Control Optimization
|
|
- Meghan Smith
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Control Optimization Control Hookups Dual Rates Flight Modes/Conditions M AX R ES O LU T I O N EFLRS75 = PRECISION [D/R & EXPO] AILERON Pos-0 Low D/R 70% L 70% R Pos-1 High 100% L 100% R EXP +15% +15% +25% +25% Exponential Differential Mixing SURFACE DEFLECTION D LINEAR PRECISION 25% 50% 75% 100% STICK DEFLECTION NOTICE: Learning to program modern radios is unquestionably the greatest hurdle for most pilots. However, the simple solution is to create another model memory in the radio for each airplane that won t be used for flying so that you are free to learn and even experiment with the settings without any concern about messing things up. Also note that trying to learn how to program a radio sitting on a couch reading the manual does little good. For things to make sense, you must have the airplane in front of you with the switches on in order to see cause-and-effect. When concerns about making a mistake are removed because you re going to end up erasing the practice model memory at some point, you may actually find learning to program the radio stimulating and fun! 11
2 Control Setup Introduction There are a number of control setup fundamentals to consider before a pilot can begin taking advantage of the radio capabilities aimed at fine tuning a precision flying setup. Firstly, how a model handles (and thus the skills required to fly it) is mainly determined by how fast and how far the control surfaces deflect, regardless of whether the airplane is small, large, high or low performance. I.e., it s possible to make a high performance aerobatic airplane relatively docile by reducing the control surface travels, or make a primary trainer reasonably responsive by increasing travels. In short, YOU primarily determine how an airplane will handle. Thus, while the manufacturer s recommended low rate and expo percentages are usually ok starting points, don t make the mistake of thinking that they are what the manufacturer intends you to stay with or get used to. Sticking with the logic that the best airplane setup is the one that compliments the type of flying the person does most often, each pilot must fine tune the controls to suit his or her current skill level in order to fly their best. Furthermore, whenever you here someone claim that one aerobatic airplane flies better than another, if you exclude psychological influences, the differences are usually setup related and often both can be made to fly equally well simply by changing a travel or exponential setting for example. Indeed, once you ve graduated to a tapered wing plane like an Extra, Edge, MX, Cap, Sukhoi, Yak, etc., they are all equally capable and any differences that are not setup related are usually so minor that only an expert flyer could detect them. What matters is will yours be set up to promote rapid advancement and how far will you take it? It s important to note that airplanes set up to achieve the extreme control surface deflections needed to fly 3D also require large amounts of programmable exponential to reduce control sensitivity around neutral. However, using large amounts of expo means sacrificing the 1-to-1 correlation between the control inputs and airplane response that s so important during precision flying. Thus, when not flying 3D, you should avoid using large amounts of expo in order to maintain a more predictable linear control setup favorable to precision aerobatics, takeoff and landing, etc.. In fact, for a lot of reasons, most pilots would be wise to delay the distraction of trying to set up their planes for 3D until their skills and confidence have evolved to where 3D flying is even an option. The point is that it doesn t matter what the airplane is capable of it fails to survive long enough to start trying new things. Consider that every year thousands of perfectly good aerobatic airplanes are damaged or sold simply because they are set up for what pilots hope to do with them in the future, but in the mean time they end up looking for another airplane when the one they were flying proves too difficult to fly (and land). On the other hand, those who set up their airplanes to suit their immediate comfort level not only experience a boost in confidence that enables them to concentrate on flying well, their success just made any future goals more likely to be achieved. 12 KPTR: Sometimes the best solutions are so simple that they re easily overlooked...to immediately start flying better, adjust the travels to your liking, rather than you trying to adjust to the plane!
3 EFL R S75 Maximum Control Surface Resolution for Precision Flying When possible, the ideal control hookup for smooth precision flying is to attach the pushrod to the hole closest to the center of the servo and the furthest out hole on the control horn to achieve maximum resolution and mechanical advantage (torque). Then, increase/decrease the radio percentages to achieve the recommended travel and ultimately the desired handling. If more travel is needed even after maxing the percentage in the radio, you ll have to sacrifice some resolution and mechanical advantage by moving out on the servo arm and/or closer to the control surface. Explained: Servos are designed to move a certain number of incremental steps at 100% travel. Increasing and decreasing the travel percentage in the radio increases or decreases travel by adding or removing steps, yet the size of the steps remain the same. Connecting the pushrod closer to the center of the servo means that a higher travel percentage will have to be programmed into the radio due to the very small (fine) amount that each step is actually moving the pushrod, thus increasing the resolution of a given control surface travel. On the other hand, achieving the same travel with the pushrod connected near the end of the servo arm will require a lower travel percentage in the radio, thus reducing resolution and causing a more coarse (abrupt) control surface movement for each incremental step that the servo arm moves. Of course, 3D pilots must sacrifice resolution in order to achieve the large travels necessary to perform extreme 3D stunts. Therefore, before attaching the pushrods, you ll have to decide whether the plane will be used primarily for 3D stunt flying or precision aerobatics. Once again, there s no in-the-middle and those who try to set up an airplane for both will end up with a plane that does neither as well as it could. While it s true that some exceptionally skilled pilots are able to fly precision with a 3D setup, it takes immense amounts of concentration and practice, with the slightest lapse in concentration immediately resulting in jerky flying. EFLRS75 Inside hole 1/2 travel = many fine steps. 60 (150% travel) 30 (75% travel) 25 1/2 Neutral Pushrod travel Outside hole 1/2 travel = less than half the steps and resolution relative to the inside hole. The servo arm resolution is extremely fine close to the center of the servo, and more coarse (chunky) near the end of the servo arm. Thus, connecting the pushrod at the end of the servo arm results in a more sensitive/touchy control response, whereas connecting the pushrod closer to the center of the servo produces a smoother more precise control response and feel. Maximum resolution and mechanical advantage is achieved with the pushrod attached to the hole closest to the servo and furthest out on the control horn. Just make sure that there isn t any binding near the travel limits with this arrangement. KPTR: When set up for maximum resolution, the control response is much smoother and more closely matches the precise inputs and intentions of the pilot! 13
4 Setting True Control Surface Neutrals Some of the obstacles that pilots encounter stem from a fixation on lining up only part of the control surface at neutral and failing to step back and look at the position of the surface overall. Note that most lightweight wood ailerons, rudders and elevators are inherently twisted for part or all of their length, and thus you should never exclusively use the inboard root or tip of the control surface to set neutral. Instead, you must look at the entire length of the control surface and identify any twists or bows, and then average the twist to set the true neutral position. E.g., a little down at the tip, up at the root, and neutral at the half-span, is true neutral! Furthermore, to reduce the potential for programming errors, and to simplify the fine tuning process at the flying field, as a rule, always try to mechanically set the control surface neutrals, and only use the radio to fine tune things when it becomes absolutely necessary. (Full length twisted aileron example) Half span = Do not exclusively use the inboard root or tip of the control surface to set neutral. Instead, identify and average any twists to set the true neutral control surface position.! Also, do not make the mistake of lining up the forward leading edges of the rudder and elevator balance tabs with the leading edges of the horizontal and vertical stabilizers. Doing so with a twisted control surface won t be truly neutral! When the twist is averaged, the balance tab will appear askew, but the surface overall will be neutral and therefore more favorable to early flying success. true aileron neutral Aerodynamic balance tab! Vertical stabilizer This is a good place to mention that when setting up dual servos on a single aileron, only connect one servo to the control surface. Then line up the other ball link with the hole that will be used on the other servo arm and watch that the ball link remains lined up with the servo arm throughout the full range of travel. If the 2nd servo ball link lags behind or outruns the servo arm, make the necessary adjustments to avoid damaging the servo or the control surface. (Twisted elevator halves example) Despite one elevator looking like it is up, and the other down, they are actually both neutral when the twists are averaged. EFLRS75 Before attaching the 2nd servo ball link, watch that it remains aligned with the hole in the servo arm throughout the full travel. 14 KPTR: Amidst all the programming distractions, don t forget to step back to see whether the setup looks correct overall.
5 Dual Rates/Flight Modes/Conditions and Travel Considerations While a computer radio with dual rates/flight modes and exponential is not mandatory for flying precision aerobatics, it s a great asset when fine tuning the airplane s handling to make it easier to fly, and a must to fly 3D. Typically, high rates are set up to achieve maximum travels for extreme 3D flight and taxiing in strong winds, whereas low (normal) rates provide optimum travels for precision aerobatics, takeoff and landing. While it might sound like dual rates would enable precision aerobatic pilots to ideally set up different control responses for different maneuvers, those who do so often end up taking longer to achieve proficiency because they are, in effect, having to learn to fly TWO different handling airplanes! Just like driving a car, it proves to be much easier to master one consistent setup and learn to change the size of your control inputs depending on the situation than to try to juggle different rates. Therefore, it s recommended that dual rates principally be used to switch between precision flying and extreme stunt or taxi mode. Tip: When using dual rates, it s recommended that all the dual rate (and expo) settings be put on one switch to make it simpler to switch back and forth. Page through any R/C magazine today and it s obvious that 3D flying is a major influence on the sport. Because 3D tends to bias manufacturers to recommend larger control surface deflections for both high AND low rates, most pilots will find it immediately necessary to reduce the manufacture s low rate percentages to be able to takeoff, maneuver, and land comfortably. Notice: When setting up the control surface travels or making adjustments, it is critically important that you physically measure the control surface deflections in ALL directions! For a variety of reasons, it is very likely that you will have to program different percentages to achieve the same control surface travel in both directions. Pilots often neglect to physically measure all the control surface deflections in both directions because they assume that things are equal based merely on the numbers they read off of the transmitter. Consequently, some pilots end up unhappy with the way their planes handle, or assume that having to make numerous and/or large adjustments at the flying field is an indication of a faulty design. In some cases there may simply be more left aileron travel than right, or one elevator half deflects more than the other, and except for that their airplanes are fine. Note: Remember to continually re-check the positions of the curser, D/R, and flight mode/condition switches when programming the high rate, low rate, and exponential settings for each control. (Sooner or later everyone, including the pros, overlooks this and has to go back and reprogram -- assuming they catch it.) [D/R & EXPO] AILERON D/R Pos-0 Low 74% L 70% R Pos-1 High 150% L 143% R EXP +15% +15% +40% +40% Different percentages are often required to achieve equal deflections on the actual control surfaces in both directions. = = = = KPTR: Transmitter settings should be based on actual deflections and your current skill/comfort level, not # s on a screen! 15
6 R Programmable Exponential Methodologies The high rate control surface deflections required to fly 3D would otherwise cause an airplane to be too responsive and hard to control between stunts. Thus, one of the principle uses of programmable exponential is to reduce the servo travel around neutral to enable pilots to fly with the feel of normal rates when making smaller inputs, but then rapidly ramp up beyond that. When it comes to low rates, the domination of the 3D mind-set in the sport causes most manufacturers to recommended low rates that, while lower relative to 3D rates, are still too responsive for most pilots. That is why many manufacturers recommend large amounts of expo (in excess of 25%) even on low rates, but as a consequence, pilots lose the 1-to-1 correlation between their control inputs and plane response that is better suited to precision flying. When low rates are truly optimized for precision flying, the objective is to use just enough expo to achieve a linear control response. Explained: Due to the changing geometry of the rotating servo arm relative to the pushrod, the servo arm deflects the control surface at a higher (faster) rate during the first 25% of travel than it does approaching the travel limit. Adding approx % expo on low rates is a good starting point to compensate for the inherent rate discrepancy of the changing servo arm geometry to achieve a linear deflection rate throughout. Note: As a rule, add 5-10% additional expo (= 15-25%) when the airplane features over-sized 3D control surfaces to help compensate for the inherent greater sensitivity. (Once again, you can be fairly certain that an airplane has over-sized surfaces when references to 3D occur in its name or ad description.) You should similarly set up the throttle curve with an approx. 25% mid-point reduction in order to achieve a more linear throttle response. Ultimately, the low rate expo objective is to achieve a comfortable linear connected to the airplane control feel, not to make the plane docile or compensate for a poor setup or over-controlling tendencies. Hence, if the plane is too responsive, try reducing the low rate percentage before you start adding more expo. Later, when your flying progresses to a point where you need to add more travel, add some more expo as well to maintain the same general handling. Of course, if you start sensing a lag or wet noodle control feel between your inputs and the airplane, you ve gone too far with the expo D SURFACE DEFLECTION D E F L E C T I O N PRECISION SURFACE DEFLECTION D E F L E C T I O N D Max Travel High rate 50% Expo 25% 50% 75% 100% STICK DEFLECTION EFL S75 Adding approx % expo on low rates compensates for the inherent rate discrepancy of the changing servo arm geometry in order to achieve a linear deflection rate throughout and thus a more direct 1-to-1 correlation between the pilot s inputs/intentions and the plane. Precision Actual linear low rate flight response Low rate 15% Expo curve on screen 25% 50% 75% 100% 16 KPTR: Low rate expo is intended to provide a linear control feel, not to make the plane docile. STICK DEFLECTION
7 Optional Differential Aileron Travel and Aileron-Rudder Mix Adverse Yaw: An inherent yaw/skid during banks and rolls caused by the wing with the down aileron generating more drag than the wing with the up aileron. Result: Banks and rolls are less axial and the initial skid/lag causes the plane to be out-of-sync with the pilot s inputs. Solution: Differential aileron and rudder deflecting in the same direction as the ailerons prevents the nose from skidding. Adverse yaw is thus prevented, banks and rolls are smoother and more axial, and pilots feel more connected to the plane. Adverse yaw is an inherent opposite yaw/skid that often accompanies aileron deflections (caused by the down aileron wing generating more lift and therefore drag than the wing with the up aileron). As a result, the airplane will sometimes feel out-of-sinc with the aileron inputs, especially at slower speeds and applying larger inputs. This is why some pilots can fly around OK, but then struggle to control the airplane during landing! Note that adverse yaw is especially pronounced on flat-bottom wing airplanes, and tends to be much less on symmetrical wing planes. One option to reduce adverse yaw on symmetrical wing airplanes is to program a slight (5-10%) amount of differential aileron travel (more up aileron deflection than down) to increase drag on the up aileron wing so that both wings generate similar amounts of drag -- thereby improving control and helping to make banks and rolls slightly more axial. The effect of differential tends to be small and thus doesn t completely eliminate adverse yaw. Therefore, differential aileron should be viewed as a refinement that helps make a good flying airplane just a little bit better. The principle way to eliminate adverse yaw is to input rudder in the same direction as the aileron. This is relatively easy to do with a flat-bottom wing airplane because the adverse yaw is so pronounced that the ratio of aileron and rudder inputs is typically 1-to-1. It is, however, almost impossible for a person to coordinate the small amount of rudder needed to eliminate the small amount of adverse yaw that occurs on a symmetrical wing airplane. Therefore, this a case for employing a slight 1-5%Aileron-Rudder (A/R) mix on low rates. Since the A/R mix ratio is 1-to-1 aileron-ruddder deflections on a flat-bottom wing airplane, and almost nil on a symmetrical wing, the starting A/R mix on a semi-symmetrical wing airplane would be half as much rudder as aileron deflection to eliminate adverse yaw. Note: Differential aileron and A/R mixing help upright/positive aerobatic maneuvers, but would not be appropriate for airplanes that spend a lot of time performing inverted/outside maneuvers. Thus, if your aerobatic flying features more positive maneuvers than outside, it s smart to set up your airplanes with a slight aileron differential anda/r mix, but not so much that it overly impacts outside maneuvers. Sample Low Rate Differential (3 wide aileron) Deflections 15 up travel = 3/4 12 down = approx. 5/8 Sample Aileron-Rudder Mix Ratios (measured in degrees of deflection) Flat-bottom wing = 15 Aileron travel + 15 Rudder travel Semi-symmetrical wing = 15 Aileron travel + 7 Rudder travel Fully-symmetrical wing = 15 Aileron travel + 1 Rudder travel 20 KPTR: A slight amount of aileron differential and A/R mix automatically provides a slightly crisper control feel and more axial banks and rolls during positive maneuvers.
8 Knife Edge Mixes and General Mixing Principles As you know, modern programmable radios allow you to automatically mix a secondary control with your primary input in order to reduce or eliminate some of the unwanted deviation tendencies that occur during aerobatics. Exhibit A: Holding in left rudder during knife edge flight results in the airplane also gently rolling left. The most widely applied aerobatic mix is Rudder-Aileron to aid knife edge flight. Example: While holding in rudder to sustain a knife edge, most high performance aerobatic airplanes tend to gently roll in the direction that the rudder is applied. Therefore, flyers routinely mix a small amount of opposite aileron with the rudder to minimize the rolling tendency during knife edge. Rudder-Elevator is the other common knife edge mix: While holding in rudder to sustain a knife edge, most airplanes tend to pitch (tuck) toward the belly or canopy. Therefore, flyers routinely mix a small amount of up or down elevator with the rudder to minimize the tucking tendency during knife edge. Remembering that everything in aviation is a tradeoff, it s important to note that each mix that you put in may only be applicable to that maneuver. That mix may indeed turn out to be contrary to what s needed during another maneuver, or end up causing a deviation somewhere else that otherwise would not have existed. That is why you must be prudent with your mixes. For the average pilot, the process of programming mixes typically unfolds this way; When a new maneuver is practiced, a pilot will detect a tendency that he will try to eliminate using a mix. As more maneuvers are introduced, he ll start running into situations where the deviation that he wants to remove is actually caused by an earlier mix. What follows is many hours of experimentation to determine which mixes to keep, which need to be reduced, removed, or reversed, and when to take the initiative to start making the correction input(s) himself. You should at least activate/create both Rud-Ail and Rud-Elev mixes in your transmitter so they re ready to go when you need them, but start with zero percentages until you know what is actually needed. Knife Edge Mix scenario A: Mixing a small amount of right aileron with left rudder cancels the roll tendency during knife edge. M5 Reduce Mix A Add Mix D M4 M6 Remove Mix C Add Mix C M3 M7 Reduce Mix D Add Mix B M2 Practice Add Mix A Maneuver 1 Each mix tends to work best only for the maneuver that prompted it, so, to avoid having to do a lot of back tracking as more and more maneuvers are practiced, pilots must limit their mixes. KPTR: A mix can simplify the maneuver for which it is intended, but potentially introduce deviations elsewhere if not used carefully. 25
9 Programmable Mixing Principles Cont. As a rule, unless you intend to only fly a few maneuvers, the most efficient and effective use of mixing is to limit your low rate aerobatic mixes to no more than 5-10%. (Having to program more than a 10% mix on low rates is likely indicative of something fundamentally wrong with the airplane that is probably causing problems in other areas as well, or, the airplane isn t meant to do that maneuver.) If the tendency that you want to correct is slight, try a 5% mix. If it is more noticeable, try a 10% mix. Limiting each mix to 5-10% (15% max) should help make your flying easier without having too much impact on other maneuvers or causing you to do a lot of back-tracking as your repertoire increases. Here again, mixes should be viewed as refinements used to make a good flying airplane even better, but because of all the variables, mixing will never make the airplane fly perfectly. Thus, at a certain point every good pilot shifts from chasing variables to focusing on learning to fly the airplane better. [PROG. Mix1] RUDD AILE Pos0-5 Pos EXP ON As a rule, try to limit your precision aerobatic mixes to under 10% in order to avoid creating deviations elsewhere that otherwise would not have existed. Tip: If the option exists, activate expo on each mix to smooth out the mix transitions. NOTICE: Many tendencies are held in check at higher speeds, and only show up when the plane is flying slower. Some tendencies show up at higher throttle settings, but not when the throttle is low. A lot of mixes are therefore only appropriate at certain airspeeds and throttle settings. This partly explains why those who look to mixing to take the place of developing better flying skills experience little overall improvement. Sure, a person could spend a lifetime flipping switches and trying to program complex mixing curves in an attempt to eliminate every unwanted tendency through the radio. But, at a certain point, the returns for all that effort are negligible. At some point, you will have to settle for being close on your setup and start focusing on improving your flying skills. Conversely, one can travel across the country today and observe flyers involved in an endless cycle of trying to dial into their radios the corrections that they could easily be making, only to have to keep repeating the process each time conditions change, or a new maneuver grabs their interest, or a different airplane is flown. Indeed, programming their radios has become their hobby! In many cases, it no longer even occurs to people that sometimes the simplest and most effective thing that they could do to improve their flying is learn to make the corrections. So, while mixes can prove very helpful, nothing will remotely impact your flying as much as improving your flying skills. 26 KPTR: Mixes are there to help you, but are no substitute for learning the proper skills needed to fly the maneuvers!
10 EFL R S75 Fundamental Setup Rules-of-thumb: Account for any twist in each control surface and average the twist to set the true neutral position. Full length twisted aileron: Half span = true neutral Optional down thrust to reduce P-factor (asymmetric propeller thrust) during positive maneuvers. Also to provide a counter force against climbing at higher airspeeds and assist inverted flight. -2 DN Positive wing incidence to generate the lift needed to support the plane s weight (rather than having to use elevator trim). JOB SPECIFIC +½ Lift C.G. Neutral stab for neutral pitch stability throughout all maneuvers and at all airspeeds. 0 Pushrods connected to the holes closest to the servos and furthest out on the control horns to achieve maximum resolution (precision) and mechanical advantage (strength). [TRAVEL ADJ] ELEV D97% U94% RUDD L85% R88% AILE L87% R92% Weight C.G. at wing s center-of-pressure pitch axis (thickest point) for neutral pitch stability throughout all maneuvers and at all speeds. Physically measure each control surface deflection to confirm proper travel in both directions (noting that different percentages are usually required to achieve the same travel in both directions). Cardinal setup rules-of-thumb for greater neutral stability and optimum precision aerobatic handling: 0 Stab incidence relative to datum ½ Pos. wing incidence relative to stab 2 Right thrust relative to centerline & fin 2 Down thrust relative to datum & stab wing s thickest point in-line with wing s center-of-pressure 2 R Right thrust to counter the effects of propwash at slower airspeeds with higher power settings. Also assists in reducing the effects of P-factor. 0 Neutral fin for neutral directional stability at higher airspeeds. 28 Program 10-15% expo on low rates to maintain a precise correlation between the control inputs and airplane response. Add 5-10% additional expo when the airplane features over-sized 3D control surfaces. Initially fine tune general handling by changing Dual Rate and/or travel percentages, then secondarily fine tune the expo settings. CAUTION: Avoid changing any part of the setup to try to help a certain flight condition or individual maneuver! The best airplane setup provides optimum overall handling that compliments the majority of things a pilot does, including takeoffs and landings. From that solid footing, shift attention to learning to fly the plane.
"Aircraft setup is a constant process really. Every
The R/C Aircraft Proving Grounds - Aerobatics Setup Set Up for Success by: Douglas Cronkhite "Aircraft setup is a constant process really. Every time something is changed, there is the chance it will affect
More informationBuilding Good Habits for a Better Future Aileron-Rudder Mixing Explained
Building Good Habits for a Better Future Aileron-Rudder Mixing Explained By Dave Scott. Instructor, 1st U.S. R/C Flight School Illustrations by Dave Scott Adverse Yaw Introduction The following article
More informationAdvanced Aerobatic Airplane Guidelines
Note: The following information might upset career aerodynamicists because it does not also include explanations of Mean Aerodynamic Center, Decalage, Neutral Point, and more when describing how to achieve
More informationTwo Finger Solution. Exponential Control Response D E F L E C T. Surface Deflection I O. Stick Deflection
Two Finger Solution Transmitter Handling Tips to Maximize Flying Consistency and Proficiency By Dave Scott. Instructor, 1st U.S. R/C Flight School Illustrations by Dave Scott Introduction Opinions vary
More informationAerobatic Trimming Chart
Aerobatic Trimming Chart From RCU - Chip Hyde addresses his view of Engine/Motor thrust. I run almost no right thrust in my planes and use the thottle to rudd mix at 2% left rudd. to throttle at idle.
More information3D Torque Roll Introduction
3D Torque Roll Introduction The awe inspiring torque roll consists of rolling to the left while hovering. There are two methods pilots use to effect torque rolls. The first is to establish a stable hover
More informationHumpty Bump. Cross-Box Bridge
1ST U.S. R/C FLIGHT SCH OL 1/4 1/4 Humpty Bump Cross-Box Bridge 1/4 1/4 Tip: When diagnosing the type of corrections your airplane requires, esp. on uplines, first assess whether the deviation is slight,
More informationBasic Maneuvers Basic Loop Round Loop Basic Roll Horizontal Roll Consecutive Rolls Basic 4-Point Roll Horizontal 4-Point Roll
DS Basic Maneuvers Basic Loop Round Loop Basic Roll Horizontal Roll Consecutive Rolls Basic 4-Point Roll Horizontal 4-Point Roll B-40 DS Rapid Learning One Step at a Time Correctly flown, all aerobatic
More informationPERFORMANCE MANEUVERS
Ch 09.qxd 5/7/04 8:14 AM Page 9-1 PERFORMANCE MANEUVERS Performance maneuvers are used to develop a high degree of pilot skill. They aid the pilot in analyzing the forces acting on the airplane and in
More informationFront Cover Picture Mark Rasmussen - Fotolia.com
Flight Maneuvers And Stick and Rudder Skills A complete learn to fly handbook by one of aviation s most knowledgeable and experienced flight instructors Front Cover Picture Mark Rasmussen - Fotolia.com
More informationGold Seal s Top Five Landing Mistakes
Gold Seal s Top Five Landing Mistakes by Russell Still, MCFI Copyright 2017 by Atlanta Flight, Inc. Mistake #1 Excess Airspeed Almost all landing mistakes come from the same pool of pilot errors. Many
More informationFlight Control Systems Introduction
Flight Control Systems Introduction Dr Slide 1 Flight Control System A Flight Control System (FCS) consists of the flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkage, and necessary
More informationII.E. Airplane Flight Controls
References: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-8083-3-25 Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to
More informationNORMAL TAKEOFF AND CLIMB
NORMAL TAKEOFF AND CLIMB CROSSWIND TAKEOFF AND CLIMB The normal takeoff is one in which the airplane is headed directly into the wind or the wind is very light, and the takeoff surface is firm with no
More informationAerodynamics Principles
Aerodynamics Principles Stage 1 Ground Lesson 3 Chapter 3 / Pages 2-18 3:00 Hrs Harold E. Calderon AGI, CFI, CFII, and MEI Lesson Objectives Become familiar with the four forces of flight, aerodynamic
More informationOttawa Remote Control Club Wings Program
+ Ottawa Remote Control Club Wings Program Guide line By Shahram Ghorashi Chief Flying Instructor Table of Contents Rule and regulation Quiz 3 Purpose of the program 4 Theory of flight Thrust 4 Drag 4
More information14 The Divine Art of Hovering
14 The Divine Art of Hovering INTRODUCTION Having learned the fundamentals of controlling the helicopter in forward flight, the next step is hovering. To the Hover! In many schools, hovering is one of
More informationTHE AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT Issue /07/12
1 INTRODUCTION This series of tutorials for the CIX VFR Club are based on real world training. Each document focuses on a small part only of the necessary skills required to fly a light aircraft, and by
More informationC-130 Reduction in Directional Stability at Low Dynamic Pressure and High Power Settings
C-130 Reduction in Directional Stability at Low Dynamic Pressure and High Power Settings The C-130 experiences a marked reduction of directional stability at low dynamic pressures, high power settings,
More informationVIII.A. Straight and Level Flight
VIII.A. Straight and Level Flight References: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-H-8083-25 Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop the
More informationWinnipeg Headingley Aero Modellers. Things About Airplanes.
Winnipeg Headingley Aero Modellers Things About Airplanes. Table of Contents Introduction...2 The Airplane...2 How the Airplane is Controlled...3 How the Airplane Flies...6 Lift...6 Weight...8 Thrust...9
More informationXI.B. Power-On Stalls
XI.B. Power-On Stalls References: AC 61-67; FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge
More informationVI.A-E. Basic Attitude Instrument Flight
References: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-8083-3-15 Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to
More informationXI.C. Power-Off Stalls
References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of stalls regarding aerodynamics,
More informationAIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS A I R C R A F T G E N E R A L K N O W L E D G E
1.02.02 AIRCRAFT PRIMARY CONTROLS 1. 0 2 A I R C R A F T G E N E R A L K N O W L E D G E CONTROLLING AIRCRAFT AIRCRAFT CONTROL SYSTEM In general, we use control inputs of the following devices in cabin:
More informationPrinciples of glider flight
Principles of glider flight [ Lecture 2: Control and stability ] Richard Lancaster Email: Richard@RJPLancaster.net Twitter: @RJPLancaster ASK-21 illustrations Copyright 1983 Alexander Schleicher GmbH &
More informationFinal Geography Project Come Fly With Me
Final Geography Project Come Fly With Me Introduction: The purpose of this culminating project will be to demonstrate your knowledge of famous cities, geophysical features and landmarks from around the
More informationDAS. Getting Airborne PHASE I. Parallel Lines L C. Ground Reference Targets -- Projecting Flight Paths - Object as a Whole and Wind B-8
DAS Getting Airborne LC - Parallel Lines -- Ground Reference Targets -- Projecting Flight Paths - L C Object as a Whole and Wind B-8 DAS Parallel Lines: The Foundation of Consistent Aerobatics In this
More informationVIII.A. Straight and Level Flight
VIII.A. Straight and Level Flight References: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-H-8083-25 Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop the
More informationV mca (and the conditions that affect it)
V mca (and the conditions that affect it) V mca, the minimum airspeed at which an airborne multiengine airplane is controllable with an inoperative engine under a standard set of conditions, is arguably
More informationXII.A-D. Basic Attitude Instrument Flight
References: FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-8083-3-15 Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to
More informationBuilding Instructions ME 163 B 1a M 1:5 Turbine
Building Instructions ME 163 B 1a M 1:5 Turbine Thank you for choosing our kit of the Me-163B. We ask you to read the instruction once in advance before building this kit in order to avoid mistakes. Make
More informationStability and Flight Controls
Stability and Flight Controls Three Axes of Flight Longitudinal (green) Nose to tail Lateral (blue) Wing tip to Wing tip Vertical (red) Top to bottom Arm Moment Force Controls The Flight Controls Pitch
More informationCIVIL AIR PATROL United States Air Force Auxiliary Cadet Program Directorate. Cessna 172 Maneuvers and Procedures
CIVIL AIR PATROL United States Air Force Auxiliary Cadet Program Directorate Cessna 172 Maneuvers and Procedures This study guide is designed for the National Flight Academy Ground School. The information
More informationMy Background. Joe Wurts 1
My Background Flying RC sailplanes since 1976 First competition 1977 US Nationals, placed 2 nd Only pilot to win world champion for both FAI recognized soaring disciplines FAI world record holder for declared
More informationTest Glides Before Landing
Test Glides Before Landing As soon as you achieve some comfort in the air, start preparing for the landing while you still have plenty of battery. Before attempting a landing, you should get acquainted
More informationVII.H. Go-Around/Rejected Landing
VII.H. Go-Around/Rejected Landing References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge
More informationMedium, Climbing and Descending Turns
Basic Concepts Medium, Climbing and Descending Turns A medium turn is defined as a turn using up to 30 degrees angle of bank. Climbing and descending turns are combined with medium turns within this briefing,
More informationLesson: Pitch Trim. Materials / Equipment Publications o Flight Training Manual for Gliders (Holtz) Lesson 4.4 Using the Trim Control.
11/18/2015 Pitch Trim Page 1 Lesson: Pitch Trim Objectives: o Knowledge o An understanding of the aerodynamics related to longitudinal (pitch) stability o Skill o Use of the pitch trim system to control
More informationClimbs, descents, turns, and stalls These are some of the maneuvers you'll practice, and practice, and practice By David Montoya
Climbs, descents, turns, and stalls These are some of the maneuvers you'll practice, and practice, and practice By David Montoya Air work stalls, steep turns, climbs, descents, slow flight is the one element
More informationXI.D. Crossed-Control Stalls
References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should understand the dynamics of a crossed-control stall
More informationFlying Wings. By Henry Cole
Flying Wings By Henry Cole FLYING WINGS REPRESENT THE THEORETICAL ULTIMATE IN AIRCRAFT DESIGN. USE THESE IDEAS, AVAILABLE AFTER A YEAR, OF RESEARCH, TO DEVELOP PRACTICAL MODELS. The rubber version of this
More informationMaximum Rate Turns. Objective To carry out a balanced, maximum rate, level turn using full power.
Advanced Manoeuvres Maximum Rate Turns To achieve the maximum rate of turn, the greatest possible force toward the centre of the turn is required. This is achieved by inclining the lift vector as far as
More informationBench Trimming A Stunt Ship
Bench Trimming A Stunt Ship by Brett Buck "Bench Trimming" - this refers to setting up the initial trim of the airplane in the shop prior to flight. Since people have been flying stunt in its current form
More informationRefined Cuban Turnaround Sequence. Applying the float over the top to a half Cuban improves not only loop precision, the float also buys.
A Refined uban Turnaround Sequence Applying the float over the top to a half uban improves not only loop precision, the float also buys more altitude and therefore time to apply additional precision to
More informationTAILWHEEL AIRPLANES LANDING GEAR TAXIING
Ch 13.qxd 5/7/04 10:04 AM Page 13-1 TAILWHEEL AIRPLANES Tailwheel airplanes are often referred to as conventional gear airplanes. Due to their design and structure, tailwheel airplanes exhibit operational
More informationSpin Training. Bob Wander Soaring Books & Supplies Website:
Spin Training Bob Wander Soaring Books & Supplies Website: www.bobwander.com E-Mail: Soarbooks@aol.com This Presentation Is Based On A Chapter In: Why Is Spin Training Important? Spins have been with us
More informationSetting Up the JR XP9303 Computer Radio
Setting Up the JR XP9303 Computer Radio Written By: Sherman L. Knight, Team JR Posted: 2005-05-12 The evolution of JR's computerized radios continues with the introduction of the new XP9303. This new radio
More informationPreliminary Design Review (PDR) Aerodynamics #2 AAE-451 Aircraft Design
Preliminary Design Review (PDR) Aerodynamics #2 AAE-451 Aircraft Design Aircraft Geometry (highlight any significant revisions since Aerodynamics PDR #1) Airfoil section for wing, vertical and horizontal
More informationRelated Careers: Aircraft Instrument Repairer Aircraft Designer Aircraft Engineer Aircraft Electronics Specialist Aircraft Mechanic Pilot US Military
Airplane Design and Flight Fascination with Flight Objective: 1. You will be able to define the basic terms related to airplane flight. 2. You will test fly your airplane and make adjustments to improve
More informationDraganflyer Trainer FLIGHT TRAINING
Draganflyer Trainer FLIGHT TRAINING 1 of 7 New Operator Flight Training For customers of the Draganflyer X4P, X8, X6, and X4 UAV who are new to the operation of multirotor aircraft, we would like to introduce
More informationCIRCLING THE HOLIGHAUS WAY -
CIRCLING THE HOLIGHAUS WAY - OR DO YOU REALLY WANT TO KEEP THE YAW STRING CENTERED? BY RICHARD H. JOHNSON ANSWERS: 1. During Straight Flight - YES, that minimizes drag and maximizes the sailplane's performance.
More informationCHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS
CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 9 PROPELLERS CONTENTS PAGE How Lift is Generated 02 Helix Angle 04 Blade Angle of Attack and Helix Angle Changes 06 Variable Blade Angle Mechanism 08 Blade Angles 10 Blade Twist 12 PROPELLERS
More informationFlightlab Ground School 7. Longitudinal Dynamic Stability
Flightlab Ground School 7. Longitudinal Dynamic Copyright Flight Emergency & Advanced Maneuvers Training, Inc. dba Flightlab, 2009. All rights reserved. For Training Purposes Only Introduction to is the
More informationAviation Merit Badge Knowledge Check
Aviation Merit Badge Knowledge Check Name: Troop: Location: Test Score: Total: Each question is worth 2.5 points. 70% is passing Dan Beard Council Aviation Knowledge Check 1 Question 1: The upward acting
More informationG-BCKU Aerobatic Sequences
G-BCKU Aerobatic Sequences Flight Manual Edition No. 1 REIMSjCESSNA FRA l50l November 1971 AEROBATIC MANEUVERS AEROBATIC-CONSIDERATIONS The FRAl50L is certificated in the Aerobatic Category for the maneuvers
More informationA103 AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES
A103 AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES References: FAA-H-8083-25A, Pilot s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 3 (pgs 4-10) and Chapter 4 (pgs 1-39) OBJECTIVE: Students will understand the fundamental aerodynamic
More informationAircraft Stability and Control Prof. A. K. Ghosh Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur. Lecture- 25 Revision
Aircraft Stability and Control Prof. A. K. Ghosh Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur Lecture- 25 Revision Yes, dear friends, this is the mann ki baat session for lateral
More informationTeachings From An American Style Fighter Kite
Teachings From An American Style Fighter Kite When flying a fighter kite, one of my goals is to adjust the kite so its flight characteristics match, as close as possible, the way I want the kite to fly.
More informationRigging the Pitts by Doug Sowder, IAC #14590
Rigging the Pitts by Doug Sowder, IAC #14590 Pitts not flying so straight anymore? Don t believe that a Pitts can fly hands-off? Maybe you need to set aside a Saturday and do some rigging. The maintenance
More informationZIPWAKE DYNAMIC TRIM CONTROL SYSTEM OUTLINE OF OPERATING PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE AUTOMATIC MOTION CONTROL FEATURES
ZIPWAKE DYNAMIC TRIM CONTROL SYSTEM OUTLINE OF OPERATING PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE AUTOMATIC MOTION CONTROL FEATURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS 3 3 PITCH AND ROLL ANGLES 4 4 AUTOMATIC
More informationX-29 Canard Jet. A Simple Depron Foam Build.
X-29 Canard Jet. A Simple Depron Foam Build. Two full sized X-29 s were built and the first flew in 1984. They were experimental aircraft, testing this unusual configuration of a canard jet with swept
More informationStraight and Level. Basic Concepts. Figure 1
Basic Concepts Straight and Level This lesson should start with you asking the student what they did in the last lesson, what do they remember, and determining if they have remembered correctly. We must
More informationGleim Private Pilot Flight Maneuvers Seventh Edition, 1st Printing Updates February 2018
Page 1 of 11 Gleim Private Pilot Flight Maneuvers Seventh Edition, 1st Printing Updates February 2018 If you are tested on any content not represented in our materials or this update, please share this
More informationPRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS. AILERONS Ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis. The ailerons are attached to the outboard trailing edge of
Aircraft flight control systems are classified as primary and secondary. The primary control systems consist of those that are required to safely control an airplane during flight. These include the ailerons,
More informationAugust HAPPY BIRTHDAYS Joesph Litosky - September 1 Robert Guienot - September 11 Edward Mickle - September 27
AUGUST CLUB MEETING The next Wright Flyers club meeting will be on Saturday, August 25 at 12:00 Noon at the WF Field. MINUTES OF JULY MEETING There are no minutes; the meeting was cancelled. HAPPY BIRTHDAYS
More informationDEFINITIONS. Aerofoil
Aerofoil DEFINITIONS An aerofoil is a device designed to produce more lift (or thrust) than drag when air flows over it. Angle of Attack This is the angle between the chord line of the aerofoil and the
More informationHomework Exercise to prepare for Class #2.
Homework Exercise to prepare for Class #2. Answer these on notebook paper then correct or improve your answers (using another color) by referring to the answer sheet. 1. Identify the major components depicted
More informationTHE NEW JR-9303 COMPUTER RADIO By: Sherman L. Knight Kirkland, Washington. Version 1.0 April 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE NEW JR-9303 COMPUTER RADIO By: Sherman L. Knight Kirkland, Washington Version 1.0 April 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...4 Channel Assignments...6 Programming Review...7 Recommended Changes to
More informationDIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA
MT DIREION DE PERSONL ERONUTIO DPTO. DE INSTRUION PREGUNTS Y OPIONES POR TEM 1 TEM: 0114 TP - (HP. 03) ERODYNMIS OD_PREG: PREG20078023 (8358) PREGUNT: What is the safest and most efficient takeoff and
More informationComfortable View Warmup Flights
CHRIST Comfortable View Warmup Flights Airplane as a Whole and Wind Body Rotation - Push Away / Pull In D-48 In this section: D-50 illustrates positioning your first warmup flights in comfortable view.
More informationClub Aerobatics events are held at club level and both FW and heli pilots can participate on the same routine.
What is Club Aerobatics? There are already competitions and structures in place with respect to Radio Controlled Fixed Wing (FW) and Helicoptors. Club Aerobatics (CA) is not to compete or replace these
More informationAdvanced Stalling. L = CL ½ ρ V 2 S. L = angle of attack x airspeed. h L = angle of attack x h airspeed. Advanced Manoeuvres
Advanced Manoeuvres Advanced Stalling This Advanced Stalling lesson covers the factors that affect the observed airspeed and nose attitude at the stall. Although the aeroplane always stalls when the aerofoil
More informationLAPL(A)/PPL(A) question bank FCL.215, FCL.120 Rev PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 080 1 Density: Is unaffected by temperature change. Increases with altitude increase. Reduces with temperature reduction. Reduces with altitude increase. 2 The air pressure that acts
More informationDIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA
MT DIREION DE PERSONL ERONUTIO DPTO. DE INSTRUION PREGUNTS Y OPIONES POR TEM 1 TEM: 0292 FLT/DSP - (HP. 03) ERODYNMIS OD_PREG: PREG20084823 (8324) PREGUNT: When are inboard ailerons normally used? Low-speed
More informationThe canard. Why such a configuration? Credit : Jean-François Edange
The canard Why such a configuration? Credit : Jean-François Edange N obody doubtless knows that a great majority of light or heavy planes share a common design. Schematically, we find a fuselage, wings
More informationfile://c:\program Files\Microsoft Games\Microsoft Flight Simulator X\FSWeb\lessons\Stud...
Page 1 of 7 Lesson 2: Turns How Airplanes Turn Fly This Lesson Now by Rod Machado There are many misconceptions in aviation. For instance, there are pilots who think propwash is a highly specialized detergent.
More informationPRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
CHAPTER 3 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT INTRODUCTION Man has always wanted to fly. Legends from the very earliest times bear witness to this wish. Perhaps the most famous of these legends is the Greek myth about
More informationAccident Prevention Program
Accident Prevention Program Wind Shear "Tonto 55, final controller, how do you read...?" "55, loud and clear." This has been a good flight thought the Instructor Pilot (IP) as the pilot in front smoothly
More informationTranslation of 109 high speed trials. Spring Plane: 109 F with G wings W.Nr Original german text is included.
Translation of 109 high speed trials Spring 1943 Plane: 109 F with G wings W.Nr. 9228 Original german text is included. What is so special about the 109 horizontal stabilizer trim? Like modern jets the
More informationApril 4, Eye of Experience #12: Understanding the Stall
April 4, 1999 Eye of Experience #12: Understanding the Stall Stall entry and recovery is one of the most discussed and cussed portions of a flight training syllabus. Yet, AVweb's Howard Fried believes
More informationPROCEDURES GUIDE. FLIGHT MANEUVERS for the SPORT PILOT
Page 1 of 10 PROCEDURES GUIDE FLIGHT MANEUVERS for the SPORT PILOT * Author s Note: Whereas this procedures guide has been written for a specific application, it can easily be modified to fit many different
More informationThings to remember when flying N102RE or any Taildragger
Page 1 of 8 Things to remember when flying N102RE or any Taildragger 1. The Center of Gravity (CG) is behind the main between a taildragger (i.e. conventional gear airplane) and a tricycle gear airplane
More informationCOCKPIT STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT, CLIMBS AND GLIDES. By Harold Holmes (EAA ), CPI 1038 Inverrary Lane Deerfleld, IL 60015
COCKPIT STRAIGHT AND LEVEL FLIGHT, CLIMBS AND GLIDES By Harold Holmes (EAA 220238), CPI 1038 Inverrary Lane Deerfleld, IL 60015 J. HE OBJECTIVE OF straight and level night as stated in the Maldon Books
More informationwind wobble unstable
Rocket Stability During the flight of a model rocket, gusts of wind or thrust instabilities, can cause the rocket to "wobble", or change its attitude in flight. Poorly built or designed rockets can also
More informationTecnam Eaglet Standard Operating Procedures and Maneuvers Supplement
Tecnam Eaglet Standard Operating Procedures and Maneuvers Supplement Normal Takeoff Flaps Take Off Trim set Fuel pump on Check for traffic Line up on white stripe Full power Stick should be located in
More informationKLINE-FOGLEMAN AIRFOIL COMPARISON STUDY FOR SCRATCH- FOAM AIRPLANES
[KF AIRFOIL EVALUATION BY RICH THOMPSON (KAOS2)] February 15, 2008 KLINE-FOGLEMAN AIRFOIL COMPARISON STUDY FOR SCRATCH- BUILT FOAM AIRPLANES There have been many claims about the performance traits of
More informationCompass Use. Objective To turn accurately onto and maintain compass headings, compensating for known errors in the magnetic compass.
Instrument Flying Compass Use The magnetic compass is the primary navigation aid for most light aeroplanes. It is the only instrument in most light aeroplanes that indicates the correct heading. The directional
More informationAero Club. Introduction to Flight
Aero Club Presents Introduction to RC Modeling Module 1 Introduction to Flight Centre For Innovation IIT Madras Page2 Table of Contents Introduction:... 3 How planes fly How is lift generated?... 3 Forces
More informationGT-4130 STUNT PLANE. 3 Channel 2.4GHz RC Aeroplane Modelled after the famous Cessna 182 Skylane SKYLARK (GT-4130) Contents & Accessories
GT-4130 STUNT PLANE 3 Channel 2.4GHz RC Aeroplane Modelled after the famous Cessna 182 Skylane SKYLARK (GT-4130) Contents & Accessories Remote Control Remote Control Setup BATTERY & POWER SPECIFICATION
More informationTHERMALLING TECHNIQUES. Preface
DRAFT THERMALLING TECHNIQUES Preface The following thermalling techniques document is provided to assist Instructors, Coaches and Students as a training aid in the development of good soaring skills. Instructors
More informationSee the diagrams at the end of this manual for judging position locations.
Landing Events Penalties General Judges should use airport diagrams, satellite pictures or other means to determine, as accurately as possible, assessments of landing pattern penalties. Judges should be
More informationNSRCA Club or Novice Class. Maneuver Descriptions. And. Suggested Downgrades
NSRCA Club or Novice Class Maneuver Descriptions And Suggested Downgrades August 18, 2016 Purpose: The purpose of this guide is to furnish an accurate description of each maneuver of the NSRCA Club or
More informationTrimming and Flying a Hand Launch Glider A basic and beginners guide by Kevin Moseley
Trimming and Flying a Hand Launch Glider A basic and beginners guide by Kevin Moseley First and foremost, I am by no means a master at what I have done, or do, in hlg or the class. I am fortunate enough
More informationrobart HOW-TO Series Model Incidence Meter
robart HOW-TO Series Model Incidence Meter The term incidence is something of a misnomer since this highly versatile tool is capable of measuring or comparing angles other than incidence of a wing or tail.
More informationS-TEC. Pilot s Operating Handbook
S-TEC Pilot s Operating Handbook List of Effective Pages * Asterisk indicates pages changed, added, or deleted by current revision. Retain this record in front of handbook. Upon receipt of a Record of
More informationManeuver Descriptions
2017-2018 Senior Pattern Association Section III Maneuver Descriptions NOTE: MANEUVER DESCRIPTIONS THAT FOLLOW ARE TAKEN VERBATIM FROM THE APPROPRIATE AMA RULE BOOKS FROM WHICH THE MANEUVERS WERE TAKEN.
More informationROAD MAP... D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings D-2: Boundary Layer and Viscous Effects D-3: XFLR (Aerodynamics Analysis Tool)
Unit D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings Page 1 of 5 AE301 Aerodynamics I UNIT D: Applied Aerodynamics ROAD MAP... D-1: Aerodynamics of 3-D Wings D-: Boundary Layer and Viscous Effects D-3: XFLR (Aerodynamics
More informationTAKEOFF & LANDING IN ICING CONDITIONS
Original idea from Captain A. Wagner T TAKEOFF & LANDING IN ICING CONDITIONS here have been a number of accidents related to take-off in conditions in which snow and/or other forms of freezing precipitation
More informationNorthern Rocky Mountain Division
Northern Rocky Mountain Division Adaptive Snowboard Level 1 Riding Requirements Riding Skills Work with your trainer(s) on the following riding demonstrations and tasks, any item listed may be used for
More information