Severe Winds Due To Mountain Waves Along the Western Foothills of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
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1 Severe Winds Due To Mountain Waves Along the Western Foothills of the Southern Appalachian Mountains by David M. Gaffin: National Weather Service, Morristown, TN Matt Hinkin: WATE-TV Chief Meteorologist, Knoxville, TN
2 Relief and Geographic Map of the Southern Appalachian Region
3 Great Smoky Mountains National Park
4 Mountain Waves Are Similar To Stationary Waves Formed By Boulders In a River
5 Conceptual Model of a Large-Amplitude Stationary Mountain Wave
6 Mountain Wave Theory Previous research has found that the following conditions increase the likelihood of mountain waves: A cross-barrier wind flow exceeding 20 mph that is roughly 30 0 of perpendicular to the mountain ridges (southeast wind for the western foothills) A stable layer extending above the mountain ridge (stable air mass causes winds to descend after crossing the main mountain ridge) A vertical wind profile in which the wind increases with height and a critical level develops where the wind flow becomes parallel to the mountain ridges
7 Mountain Wave Theory (continued) Existence of a mountain barrier with a gentle windward slope and a steep leeward slope. Cove Mountain has reported higher wind gusts than Clingman s Dome (2,500 feet higher). Cove Mountain is near the foothills and is downwind of the highest and steepest mountain ridges in the National Park. Camp Creek in southeast Greene County frequently reports strong wings likely due to the location of the French Broad River Valley on the other side of the mountains.
8 Cross-section vertical profile of the southern Appalachian Mountains from northwest (left side) to southeast (right side); generally shows a steeper profile along the western slopes
9 Climatology of Mountain-Wave-Induced High Winds at Cove Mountain (no significant correlation to El Nino or La Nina)
10 Climatology of Mountain-Wave-Induced High Winds at Cove Mountain (most events occur between November and March)
11 Climatology of Mountain-Wave-Induced High Winds at Cove Mountain (most events occur at night when stable layers are more prevalent)
12 Headline on October 18, 2006 from the Knoxville News Sentinel Newspaper
13 Observations on October 17, 2006 Most roads in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park were closed due to fallen trees. Greene County schools were closed due to numerous trees down around the Camp Creek area. Wind gusts up to 106 mph at Cove Mountain 72 mph at Clingman s Dome (only available from May-October) 63 mph at Cades Cove 59 mph at Look Rock Only 5 to 15 mph in the Great Tennessee Valley
14 Wind Gusts on October 16-17, 2006 (1 m/s = 2.24 mph; 47 m/s = 105 mph)
15 Visible Satellite Imagery on October 17, 2006 at 11:31 am EDT
16 Surface Fronts and Isobars at 8 am EDT on October 17, 2006
17 Sounding (upstream of the mountains) at 8 am EDT on October 17, 2006
18 Winds at 850 mb (~5,000 feet MSL) at 8 am EDT on October 17, 2006
19 Recent Mountain Wave Events That Produced Strong Winds in the Foothills Four examples of high wind events due to mountain waves along the western slopes of the southern Appalachians: 17 October 2006 (winds measured up to 106 mph at Cove Mountain in the foothills of the Smokies) 9 March 2011 (winds measured to 83 mph at Camp Creek) December 2009 (winds measured up to 94 mph at Cove Mountain in the foothills of the Smokies) 20 December 2012 (winds measured up to 90 mph at Cove Mountain in the foothills of the Smokies)
20 Video from October 17, 2006 (winds measured up to 106 mph at Cove Mountain in the foothills of the Smokies)
21 Video from March 9, 2011 Event (winds measured to 83 mph at Camp Creek)
22 Historic Coughran Barn in Cades Cove of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
23 Historic Coughran Barn After the December 2009 Event (winds measured up to 94 mph at Cove Mountain in the foothills of the Smokies)
24 Overturned 18-Wheel Truck at Camp Creek on December 20, 2012 (winds measured up to 90 mph at Cove Mountain in the foothills of the Smokies) Photo: Mark Reynolds, WJHL-TV
25 Roof Damage at Camp Creek on December 20, 2012 Photo: Mark Reynolds, WJHL-TV
26 Siding Damage at Camp Creek on December 20, 2012 Photo: Mark Reynolds, WJHL-TV
27 More Information (wind speeds are in meters per second) Data from the NOAA observation site at Camp Creek can be found at Data from the Cove Mountain observation site can be found at Several research papers concerning mountain waves along the western foothills of the southern Appalachian Mountains can be found on the NWS Morristown website at
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