FEUDAL SOCIETY. A fief could range in size from a few hectares to hundreds of square kilometers, depending on the importance of the vassal.

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1 FEUDAL SOCIETY Feudalism made order out of chaos during the Middle Ages. It grew out of German customs. Feudalism worked because lords and vassals agreed to do things for each other. Nobles and knights, known as vassals, swore an oath of loyalty to their king. In return, the king gave his vassals estates called fiefs. A fief could range in size from a few hectares to hundreds of square kilometers, depending on the importance of the vassal. The fief included houses or villages as well as any peasants who worked the land. The lord still owned the land, but his vassal had the right to pass it on to his heirs. The feudal contract was based on a set of promises between a lord and his vassals. Later, some of the promises were written down and became rules. The lord promised to give the vassal a fief which included lands, buildings and peasants. He also promised to protect his vassals in his castle in time of danger. If the vassal was killed in battle, the lord would act as guardian to the vassal's wife and children. Lastly, the lord promised to provide a court of justice for his vassals. The vassal, in turn, promised to pay a yearly tax of money or goods and to pay a ransom if the lord was captured by enemies. The vassal also promised forty days of military service each year. Starting in the eleventh century, feudal nobles I AM A BAftiV THE king GAVE ME SOME LATNID,So I MUST BE LOYAL 110 HIM. I MUST g READY 1D FIGHT FOR HIV V TRAIN KNIGHTS FOR HIM. I HAVE GIVEN SOME OF MY LAND1D1HE knights'i I AM THE latt6 I OWN ALL 14-1E L AN D... BUT... I HAVE GIVEN SOME TO ThE BAVONS! IAMA V11.1 EN. THE KNIGHT GAvE ME SOME LAND, SO I I4AVE TO WORK ON HIS LAND. I MUST GIVE HIM GIFTS V TAXES I CANT EVEN LEAVE THE ViLIAGE UNLESS HE LEIS ME! lived by a code of conduct called chivalry. Chivalry was a blend of Christian values and the virtues of a warrior. A knight during the age of chivalry was expected to be brave, generous and loyal. He was supposed to be merciful and fair and to protect women and children. A knight should be strong, honest and virtuous. He must honour God, defend the king and the family, and be ready to fight when he was needed. You also need to read pages of your textbook to answer the questions starting after the Feudal Pyramid diagram.

2 Feudal Pyramid Ref and Peasants f Money & Loyalty -Military At. LORDS (VASSALS TO KING) n fl Food Protection 1 Land & Shefte Homage Military Service KNIGHTS (VASSALS TO LORDS) Protection Land &Shelter Farm the Land PEASANT '1 (SERFS) S) 1 Pay Rent

3 _ Feudal System GOD The left side of the triangle is reserved for "those who pray": the clergy or workers of the Catholic Church. Place the following figures in the triangle according to their rank: priests Pope nuns monks and scholastics archbishops and bishops p r,e44,j, inj The right side of the triangle is reserved for "those who make war" and "those who work." Place the following figures in the triangle according to their rank: serfs (villeins) free peasants knights or lords monarch barons, baronesses Cu' cialoici T y.1 (;), -V, 5610 (Ili), e;) 1-Ye e. (3-C7 Jo Ii re L eyk (Jev The feudal system was a system based on "fealty" or loyalty of lesser nobles to more powerful nobles, and of serfs or peasants to the lords of the manor in which they lived and worked All members of society were also expected to be loyal to the Kin_g and to the Catholic Church V -t -- (Page 1)

4 Answer the following questions: Vocabulary 4 nunscramble the following words,,reut.o. a Lin-5r.(3 msdifiaue ssfre PC--n pshrai thtei V ij S '(promise tex.,-us promise ck.) promise "v 4:35-4-promise ( 61 I promise and write them.s/6,3f4t isvsap -Pie 4- ffei Jetwlat Colittact I promise to provide a fief, including lands, building and peasants. to pay an annual relief of money or goods. to pay a ransom to free him if he is captured by enemies. I promise to protect him and his family in my castle. to act as guardian to his wife and children if he is killed in battle. 40 days of military service each year. to provide a court of justice. in the blanks of the sentences below. -feat; sr Ct% vfrk tfylae rmnoa dmsneee (11 v'jr vlhcayir Gi)1,5ed, ntglboiaio 1. The medieval people who were bought and sold with the land were called 41rcl-do Cc bdrrtouaou 2. The system of landholding that was used in Western Europe during the Middle Ages was called e Irv%. 3. In the feudal system, anyone who held lard from a more powerful person and owed duties to that person was called a 4. A payment to a church is called a -I-) 5. Land next to a manor house and kept by the lord for his own use was called a LI ernei Serfs usually worked on it for a set number of days. 6. A wandering poet who entertains at castles was called a 7. A code of conduct for a knight was called CAI) \71.2-, /17' 8. A feudal word for loyalty to another was eez-e s 9. A church district is called a 10. A duty is also known as an (;)-ikt. tie.,l1),ty` 11. The main house on a lord's estate was often called a 12. An estate given to a vassal by his lord was called a Fill in the blanks with the appropriate answers. 13. A fief could range in size from a few hectares to yr 0_ rt depending on the tr A jo p--(...re & -J vjf - te et. x 4_ ( 14. The fief included, Vg It, as well as any ki The lord still c(, but his vassals had the right to 1")1(..i ( 4 (:)-N.,\ to his heirs. 16. Decide whether a lord or vassal made the promises listed, and then write lord or vassal next to the promises. e f c( r

5 17. 4 Write on the shield which word or words describe knights. -1-zt r t 1) k e: f- '' brave 18. How long did the Middle Ages last? (refer to text page ) 19. Why is the first part of the Middle Ages called the Dark Ages? k r 1 --the y rrc tr)-00 CA, / 20. In what area of the world isfeudalism said to have begun? e courteous defend king and familyi' fair generous 1.7 honest l-- honor God L. ' hurt children insult noble women kill peasants lie -1.01fat- mer-eiful obedient protect women and children ready respectful of noble women rob people serve king steal from Church strong virtuous c --" 5- (4_ elf etc?.-e,e4 21. How is a free peasant different from a serf? Fill in the 1-Chart to list differences. Free Peasant J-e t, i +11.?... I JO el) i-e 6 il :V1 Serf -- 1)--e r it-,r-e-iin. eli..k. h e I ( 1-4`.:: r (...---j S.e.1 t,---ri I v-e( I f 4'-.--e 5i- ) in k e-cl lie, A Lev, el; C tv,i" c t- f,ei o Alf 1,4.- (.1) 0 rt, it c- A.-,

6 22. Would you prefer to be a serf or a free peasant? Explain why using facts to support your choice. e 23. Explain at least three ways how a serf's life would be different if they could use the improved farming methods of our society today? f tf)l,(2 11. ' c re 24. If you could be a knight or a lord, what parts of castle life would you have liked? Disliked? e c,c Liked Disliked 25. What are advantages and disadvantages of being a vassal? Fill in the 1-chart below. Advantages Disadvantages - e I -,) (-...5-,h,c( e c-----s- f-n) - 4 CA k ON 1 h 0 1 r f cvev. i -f (6 r 4 sr( (t 1,, )-66 Cie, c l or, ( e I

7 Ki'Vile a 4 castles Word qoareii VYOEDNRVVT PS TRRZOL T TAOEDBUAA G VVVVFRPOMC S OL PAMPR I TXE TVV I GS I P CASBVBKJ RCYQRVVA I S I TRU I ORB T N KM I DBRNO CNSRGCOYU E I HEERVVKR D GTAJOBEN VVHARSSAKA P TRCVVS I XM AYMHXBDTE MNOE I OUON OYRRYVVTKT CAS AQH X EQ F GU N CE L PE S AN EVQ H S P CIT H OE EJU L PP MC L ER L TLA PJO J AV 0 A A A A E Q S E N R YT S E CH I E G R AA U L N D TU LM EJ TL E X TVV I N archer gauntlet prince armor helmet princess arrow herald queen axe horse quest bow jester shield castle joust spear catapult king squire court knight sword crossbow lance tournament drawbridge moat tower gate CD

8 Knighthood In the year 1066, the Normans conquered England. These French soldiers who came on horseback were called knights by the English. Later, any man who could fight on horseback came to be known as a knight. When not fighting or going about the business of war, a knight served his master by doing routine service. As time wore on, many knights obtained land of their own. They began to outfit themselves with expensive weapons and armor that only the wealthy could afford. At this time only the rich were considered to be knights, but any man could be made a knight for deeds of honor or distinction. Early medieval knights swore to uphold a code of chivalry. In the code of chivalry a knight promised to uphold Christianity, to defend women and to protect the poor and the weak. A boy started on his way to knighthood at about age seven by becoming a page in the household of a lord. As a page he learned to ride a horse, received religious training, was taught manners, hunting, dancing and possibly learned to read and write if there was someone in the manor who could teach him. At about age twelve or thirteen the page became a squire. Squires were assistants to the knights. A squire looked after the knight's armor and weapons and became skilled in their use. He served the knight his meals and often followed him into battle. In tournaments he was the only one allowed to help a knight. As he became older he engaged in tournaments himself. The night before a squire became a knight he confessed his sins to a priest, bathed, and fasted. Dressed all in white he prayed the entire night before the ceremony. In the morning the priest blessed him, and he was asked his reasons for becoming a knight. He was then given a new suit of armor, and in a ceremony called an accolade, he was stroked on the shoulder, thus becoming a knight. If a knight broke his vows or was dishonorable, he was stripped of his knighthood in another ceremony which pretended to bury him, for in the Middle Ages, "a knight without honor is no longer alive." By the year 1200, knights were much aware of the differences between themselves and others, and a definite class of aristocratic knights developed. They owned land and castles; they identified themselves by family crests and passed on their titles to their sons. Distinct lines were drawn between those who had wealth and power and those who did not. These lines became sharper as a result of the exposure of knights to the riches of the East in their travels during the Crusades. Knights now desired luxuries in their castles, silk and jewels to wear, and spices and sugar in their diets. Knighthood had changed. No one will ever know how many medieval men lived to be perfect knights, but the ideal of chivalry loyalty, courtesy, courage, truth and above all, honor set the standards for the Middle Ages and for all the Ages that followed. In modern times knighthood is inherited, or it can be an honor bestowed by a monarch in order to recognize outstanding service to one's country. A knight is referred to by the title of Sir. The wife of a knight is called a Lady. A woman who is knighted is called Dame. The early medieval legend of King Arthur, his knights, and his queen Guinevere is one of the oldest and best loved in the English language. You may wish to read more about this legend from books or on the Internet.

9 1. 4 Each of the drawings below is associated with knighthood. After you have read the descriptions, tell which stage-page, squire or knight-is being described. 4 Finally, give the logical order of the stages as depicted in the drawings. STAGE LOGICAL ORDER Description Visual 2 5C1) L 1 i S'Cr r-et 3 In battle he was at his lord's side always ready tnoeeadsssi.st him in his The night before he became a knight, he confessed his sins, fasted and prayed. 41,Iiii il / /1 I., I-.,.... I He began to learn to ride early in life if he were to become a knight )e- 41) )1 10 % \ if A touch of the blade in a ceremony called the accolade made him a de 4. 4w%. dr it iii er---a I 5 He had his own armour and weapons and had sworn to a code of chivalry ,1-1 ''.. Learning to hunt and hunting with falcons was an important part of his training. acq

10 Armor 4 Match the parts of a suit of armor on the following page to the descriptions below by placing the correct letters in the numbered spaces A Helmet (hell-met). The headpiece or head covering in a suit of armor. Cuisse (kwis). This word is taken from the Latin word coxa, meaning hip. It is the piece of armor that covers the thigh. 3. NA Greave (greeve). This term comes from the Old French word greve, which refers to the part in the hair. It is part of the armor that protects the leg from the ankle to the knee. 4. _1 Gauntlet (gont-let). This word comes from the Old French word gant, w2h means glove. Gauntlets were the armor gloves that protected the hands. 5. Coat of mail. Taken from the Latin word maculate, which means spotty, mesh, or net. It refers to a coat of metal rings or links which was worn under the armor. 6. C. Visor (vi-zer). The moveable part of the helmet in front of the eyes, It comes from the French word for face, vis. 7. Shoulder piece. 8. Elbow piece. 9. L Knee piece. 10. B Gorget (gor-jet). A piece or armor that protects the throat. It comes from an Old French word gorge, meaning throat. 11. ft Tasse. This term comes from the Old French word tasse, which means pocket. It is a series of overlapping plates which together forma a short skirt. 12. Cuirass (kwi-ras). A breast plate from the neck to the waist. It was originally made of leather and comes from the Latin word corium, which means leat er. 13. Sabaton (sab-a-ton). Taken from the French word sabot, a wooden shoe. It iphe part of a suit of armor that covers the foot. 14. r Brassard (bras-sard). This is the armor that protects the arm. Brassard comes from the Latin word brachium, which means arm.

11 Armor k.., ,,, (Jo -.:,*,,, f r/ st...i...,1 /A \ 11 -:, ) 111 V...,..", 1 I :;y1... _.. -.!:"'-...;:.. :: ;it._ ( ' 1,?" i0 sir ' jt. ViC-4. (ili(lko ' II 41(11111\s''l 111:11! IIPIr., k, ' 4t. N. -- illi. / 1/4 \.Iiiil I Ii I. :llitilill 'U1.1, 1 1: l c4((' (1 1ir i Ilia triclit

12 Weaponry of the Middle Ages The weapons of the Middle Ages are very different from those used by today's soldiers. Wars were often scenes of brutal, hand-to-hand fighting, The knights did their fighting protected by heavy suits of armor and riding on horseback, while foot soldiers used bows and arrows or fought hand to hand with crude weapons and wore little protection from the blows of their enemies. Weapons of the Middle Ages are drawn on the following page. How many of them can you match to their names below? 1. a lance, which was a type of spear carried by knights. 2. a long bow and arrow, used by foot soldiers. 3. a mace was used for clubbing. It was usually carried by foot soldiers. It had a ball with spikes attached to a wooden handle. 4. a dagger. 5. a battle-axe, a weapon of foot soldiers. 6. A a crossbow and arrow, a powerful and accurate weapon. 7. a sword, usually carried by a knight, sometimes by foot soldiers. 8. C a scabbard, the cover or shield for the sword. 9. a halberd, a combination of a battle-axe and a pike. It was about six feet tong and was usually the weapon of a knight. 10. C, a bludgeon, a type of mace, carried by foot soldiers. It was used like a club with the ball attached to the club by a chain. K a war hammer or hawk's beak, so named for its shape. It was used to pierce mail. 12. a mace, made with bars of spikes attached to a handle. Used by foot soldiers for clubbing.

13 Weaponry of the Middle Ages

14 Coat of Arms In the Middle Ages, knights and royalty displayed symbols on the shields they carried in battle and displayed around the castle. Banners, shields, and crests revealed the characteristics of the person or family. Shields may be divided into halves, quarters, or thirds. The divisions do not need to be exact but should be balanced. Marks of cadency (the descent of a younger branch from the mainline of a family) were used to distinguish the sons of a particular family. Lr-Ls-z. gns I Oldest file or label Fourth martlet Seventh rose Second crescent 0 Flfth annulet Eighth cross moline Third the mullet 1. Sixth fleur-de-lis.41:*. NInth octofoil Lions were a favorite symbol of the English. They were shown in four positions. Rampant - lion standing on hind feet ready to climb. Couchant - lion lying down with head raised. Passant - lion walking with distant forepaw raised. Statant - lion standing on four legs. Other symbols that you may want to use are: Crescent: victory over adversity; always shown with horns pointed upward. Eagle: strength of mind; shown with wings spread. Falcon: bravery; shown looking to the right of the shield. Griffin: valor and vigilance; half eagle, half lion mythological beast. Hand: generosity - open hand; strength - closed hand. Leopard: wisdom and agility; sometimes shown walking toward the right, but usually only shown as a full face. Stag: purity and strength of spirit; usually shown with one foot up. Pheon: speed and directness; head of an arrow. Sun: splendor and royalty; usually shows a face of the sun. Heart: loyalty and love; sometimes shown pierced by an arrow. Tower: strength and protection; symbol of defense. C 1992 Teacher Created Materials, Inc. 27 #291 Thematic Unit-Medieval Times

15 My Coat of Arms Use the shield below to create your own coat of arms. Divide your shield into sections. Use the symbols on page 27 or make up your own to show what's special about you. #291 Thematic Unit-Medieval Times 28 I:, 1992 Teacher Created Materials, Inc.

16 The Parts of a Castle 4 Use the descriptions below to identify the parts of a castle on page 44. Write the numbers of the parts described in the circles on the drawing. 1. The outer bailey was the first courtyard inside the outer walls of the castle. 2. The inner bailey was the inner courtyard of a castle. It was protected by two walls. 3. The wall, or curtain as it was sometimes called, surrounded the courtyard of the castle. Strongly built, it was not uncommon for the castle's walls to be ten or more feet in thickness. 4. The keep was known in French as the donjon. It was the strongest and most heavily fortified part of the castle as it was designed to be the last line of defense. Keeps were sometimes built round, sometimes square. Square keeps made nicer rooms, but round keeps were easier to defend. The keep usually housed the owner of the castle and his family. In it the great hall was often located. The great hall was the heart of the castle. It was used for family dinners, banquets, games, dancing, entertainment and sometimes a courtroom. 5. The drawbridge was a bridge which could be raised or lowered. It was usually located over a moat. 6. Parapets were low walls around the top edge of a tower or castle wall. 7. Corbels were stone projections in the walls which acted like brackets to support parapets. 8. Machicolations were the reason parapets were built. They were holes in the parapets used for dropping all kinds of things, such as boiling oil, hot water, stones, etc. 9. The moat was the ditch around the castle. It was usually filled with water. 10. The barbican was a foreword gate of the castle located before the main gate. It offered extra protection since the weakest part of the castle was considered to be the gate. 11. The postern gate was a back gate. It was supposed to be a secret, but oftentimes was not. The gate was used for attacking and surrounding the enemy outside the castle, as an escape, or for the coming and going of scouts and spies. 12. Arrow-loops were narrow openings in the castle's towers through which archers fired their arrows on the enemy below. 13. The portcullis was the main gate to the castle. It was made of very heavy wood and was reinforced with iron grating. Like the barbican, it could be raised or lowered for the protection of the people inside. 14. The gatehouse was the living quarters over the main gate of the castle. As time went on it became heavily fortified and very important. Sometimes the owner of the castle chose to live in the gatehouse. 15. Murder holes were holes in the ceiling just after the front gate. The holes were used for dropping large stones on attackers who got through the front gate. 16. Rocky ledges were important for the placement of castles. Castles built on rock could not be seized by tunneling.

17 The Parts of a Castle

Understanding Castles After their successful invasion and conquest of England, the Normans began a period of castle building that was to last right throuah the medieval period.

18 Understanding Castles After their successful invasion and conquest of England, the Normans began a period of castle building that was to last right throuah the medieval period. The earliest castles built by the Normans were either constructed within an existing Roman Fort or were Motte and Bailey castles. These were soon replaced by Stone Keep castles as they offered better protection from attack. Concentric castles developed during the 12th and 13th Centuries and were virtually impossible to conquer. The map to the left shows the number of Norman castles built during the reign of William the Conqueror ( ) Pevensey castle in East Sussex is an example of a Norman Castle built inside an existing Roman Fort Motte and Bailiey castles had two parts: the Motte and the Bai ey. The Motte was a large hill made of earth on which was built a wooden keep or lookout. The outer edge was then surrounded with a large wooden fence called a palisade. The Bailey was separated from the Motte by a wooden bridge that could be removed if the Bailey was occupied by enemies. The Bailey was the part of the castle where people lived and animals were kept.to give added protection, both the Motte and Bailey would be surrounded by a ditch. sometimes filled with water. A drawbridae was used for access to the castle. The stone keep castle soon replaced the Motte and Bailey castle as it offered a better form of defence. A stone keep was the central feature, with thick walls and few windows. Entrance to the keep was by stone steps leading to the first floor. The kitchens were situated on the ground floor while living quarters were on the upper floors. The first keeps were rectangular in shape but later ones were often circular. The Stone Keep would be surrounded by a thick stone wall containing turrets for lookouts. The Bailey was now the area outside the keep but within the outer walls and shelter for animals or craft workshops might be built against the walls. The entire castle might be surrounded by a ditch or moat and entrance to the castle was by drawbridge. The Concentric castle was developed in the 12th Century and offered the best protection against attack. The main feature of the concentric castle is its walls. An inner wall built of thick stone with turrets positioned at intervals is then surrounded by an equally thick but lower, stone wall. The walls are built at different levels so that archers on the inner walls can fire over the archers on the outer walls. The space between the two walls was known as the 'death hole' for being trapped within the walls would almost certainly result in death for the attacker. The entire castle was then often surrounded with a moat and entry would be across a drawbridge.

19 Knilits ci Ca St le S Cr S Stu 0 f cl 5P\- 0 r) A ti L.Pi A 0._ 12, -r IE I 4 1 Across Down 3. A circle of water around a castleii 1. Knights wear this to protect their bodies. 6. What a knight rides. V 2. A competition between two nights where they try to 7. A large weapon that fires big stones. knock each other off of their horses. 9. A place where prisoners are kept in a castle. 4. A weapon that can also be used to chop wood. 10. Metal gloves worn by knigh4. 5. A soldier who fires a bow. 12. A weapon used by knights. 6. Something knights wore on their head. 13. Somebody who helps a knight get ready for 8. A fortress where a knight might live. battle. 11. What you shoot from a bow. 14. A weapon that can be thrown. 13. Something a knight holds in his hand for protection. 15. Somebody who blows the trumpet in the castle

20 Section 3 Life on the Manor

Medieval Castle Presentation. By: Mackenna Daum, Michelle Levin, Sophia Doering-Powell, and Jamila Jamaly

Medieval Castle Presentation. By: Mackenna Daum, Michelle Levin, Sophia Doering-Powell, and Jamila Jamaly Medieval Castle Presentation By: Mackenna Daum, Michelle Levin, Sophia Doering-Powell, and Jamila Jamaly Introduction Our castle s purpose is to defend our manor lord. The castle is under attack because