Can Economic Pressure Overcome Social Norms? The Case of Female Labor Force Participation

Transcription

1 Can Economic Pressure Overcome Social Norms? The Case of Female Labor Force Participation Ana Rute Cardoso Louis-Philippe Morin September 2018 Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series Working Paper nº 1051

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16 fp crt =α + βr crt + δ ln emp crt + ϕ r + π c + γ t + ρ ct + ζ rt + ε crt fp crt c r t R crt ln emp crt ϕ r π c γ t ρ ct ζ rt ln emp crt P gc rt g = m, f c r t t c P gc rt =B gc r =B gc r + J gc rt L gc rt + N gc rt g Br gc r c J gc rt c r

17 c t L gc rt N gc rt = J gc rt L gc rt c c Rrt c = Bmc r Br fc = Bmc r Br fc + J mc rt L mc rt + J fc rt L fc rt + N mc rt + N fc rt. [ 1 + J Rrt c =Rrc c mc rt /Br mc L mc 1 + J fc rt /Br fc L fc [ ] 1 + j =Rrc c mc rt lrt mc 1 + j fc rt l fc rt [ ] 1 + n =Rrc c mc rt 1 + n fc rt rt /Br mc rt /Br fc R c rc c j gc rt l gc rt c t c r g n gc rt ln R c rt = ln R c rc + ln [ 1 + j mc rt = ln R c rc + ln [ 1 + n mc rt ] ] [ ] lrt mc ln 1 + j fc rt l fc rt ] [ ] ln 1 + n fc rt. ln X X 1 R c rt R c rc + [ j mc rt R c rc + [ n mc rt ] [ ] lrt mc j fc rt l fc rt ] [ ] n fc rt.

18 j fc rt = l fc rt = 0 t ln emp crt

19

20 fatal rate c rt = Dmc r Br mc, D B t t t t

21

22 E g c r t

23 E gc rt =I gc t a E r,50s, E r,50s r I gc t a g c a t t t a r emig gender c rt =e mc r e fc r, e gc r g c r

24 t ln emp crt Erate c rt = Emc r B mc r + Er fc + Br fc, l mc l fc

25 rt = Y fc rt y fc P fc rt y Y P f c r t E f i /Em i E i c r t E m E Gini = 1 i j m E f i j E m E m i Ef j Ei m Ej m. 2 E f E m i j 1/2

26 wgap c rt =[log(wh)] mc rt [log(wh)] fc rt, wh

27

28

29

30

31

32

33 g i sh g 1960 = A g i,1960 /Ag 1960 I 1960 = sh m 1960/sh f 1960

34

35

36

37

38 r

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53 index index beginning of decade AU DK FI GB NL NO SE US beginning of decade ES FR GR IE IT PT CA BE t t t + 1

54 female activity rate (%) PT ES NL NO IT BE AU CA IE GR DK FR SE GB US FI female activity rate (%) ES PT IT GR NO BE IE AU FR CA GB US DK FI SE female activity rate (%) ES NL IE GR BE IT GB DE FR FI AU PT CA US NO DK SE female activity rate (%) ES IT IE GR BE NL DE FR PT AU GB US CA DK NO FI SE 2000 female activity rate (%) IT GR ES BE IE DE FR PT NL GB AU FI CA US DK NO SE t t t + 1

55 pt, gender=f es, gender=f activity rate birth cohort census year activity rate birth cohort census year pt, gender=m es, gender=m activity rate birth cohort census year activity rate birth cohort census year

56 N deaths in war N deaths in war war fatalities rate (over m birth cohort) birth cohort

57 Emigrants / 100,000 Births Birth Year Portugal Spain Emigrants / 100,000 Births Birth Year 1968 Census 1975 Census

58 Sex Ratio Birth Year Portugal Spain number SCMA number FJGJ month males 1971 males 1976 females 1971 females month males 1971 males 1976 females 1971 females 1976

59

60

61 Rrc c Rrt c

62

63

64

65

66

67

68 Rrc c Rrt c

69

70

71

72

73 t

74

75

76

77