Multi-Scale Forcing and Formation of Desert and Monsoon

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1 Multi-Scale Forcing and Formation of Desert and Monsoon Guoxiong Wu Yimin LIU, Anmin Duan, Xiaoyun Liang and Tongmei Wang State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG) Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing From Deserts to Monsoons, Crete, Greece on June 1-6, 2008

2 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

3 Thermal Adaptation- heating Z A N heating C E w β v z

4 Thermal Adaptation-cooling Z C N cooling A E w β v z

5 Winter: Source-ocean; sink-land Summer: Source-land; sink-ocean

6 Atmospheric adaptation to summertime continental scale forcing results in ascent over eastern-continent/western-ocean but descent over eastern-ocean/western-continent; However, the atmospheric response is asymmetric: eastern signals are always stronger than the western signals. C - A A + C C - A A + C C - A

7 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

8 1000 hpa velocity potential (shaded ) in unit of 10 6 m 2 /s and divergent wind component (arrow) in unit of m/s ( ) January July

9 Eurasian-C N.Pacific-O N.Amer-C N.Atlan-O 图 1.5 LO SE CO D LO SE CO D LO LO. 0 0 ; 0 0 < = < Q V g dp Q p θ r SE. 0 0 ; 0 0 < = > Q V g dp Q p θ r CO. 0 0 ; 0 0 > = > Q V g dp Q p θ r D. 0 0 ; 0 0 > = < Q V g dp Q p θ r

10 a) σ Eurasian Continent / 欧亚大陆 LO SE CO D b) σ N. America / 北美大陆 LO SE CO D Kd -1

11 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

12 z z z Q f V f v V t 0) (, ) ( ) ( / = + + θ ζ θ ζ β ζ ζ v v 10mm d -1 ~2.5*10-5 Ks -1, maximum heating layer Z M ~ mb, Q~ 10-4 Ks -1 for z< Z M, but 10-5 Ks -1 for z> Z M 0). ( ) ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ( 1 1 < > > < + z M M z z Z z Z z Q f θ ζ θ β ν Northerlies are forced above Z M ; southerlies are forced below Z M. Thermal Adaptation - Sverdrup balance 1 ( ), ( 0) z z z v f Q β θ ζ θ +

13 Fig. 10 (a) σ 30 o N S SENSIBLE HEATING OCEAN CONTINENT 30 o N (b) σ C 30 o N LATENT HEATING CONTINENT OCEAN 30 o N (c) σ L 30 o N RADIATION COOLING OCEAN CONTINENT 30 o N

14 a PNAA AAEA b PNAA AAEA c LOSECOD d

15 a PSAm ASAf IAU b PSAm ASAf IAU c LOSECOD d

16 Desert/dry climate is formed over the western continents, whereas monsoon/wet climate is formed over the eastern continents!

17 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

18 青藏高原对夏季季风降水的影响

19 Thermal Adaptation- heating Z A N heating C E w β v z

20 Tibetan July 气压 (hpa) 气压 (hpa) Rockies July v ω Andes January

22 July Monsoon/desert Experiment 7 月季风降水敏感试验 a) Without mountain b) With mountain b) a)

23 July Monsoon/desert Experiment 7 月季风降水敏感试验 a) 60E mountain b) 90E mountain

24 对西风基本流和西风带槽脊的影响冬 (DJF) A 夏 (JJA) C C Winter: Dipole Mode Summer: Warm Spiral 850hPa 纬向偏差流场和位温 ( 等值虚线, 单位 :K)

25 华南早春雨 JHM 776 Distribution of mean rainfall in the period of PRES (Pentad 12-26) over China averaged between 1951 and Unit is mm d-1. Shading indicates where the elevation exceeds 600 meters.

26 JHM 776 a b Distributions of (a) wind vector at 850hPa and (b) rainfall (unit: mm d-1) in spring (March and April means) averaged over 10 years as simulated in the model GOALS-SAMIL. The shaded areas are where elevation exceeds 2,500 m.

27 a b c d e f Distributions of wind vector and isotach at 850 hpa (left panels, unit is m s-1, shaded gindicate exceeding 4 m s-1) and rain (right h panels, unit is mm d-1) in the perpetual spring sensitivity experiments with different TP elevations and averaged over 30 months. The black shaded in left panels and bold solid curve in right panels are the main part of TP. The TP maximum elevation is 0 km in (a) and (b), 2 km in (c) and (d), 4 km in (e) and (f), and 6 km in (g) and (h).

28 华南早春雨敏感试验 Meridional wind at 850hPa and prcp(mm/day) EPM-exp. EPE exp. Mar Apr

29 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

30 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis hPa March Aerosol ==> PRES

31 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis hPa May Aerosol ==> monsoon onset

32 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis hPa July Aerosol <==> monsoon

33 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

34 July 31-1 August 2006, Xi ning China: Aerosol-Radiation-Monsoon-Water Cycle Workshop

太平The National Basic Research Program of China Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction over the Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) and Its Impact on the Short-Term

35 太平The National Basic Research Program of China Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction over the Joining Area of Asia and Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) and Its Impact on the Short-Term Climate Variation in China Period: Supported by Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) Adhesive Unit: Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), CAS 亚西印度洋洋东

36 SAM EAM WP Flow 台风源区 Three monsoon systems interact AM Typhoons invade

37 4. Supplementary observation experiments 科学 1 号实验 3 号

38 Schematic observation plan of atmosphere-ocean ocean interaction at the Asia-Indo Indo-Pacific Region Air-sea flux tower at Xi- Sha Island Kuroshio Surface mooring east of Luzon Island Subsurface mooring at Karimata strait Indian Ocean SCS ITF Western Pacific Ocean NEC NECC SEC Subsurface mooring off Java coast

39 Observation stations of the Northern SCS cruise Stations/Cruise-legs MVP line Moorings Air-sea flux tower at Xi-Sha Island Mooring (110.5E, 14N) 18 N 断面观测 : 对 18 N 向东延伸, 并在开放航次期间同步实施定点浮标或潜标观测 (3-4 个航次 )

China-Japan Cooperative Project On Weather Disaster Reduction 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 40 40 35 35 m 8000 7000

40 China-Japan Cooperative Project On Weather Disaster Reduction m PBL Tower Windprofiler GPS CAMPTibet

The monsoon trough is controlled by two centers of lows Seasonal low At western end over Pakistan

41 During northern summer, the oceanic TCZ migrates seasonally over Indian sub-continent and leads to formation of a semi-permanent system known as monsoon trough (CTCZ) by second fortnight of July. The monsoon trough is controlled by two centers of lows Seasonal low At western end over Pakistan and adjoining area Transient disturbances Form over the Head Bay region and move across the trough.

42 Four Regional Components of MAHASRI

43 MAHASRI and related Japanese Projects (JEPP) JEPP: Tibet MAHASRI JEPP: Indochina JEPP: Thailand JAMSTEC/IORGC : Palau JEPP: Indian Ocean JEPP: Maritime continent

44 18 N High Density Rain Gauges1 High Density Rain Gauges 2 Automatic rain gauges in Indochina

45 Proposal Asian Monsoon Year in AMY08 China- 973 s (AIPO, ) India- CTCZ Japan- MAHASRI Australia AAMP/CLIVAR USA- JAMEX

Surface mooring east of Luzon Island Subsurface mooring at Karimata strait

46 Schematic observation plan of atmosphere-ocean ocean interaction at the Asia-Indo Indo-Pacific Region Air-sea flux tower at Xi- Sha Island Kuroshio Surface mooring east of Luzon Island Subsurface mooring at Karimata strait Indian Ocean SCS ITF Western Pacific Ocean NEC NECC SEC Subsurface mooring off Java coast

47 JSC-28 (Zanzibar 2007) Decided to endorse the WCRP cross cutting monsoon initiative; Cross-cut should include all monsoon groups with a broader perspective, Led by CLIVAR and GEWEX with participation of SPARC, CliC and WGNE and several relevant activities outside of WCRP (particularly ly THORPEX); Requested CLIVAR and GEWEX to agree on how it should be supervised ed and the development of an implementation plan; Asian Monsoon Year and an International Year of Tropical Convection considered as the components of an International Monsoon Study (IMS); GEWEX and CLIVAR to rationalize the number of monsoon committees; Appointed a JSC oversight group for monsoons consisting of G Wu (chair), J Slingo, T Yasunari, C Vera, L A Ogallo and J Shukla.

48 1st AMY Workshop Asian Monsoon Year 2008 (AMY08) International Workshop April 23rd-25th, 25th, 2007 Beijing, China

50 Asian Monsoon Year 2008 (AMY08) AMY08 Working Groups Scientific Steering Committee (Responsible for science and implementation plan): Co-Chair: Jun Matsumoto, Bin Wang AMY Program Office: Jianping Li Observation Coordination Working Group: Co-Chair: Dongxiao Wang, Manabu D. Yamanaka Central Data Archiving and Management Working Group: Co-Chair: Kooiti Masuda, Guangqing Zhou Modeling and Prediction Working Group: Co-Chair: Harry Hendon, Takehiko Satomura

51 2nd AMY Workshop Following the resolution of the First International Workshop on AMY 08 at Beijing, the Second AMY 08 workshop was held at Bali, Indonesia on September 3-4, The major objectives of 2nd workshop are to discuss and finalize the Science plan and Implementation Plan for AMY 08.

53 The 3rd AMY ( ) 2012) workshop The 3rd AMY ( ) 2012) workshop was held from January 28 - February 1, 2008 in Tokyo (Yokohama), Japan. The objective of this meeting was to draft up the implementation plan of the AMY ( ). 2012).

55 AMY Objectives The specific objectives of AMY are: To better understand the ocean-atmosphere atmosphere-land-biosphere interactions, the multi-scale interactions among time scales ranging from diurnal, intraseasonal to interannual, and the aerosol-cloud cloud-water cycle interactions in the Asian monsoon system; To improve the physical representations of these interactions in coupled climate models, and to develop data assimilation of the ocean-atmosphere atmosphere-land system in the Asian monsoon region; To determine predictability of the Asian monsoon on intraseasonal and seasonal time scales, and the roles of land initialization in continental seasonal rainfall prediction; To better understand how human activities in the monsoon Asia region interact with monsoon and its related environment.

56 U.N. International Year of Planet Earth IPY Year of Coordinated Observing, Modeling and Forecasting of The Tropics AMY08 and IMY08 If implemented in 2008, this initiative could be a WCRP contribution tion to the UN Year of Planet Earth and compliment IPY.

57 JSC-29 Proposal on Monsoon Issues April 2, 2008 WCRP/WWRP Monsoons and Tropical Meteorology Coordinating Panel Coordinating Role: Facilitating joint meetings, Promoting targeted activities Monsoon studies: AMY, IMS.. YOTC Future emerging priorities.. GEWEX CEOP & GMPP CLIVAR Regional & Modelling Panels WWRP Tropical Met., WGNE, THORPEX

58 LIST 1. Thermal Adaptation 2. Land Distribution and Continental Scale LOSECOD Heating 3. Formation of Desert and Monsoon 4. Tibetan Plateau Local Scale Forcing 5. Aerosol and Monsoon interaction 6. The Asian Monsoon Years- AMY Program 7. Summary

59 Summary Desert and Monsoon are formed due to the atmospheric thermal adaptation to Continental Scale LOSECOD forcing and certain kind of Local Scale Forcing To understand Asian Monsoon better, we need to understand the aerosol- Monsoon interaction

60 Thank You!

61 Related Publications Wu, Guoxiong and Yimin Liu, 2003: Summertime quadruplet heating pattern in the subtropics and the associated atmospheric circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1201, doi: /2002gl016209, 5_1-4 Wu, Guoxiong, Yimin Liu, Jianyu Mao, Xin Liu And Weiping Li. 2004: Adaptation of the atmospheric circulation to thermal forcing over the tibetan plateau. Obseervation, Theory And Modeling Of The Atmospheric Variability. Selected Papers Of Nanjing Institute Of Mateorology Alumni In Commemoration Of Professor Jijia Zhang, Edited By Xun Zhu Etc.World Scientific YIMIN LIU, GUOXIONG WU, AND RONGCAI REN, 2004: Relationship between the Subtropical Anticyclone and Diabatic Heating. J. Climate, 2004, 17: Wu, Guoxiong, Yimin Liu, and Png Liu, 2004: Formation of the summertime subtropical anticyclone. East Asian Monsoon, Edited by C. P. Chang.World Scientific Xiaoyun Liang, Yimin Liu, and Guoxiong Wu, 2005: The role of land-sea distribution in the formation of the Asian summer monsoon. Geoph. Res. Lett. 32: /2004GL Guoxiong Wu, Yimin Liu, Tongmei Wang, Rijin Wan,,2007: The Influence of the Mechanical and Thermal Forcing of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asian Climate. J. Hydrometeorology. 8: WU Guoxiong1, LIU Yimin1,*, YU Jingjing1,2, ZHU Xiaying1,2 and REN Rongcai: Modulation of Land-Sea Distribution on Air-Sea Interaction and Formation of Subtropical Anticyclones,To appear in Chinese JAS.

The Influence of Mechanical and Thermal Forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Climate

770 J O U R N A L O F H Y D R O M E T E O R O L O G Y S P E C I A L S E C T I O N VOLUME 8 The Influence of Mechanical and Thermal Forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Climate GUOXIONG WU,* YIMIN LIU,*