Word Workout. Dear Family Member: WORDS TO KNOW SPELLING WORDS. This Week s Skills. anticipation encouraged enormous glanced released slender

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1 Home-School Connection Word Workout WORDS TO KNOW anticipation encouraged enormous glanced released slender The Same As Tell me which of the following matches one of the words above. inspired huge let go expectation looked thin SPELLING WORDS flower voices tower cough pouch cowboy gown frown howling hound noises wound grouch mound grown voyage south annoy pound thousand Speed Spell I m going to time you for two minutes. I ll give you the words. At the end of two minutes, let s see how many words you spelled correctly. (fold here) Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Dear Family Member: This week we re reading historical fiction. Ima and the Great Texas Ostrich Race is about a girl named Ima and her pet ostrich, Ossy. Ima has two older brothers, Will and Tom, who make fun of Ossy for being silly looking, but Ima wants to prove to them that Ossy is the fastest racing bird in all of Texas. I wonder how Ima will prove this. I think that the author will provide clues about Ima so that I can draw conclusions about her character. This Week s Skills Comprehension: draw conclusions Vocabulary: analogies: synonyms and antonyms Spelling/Phonics: words with oi, oy, ou, and ow Name 259

2 Clueless? Nope! We can read each set of clues and see what conclusions we can draw from them. Let s write our conclusions in the boxes. Clues Everyone had an umbrella. Ben ran to the bus so he wouldn t get too wet. Clues Jamal s family moved, and he hadn t made any friends. He stood in front of the pet store window. Clues Macmillan/McGraw-Hill The tires always needed air, and the bike chain was broken. Ben wondered how much money he had. 260

3 Conexión con el hogar Ejercicio de palabras PALABRAS DE VOCABULARIO anticipation encouraged enormous glanced released slender Asociaciones Dime qué palabra de abajo corresponde a qué palabra de arriba. inspired huge let go expectation looked thin PALABRAS DE ORTOGRAFÍA flower voices tower cough pouch cowboy gown frown howling hound noises wound grouch mound grown voyage south annoy pound thousand Deletreo veloz Te voy a dar algunas palabras. Tendrás dos minutos de tiempo para deletrearlas. Al final de los dos minutos vamos a ver cuántas palabras deletreaste correctamente. (fold here) Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Queridos familiares: Esta semana estamos leyendo Ima and the Great Texas Ostrich Race, un relato de ficción histórica. El relato es acerca de una niña y Ossy, su mascota avestruz. Ima tiene dos hermanos mayores, Will y Tom. Ellos se burlan de Ossy por su aparencia chistosa. Ima quiere demostrar que Ossy es el pájaro más rápido de todo Texas. Me pregunto, cómo lo va a demostrar? Creo que el autor va a darnos pistas sobre Ima para que podamos sacar conclusiones sobre su carácter. Destrezas de la semana Comprensión: sacar conclusiones Vocabulario: analogĩa: sinónimos y antónimos Ortografía/Fonética: palabras con oi, oy, ou y ow Nombre 261

4 Sin pistas? No! Podemos leer cada grupo de pistas y ver qué conclusiones podemos sacar a partir de las mismas. Escribamos nuestras conclusiones en los recuadros. Clues Everyone had an umbrella. Ben ran to the bus so he wouldn t get too wet. Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Clues Jamal s family moved, and he hadn t made any friends. He stood in front of the pet store window. Clues The tires always needed air, and the bike chain was broken. Ben wondered how much money he had. 262

5 Comprehension Check Summarize Find clues in the text that help you draw conclusions. Record them in the chart. Use your conclusions to summarize the book. Text Clues Conclusion Macmillan/McGraw-Hill by Mae Greene Think and Compare 1. Reread page 6. What conclusions can you draw about Sam Houston? (Draw Conclusion) 2. What period of Texas history would you most like to have experienced? Explain. (Evaluate) 3. Think about the histories of these four states. What do the states have in common? (Synthesis) The Southwest Table of Contents Introduction Texas Oklahoma New Mexico Arizona Conclusion Glossary Index Comprehension Check

6 Pacific Ocean I ntroduction Imagine an enormous area of land. At one end, people swim in the blue ocean. At the other end, cactus with slender green spines stand tall in a dry desert. In between are canyons, rivers, and mountains. In the east, this area stretches to the Gulf of Mexico. In the west, it touches the state of California. Though filled with big empty spaces, the area is growing quickly. It has some of the biggest cities in the country. U NITED S TATES Arizona M EXICO Index Alamo, 6 Arizona, 2 3, Austin, Stephen F., 5 6 cattle, 9 10, 13 14, 19, 21 Civil War, 7 9, 12, 15, 21 gold, 4, 16, 19 Goodnight-Loving Trail, 9 Houston, Sam, 6 7 Land Runs, 13 Louisiana Purchase, 11 Mexico, 5, 7, 18, Native Americans, 3, 11 12, 14, 18, 19 New Mexico, 3, oil, 10, 14 Oklahoma, 3, San Jacinto, Battle of, 6 Spanish Explorers, 4 5 Texas, 3, 5 10 Texas Revolution, 6 Trail of Tears,

7 Glossary economy (i-kahn-uh-mee) the goods and services a place produces (page 10) immigrant (IM-i-gruhnt) someone who moves to live in a new place (page 20) ranching (RANCH-ing) starting and running large farms where cows or other animals are raised (page 9) reservation (rez-ur-vay-shun) an area of land set aside for Native Americans to live on (page 19) settlers (SET-lurz) people who make their homes in another place (page 3) territory (TER-uh-tawr-ee) land area (page 11) tourism (TOOR-izm) going to visit places away from home for fun (page 10) transport (TRANS-pawrt) move or carry something from one place to another (page 16) New Mexico This is the Southwest. It includes four states. They are Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona. Each state is very different. However, they share a similar history and some important geographic features. Many of their problems are similar, too. The first settlers in each state were Native Americans. In New Mexico and Arizona, their settlements go back over 10,000 years. These first Americans were hunters. Later they lived by growing crops like corn and beans. Oklahoma Texas Gulf of Mexico scale in miles 22 3

8 Life wasn t easy for these early settlers. Water is needed to grow food. The Southwest is very dry. When rain didn t fall in one place, people left. They had to find wetter areas. In the 1500s, Spanish explorers arrived in the Southwest. At first, they came looking for gold. Soon they built churches and towns. Later, the area became part of Mexico. In time, each of these places became a state. Conclusion The southwestern states have much in common. They are all large states. They are home to ranches and factories. Their land is harsh, dry, and beautiful. Today, having enough water is still important, just as it was in the past. The states share much history as well. They all began as part of Spain or Mexico. The Civil War hurt all of them. Cattle ranching helped build the economy back up. Today, the Southwest is still growing. More and more people are moving there. No one knows what the future will bring. 4 21

9 Arizona Today In 1919, Arizona became the 48th state. Today, most of its people live in or near its biggest cities. Arizona s warm, dry weather draws people from colder places. For decades, Arizona has been one of the fastest-growing states. In 1940, it had fewer than half a million people. Now it has over six million. Like other Southwestern states, Arizona has many Hispanic Americans. Hispanic people make up a quarter of the state s population. Some have lived in Arizona for years. Others are recent immigrants from Mexico. Arizona Timeline 1853 Owned by U.S. after Mexican War and land purchase 1880s Railroads boost population Texas is the second-largest state in the United States. Size isn t the only reason it is special. Texas was once a country. Texas The first Spanish explorers came to Texas in For three hundred years, Texas was ruled by Spain. In 1821, Texas became part of Mexico. Stephen F. Austin, leader of the Texas setters That same year, people began moving into Texas. They were encouraged by the Mexican government. Mexico offered them land. By the 1830s, there were over 25,000 settlers in Texas. Their leader was Stephen F. Austin. 1860s Native Americans war against new settlers 1919 Statehood This photograph shows a Spanish Mission Church from the 16th Century. 20 5

10 Austin and the Texas settlers wanted more freedom. Mexico wouldn t give it to them and Austin was put in jail and later released. On October 2, 1835, the Texas Revolution began. The Alamo General Sam Houston was the leader of the Texas army. In February, 1836, a group of Texans took over the Alamo, a Mexican fort. Houston learned that Mexican troops were coming to take the Alamo back. In anticipation of a defeat, he sent an order to the men. The Texans should leave. Instead, they stayed. They fought for almost two weeks. In the end, the Texans died in battle. Six weeks later, General Houston and his men attacked Mexican forces. Remember the Alamo was the cry at the Battle of San Jacinto. The Texans won the battle. Geronimo, leader of the Apaches, surrendered once and for all in By the 1870s, the U.S. Army had won. Most Native Americans were moved onto reservations. The Apaches, however, kept on fighting until Around the same time, the railroads came. They brought a wave of growth in Arizona. Ranchers came to raise cattle. Farmers came to grow cotton. Miners were drawn by Arizona s gold, silver, and copper. 6 19

11 Arizona Arizona, just west of New Mexico, is the sixth largest state. Like New Mexico and Texas, it was once Mexican territory. In 1846, the United States took over northern Arizona. The U.S. bought the rest from Mexico in A Tough Place to Settle Settlers had tried to ranch in Arizona. Many were driven away by Apaches. Arizona s Native Americans fought against outsiders. After 1846, fierce battles took place between them and the U.S. Army. Statehood and the Civil War The war ended. Texas was now free. In October of 1836, Sam Houston became president of the new country. The Republic was free, but it still had problems. It was a small country with little money. Leaders worried about Mexico. Would there be another war? In 1845, Texas joined the United States. The Alamo still stands today in San Antonio, Texas. The Saguaro cactus blooms in Arizona. 18 7

12 Many young Texans enlisted in the Confederate Army. This young soldier died in a prison camp at the age of 16. As the Civil War drew near, Texas was split. Some Texans wanted to stay part of the Union. Others wanted to leave. In 1861, Texas left. Few Civil War battles took place on Texas land. However, Texan soldiers fought for the South. Texas also gave food and other goods to the Confederate Army. The Union Army blocked travel to and from Texas Gulf coast. After the war, in 1869, Texas rejoined the Union. New Mexico Today Today, ranching and mining are still important in New Mexico. The state is also a center of research. The first atomic bomb was created at Los Alamos, New Mexico, in New Mexico draws many visitors. They come to see the famous caves of Carlsbad Caverns. They tour ancient Native American villages. The Spanish influence is still strong. Today, people with Hispanic roots make up more than a third of the population. New Mexico Timeline 1821 Under Mexican rule 1846 Becomes part of U.S. after Mexican War 1860 s-1880 s Gold rush, railroads, ranching cause a boom Statehood 8 17

13 New Mexico s governor asked for volunteers to form an army. Some 4,000 men signed up. These volunteers helped drive the Confederates out of New Mexico. In 1867, gold was found, and many miners came. Then, in 1880, the railroad arrived. As in Texas and Oklahoma, New Mexico s land was good for raising cattle. The railroad made it easy to transport the cattle. Ranches sprang up. New Mexico grew. In 1912, it became the 47th State. The railroad brought many settlers to the Southwest. The Rise of Cattle Ranching The Civil War left Texas poor. Cattle ranching helped bring money back into the state. Texas big, open fields were perfect for cows to feed on. These cows were worth more outside of Texas than in Texas. So the cattle drive was born. Cowboys led huge herds out of the state. These herds could have thousands of cows. The cowboys who led these drives had to be brave. Cattle drives were dangerous. One big danger was a stampede. Frightened cows would run wild. A stampeding herd could crush anything in its way. Goodnight-Loving Trail One of the biggest cattle trails was the Goodnight-Loving Trail. It was named for Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving, two Texas cattle ranchers. The path ran through West Texas, crossed New Mexico, and ended in Denver, Colorado. 16 9

14 Texas Timeline 1821 Part of Mexico; Americans move in as settlers 1836 Becomes independent republic Texas Today 1835 Texas revolution begins 1845 Statehood 1850 In the 1900s, oil was discovered in Texas. The discovery created new jobs and new towns. Many Texans, with oil beneath their land, got rich. Today cattle, cotton, and oil are still big parts of the Texas economy. However, tourism, technology, and research are also important. The Texas cities of San Antonio, Dallas, and Houston are three of the country s biggest. Austin, the Texan capital, is a center for high tech jobs. Texas deserts, mountains, and beaches draw many tourists. New Mexico New Mexico is west of Oklahoma and Texas. It s the nation s fifth largest state. Like Texas, it was once part of Mexico. In 1821, the Santa Fe Trail opened up. This wagon route ran through New Mexico. Traders used it to carry goods between Missouri and the far Southwest. Two Wars In 1846, after the Mexican War, the United States took over New Mexico. When the Civil War began, Texan soldiers moved into New Mexico. The Confederates hoped to take over the Santa Fe Trail. This is an engraving on a metal plate. It shows families in covered wagons crossing the plains

15 Oklahoma Today In 1905, oil was found. The discovery brought even more people to Oklahoma. Oklahoma became a state in Oil and cattle are still important there. Manufacturing is important as well. Oklahoma makes everything from cars to computers. Tourism also helps the economy. Visitors come to see rodeos. They visit the National Cowboy Hall of Fame. They travel to the Oklahoma State Fair. Many people in Oklahoma have Native American roots. Over a quarter of a million Native Americans live there. That s more than in any other state. Oklahoma Timeline 1803 Sold to U.S. in Louisiana Purchase 1870 s Land grants bring many new settlers Oklahoma Oklahoma is north of Texas. The territory joined the United States in That s the year President Thomas Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase. He bought an enormous amount of land from France. The Trail of Tears In 1828, Congress set aside land in Oklahoma for Native Americans. Two years later, Native Americans in eastern states were forced off their land. About 100,000 made a long trip to Oklahoma. Thousands died along the way from disease or lack of food. This sad journey is called the Trail of Tears. The Louisiana Territory added 800,000 square miles (2 million square km) to the country Declared Indian Territory; end point of the Trail of Tears 1907 Statehood 14 11

16 A Golden Age In Oklahoma, Native Americans worked to rebuild their lives. Tribes like the Cherokee started farms. They built schools. Then, around 1860, this Golden Age came to an end. The Civil War split the nation. Many lives were lost. After the war, Native Americans found their land being taken away. African Americans in Oklahoma Not everyone who walked the Trail of Tears was Native American. African Americans made the trip as well. Some were slaves of Native Americans. Others were free, but had lived with Native American tribes. They made up a large portion of Indian Territory s people. Land Runs As in Texas, cattle ranching boomed after the Civil War. Oklahoma land was great for raising cows. Soon ranches dotted the land. If one glanced in any direction, there were cowboys and cattle. Then, in the 1870s, the railroad arrived. Now settlers could travel easily to Oklahoma. In 1889 thousands of people raced there to claim land. That year, the U.S. government gave away about 10,000 homesteads, or plots of land. A person who saw the 1889 land run said men jumped from the roofs of the moving cars at the risk of their lives... (they) fell over each other in heaps