Nondestructive Concrete Crosstie Support Condition Back-Calculator
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1 Nondestructive Concrete Crosstie Support Condition Back-Calculator 2017 RIVIT Conference Champaign, IL 21 June, 2017 Zhengboyang Gao, Marcus S. Dersch, Yu Qian, and J. Riley Edwards
2 Slide 2 Problem statement, research objective, and approach Support condition back-calculator Development Validation Field Demonstration Outline Quantification of ballast pressure Application of Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) Preliminary conclusions Future work
3 Slide 3 Problem Statement and Research Objective Challenges: It is inherently difficult to quantify a crosstie s support condition without waiting for a qualitative metric (cracking, etc.) Therefore, it is difficult to optimize surfacing cycles to protect infrastructure assets (crossties, ballast, etc.) Objectives: Develop a nondestructive & nonintrusive method quantifying a crosstie s support condition Provide rail industry with a tool to better prioritize surfacing Approach: Back-calculate ballast support conditions from measured concrete crosstie bending moments
4 Slide 4 Problem statement, research objective, and approach Outline Support condition back-calculator Development Validation Field Demonstration Quantification of ballast pressure Application of Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) Preliminary conclusions Future work
5 Slide 5 Support Condition Back-Calculator Facts 2-D Crosstie Bending Model Optimization Algorithm Laboratory Validation
6 Slide 6 2-D Crosstie Bending Model Crosstie divided into 6 bins of equal width: Each bin consists a percentage of total reaction force 9 model inputs: Known bending moments from 7 locations 5 from strain gauges, 2 from end conditions 2 approximated rail seat loads (from WILD or rail-mounted strain gauges) Rail seat load is assumed to be uniformly distributed across rail seat 2 boundary conditions: Force equilibrium (all bins should sum to approximately 100%) Force value for each bin should not be negative Rail Seat Load Rail Seat Load Strain Gauge Bin 1 Bin 2 Bin 3 Bin 4 Bin 5 Bin 6
7 Slide 7 Support Condition Back-Calculator Facts 2-D Crosstie Bending Model Optimization Algorithm Laboratory Validation
8 Definition: A probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function Benefits: Optimization Algorithm: Simulated Annealing Has a probability of accepting a worse solution Slide 8 Pareto distribution is chosen as random variable generator Avoids stopping at a local optimum Wikipedia: Simulated Annealing
9 Slide 9 Support Condition Back-Calculator Facts 2-D Crosstie Bending Model Optimization Algorithm Laboratory Validation
10 Slide 10 Laboratory Experimentation Equipment Loading frame - Static Load Testing Machine (SLTM) at RAIL Supporting rubber pads
11 Slide 11 Lab Setup and Back-Calculator Result: Lack of Rail Seat Support Lab Setup Back-Calculator Result
12 Slide 12 Comparison between Lab Support Conditions and Back-Calculator Results Full Support Lack of Center Support Light Center Binding High Center Binding
13 Slide 13 Problem statement, research objective, and approach Support condition back-calculator Development Validation Field Demonstration Quantification of ballast pressure Outline Application of Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) Preliminary conclusions Future work
14 Slide 14 Field instrumentation Site Layout 50 surface strain gauges installed on 10 crossties Instrumented Crossties Zone 2 Thermocouple Instrumented Crossties Zone 1 Traffic Direction Nearby Wheel Impact Load Detector (WILD) site provides wheel load data
15 Slide 15 Ballast Pressure Limit States Ballast pressure calculated based on uniform reaction assumption: 32 psi Ballast pressure calculated based on AREMA allowable subgrade bearing stress (25 psi) using the Talbot equation: 55 psi h = ( 16.8pp aa pp cc ) 4/5 Where, h = Ballast + subballast depth (assumed to be 18 ) pa = Stress at bottom of tie (top of ballast) pc = Allowable subgrade stress AREMA allowable ballast pressure under concrete crossties: 85 psi
16 Distribution of Ballast Pressure for Instrumented Crossties Slide 16
17 Slide 17 Distribution of Ballast Pressure under Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 5/26/2015
18 Slide 18 Distribution of Ballast Pressure under Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 5/26/2015
19 Slide 19 Distribution of Ballast Pressure under Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 5/26/2015
20 Slide 20 Distribution of Ballast Pressure under Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 5/26/ Crosstie Bins Zone 1 Ballast Pressure (psi) Ballast Pressure (kpa) Zone
21 Slide 21 Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) A quantifiable value which estimates the uniformity of ballast distribution below a crosstie Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) is defined as the calculated ballast pressure, normalized to the theoretical, uniform ballast pressure within each bin BBBBBB = PP cc PP uu Where, BPI = Ballast Pressure Index P c = Pressure calculated from back-calculator P u = Pressure based on assumed uniform support
22 Slide 22 Ballast Pressure Index for Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 5/26/2015 Zone 2 Zone 1 Void (BPI = 0) Uniform Support (BPI = 1.0) Hotspot (BPI = 2.66)
23 Slide 23 Ballast Pressure Index for Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 7/8/2015 Zone 2 Zone 1 Void (BPI = 0) Uniform Support (BPI = 1.0) Hotspot (BPI = 2.66)
24 Slide 24 Ballast Pressure Index for Loaded Axle: 8:00 AM, 8/14/2015 Zone 2 Zone 1 Void (BPI = 0) Uniform Support (BPI = 1.0) Hotspot (BPI = 2.66)
25 Slide 25 Ballast Pressure Index for Loaded Axle: 10:00 AM, 8/14/2015 Zone 2 Zone 1 Void (BPI = 0) Uniform Support (BPI = 1.0) Hotspot (BPI = 2.66)
26 Slide 26 Ballast Pressure Index for Loaded Axle: 1:00 PM, 8/14/2015 Zone 2 Zone 1 Void (BPI = 0) Uniform Support (BPI = 1.0) Hotspot (BPI = 2.66)
27 Slide 27 Crosstie Curling due to Temperature Gradient Small gap between crosstie bottom and ballast Crosstie curling is a real, measurable phenomena
28 Slide 28 Problem statement, research objective, and approach Support condition back-calculator Development Validation Field Demonstration Outline Quantification of ballast pressure Application of Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) Preliminary conclusions Future work
29 Slide 29 Preliminary Conclusions Back-calculator was developed and validated in the laboratory Back-calculator provides a quantitative assessment of ballast support conditions/pressure demand on the ballast Ballast Pressure Index (BPI) can be easily used to estimate the uniformity and variability of ballast pressure Ballast pressures below crossties within the field test site were highly variable Allowable subgrade bearing stress and ballast surface stress were exceeded at times, thus indicating the potential for accelerated ballast deterioration Effect of temperature gradient on ballast pressure redistribution was more significant than 3 months of traffic
30 Slide 30 Future Work Needed Continue collecting field data to investigate effect of tonnage on ballast deterioration rate Compare ballast pressure distributions on different sites under different traffic Determine feasibility of quantifying support through crosstie displacement (laser/visual assessment) Develop autonomous system that can provide instantaneous feedback regarding set pressure thresholds that would help railroad prioritize surfacing activities and improve infrastructure life
31 Slide 31 Acknowledgements Funding for this research has been provided by: National University Rail (NURail) Center, a US DOT-OST Tier 1 University Transportation Center Industry Partnership and support has been provided by Union Pacific Railroad BNSF Railway National Railway Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) Progress Rail Services GIC Ingeniería y Construcción Hanson Professional Services, Inc. CXT Concrete Ties, Inc., LB Foster Company TTX Company For providing guidance and advice Steve Mattson, Henry Wolf and Prof. Yanfeng Ouyang For assistance with lab/field testing and data processing Matt Csenge, Josué Bastos, Alejandro Reyes, Quinn Todzo, Matheus Trizotto, Camila Silva, and Brevel Holder FRA Tie and Fastener BAA Industry Partners:
32 Slide 32 Contact Information Zhengboyang Gao Graduate Research Assistant Marcus S. Dersch Senior Research Engineer Yu Qian Research Engineer J. Riley Edwards Senior Lecturer and Research Scientist
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