&& (./ /-. (4&42B 4$6 /-. 1.2(#$ 7.)$A 2.(1#$()7&. 3#2 /-..01&#B..(D 1.2(#$4&6.=.&#10.$/4&(#$..6(/#2.%.)=.)$3#204/)#$47#'//-.0../)$A(?E)$4&&B5/ )(.2 (-#'&6.=4&'4/. 8-)%- %$-,*) '"1) %,*.$"*2-(,* /-4/ /-..01&#B.. -4(.>.%'/.64$66.=.&#1.6#=.2/-4/&4(/B.42(54$6-#8-.3'&3)&&.6/-.4(()A$0.$/(/-4/ %40. 8)/- /-)( 2#&.? C$ E)A'2. FG5 4&& /-.(. 34%/#2( /-4/ -4=. 4$ )014%/ #$ / #204$%.04$4A.0.$/4%/)=)/).(#$4$)$6)=)6'4&&.=.&)((-#8$? Figure 25: The external and internal impact on the PM-activities on an individual level Impact on the whole PM-process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