United Nations Environnement Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) AREA

Transcription

1 United Nations Environnement Programme Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) REGIONAL PROJECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE AND COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION (MEDMPA) ACTIVITY MP2: ELABORATION OF A MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE MARINE AREA OF RDUM MAJJIESA AND RAS IR-RAHEB IN MALTA Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave (July 2003) ICRAM Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca Applicata al Mare Rome, Italy The MedMPA Project is financially supported by the European Commission

2 Team Leader: Leonardo TUNESI Prepared by: Sabrina AGNESI, Taira DI NORA, Giulia MO, Andrea MOLINARI Coordinated by: Atef LIMAM The authors would like to thank the following for their valuable support: Alfred E. BALDACCHINO, Patrick J. SCHEMBRI, Sara DEBONO, Prassede GRECH, Carmen MIFSUD, Konrad PIRROTTA

3 Contents Page I. INTRODUCTION 4 I.1. STATE OF THE ART 4 I.2. DRAWBACKS 4 I.3. PROPOSED AREAS OF WORK 4 I.4. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT 5 I.5. A MULTI-OBJECTIVE MARINE PROTECTED AREA 5 I.6. STUDY AREA 6 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES 7 II.1. NATURALISTIC FEATURES 7 II.1.1. Biocoenoses 7 II.1.2. Fish fauna 7 II.1.3. Protected species 8 II.1.3.a Pinna nobilis (Mollusca, Bivalvia) 8 II.1.3.b Lithophaga lithophaga (Mollusca, Bivalvia) 8 II.1.3.c Astroides calycularis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) 8 II.1.3.d Ophidiaster ophidianus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) 9 II.1.3.e Centrostephanus longispinus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) 9 II.1.3.f Aplysina areophoba (Porifera, Demospongiae) 9 II.1.4. Geology 10 II.1.5. Geomorphology 10 II.1.6. Coastal vegetation 11 II.1.7. Beaches 11 II.2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES 11 II.2.1. Bathing 11 II.2.2. Scuba Diving 12 II.2.3. Snorkelling 12 II.2.4. Professional and recreational fishing 12 II.2.5. Boating 13 II.2.6. Boat traffic 13 II.2.7. Tourist facilities 14 II.2.8. Boathouses 14 III. DEFINITION OF THE MARINE PROTECTED AREA VISION 15 III.1. ZONING PROPOSAL 17 III.2. REQUESTS, PROPOSALS AND COMMENTS ABOUT PROPOSED ZONING 19 III.3. MANAGEMENT ACTIONS 20 II.3.1. Protection of the natural diversity of marine biocoenosis 21 III.3.2. Protection of the natural diversity of fish assemblages 23 III.3.3. Protection of Pinna nobilis 24 Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 2

4 III.3.4. Protection of Lithophaga lithophaga 26 III.3.5. Protection of Astroides calycularis 27 III.3.6. Protection of Ophidiaster ophidianus 28 III.3.7. Protection of Centrostephanus longispinus 29 III.3.8. Protection of Aplysina areophoba 30 III.3.9. Protection of marine endangered species hypothetically present in the 30 area III Protection of the geologic formations 31 III Protection of the geomorphologic formations 32 III Protection of the coastal vegetation 32 III Promotion and development of tourist activities of low environmental 32 impact III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of bathing and beach 35 use activities III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of scuba-diving 37 activities III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of snorkelling 41 activities III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of boating activities 43 III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of aquatic sports 44 III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of tourist facilities 45 III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of professional and recreational fishing 46 III.4. COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION, AWARENESS 49 III.4.1. Communication activities 49 III.4.1.a Information about the marine protected area 49 III.4.1.b Current regulations 49 III.4.1.c MPA supplied services 50 III.4.1.d Development of themes on outstanding topics (geomorphologic 51 aspects, biology, history etc.) III.4.1.e Topics related to conservation policies and environmental 51 sustainability not strictly in relation with the area III.4.1.f Communication aimed at schools 51 III.4.1.g Communication involving mass media tools 51 III.4.2. Environmental Education Centre (EEC) 53 III.4.2.a Aims 53 III.4.2.b Major operational goals of the EEC 53 IV. MANAGEMENT BODY 55 V. CONCLUSION 57 REFERENCES 58 Annex 1 Annex 2 Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 3

5 I. INTRODUCTION A management Plan is a tool that specifies how to protect, use, develop and manage a marine protected area (Eagles et al., 2002). It must provide clear directions for actions that must be undertaken to maintain and/or restore the ecological integrity, and yet, its function is also to stimulate a suitable development and use of the area. In particular, the main goal of a marine protected area Management Plan should construct a network of activities that ensure an ecologically sustainable use of the natural resources. To this effect, the management planning must be considered as a process, and not as an event (Thomas and Middleton, 2003), that is why the elaboration of the management Plan is one of the most important elements. I.1. STATE OF THE ART The present document has been elaborated by analysing segments of information obtained from Documentation relative to data requested by and collected for the Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca scientifica e Tecnologica Applicata al Mare (January 2003), and indications extracted from the consultative stage held in Malta (Annex 1). Two types of information are commonly needed for environmental management (Clark, 1996): a) Basic level data information that measures environmental conditions and the current position of resources before the beginning of the conservation project and/or the managing actions; b) Information from monitoring data: information that measures possible changes that occur consequently to the undertaken actions. Many topics dealing with the status of natural resources and socio-economics or on impacts due to human activities within the area are poorly documented. I.2. DRAWBACKS The very low level of basic information does not allow the delineation of clear management indications about all environmental variables and socio-economic impacts that each action could determine. Another limit faced in the presently outlined planning process is due to the lack of information on available budget. This prevented us to link intervention costs to specific sources of funding. In addition, Malta has at present no legislative framework of reference for the setting up, regulation and management of marine protected areas. This is why it is not possible to give precise indications on management activities and specific preventive measures for use limitation. In fact, during this stage, neither is it possible to appraise the feasibility of the proposed actions, due to lack of resources and legislative framework; nor is it possible to foresee the effects of single actions. I.3. PROPOSED AREAS OF WORK Within the framework of the implementation of the activities listed in the present document, priority is given to surveys aimed at the collection of basic information deemed necessary for the formulation and adoption of those basic measures, which are functional for the correct establishment and functioning of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). To this effect, it is important to underline that the results of actions developed from incomplete datasets, reflecting a partial picture, could prove to be incoherent with the objectives of the MPA establishment. Furthermore, regulations based on inappropriate data could even reveal themselves counterproductive because they could generate sources of conflict with the involved economic and social categories. It is also important to remember that the avocation of actions which could in a second moment reveal themselves unachievable from an economic/legislative point of view may lead to lack of credibility on behalf of the local community, thus compromising the success of the MPA. Kelleher however (1999) suggests that the lack of data should not delay the formulation of a management Plan, so as to avoid the decision-making paralysis. A plan may also be drafted through a simple description of physical, biological and socio-economic features of the area, bequeathing the chore of data set collection to the future managers. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 4

6 The objective of the present document is to generate a description of the area which should provide a support tool for the understanding of the present situation and which highlights the need for subsequent basic data collection. It also identifies some criteria on which activities should be planned and suggests those which may be achieved over the short and medium term. Duration of work: The activities foreseen within this document refer to a time period lasting up to 5 years ensuing the MPA establishment. I.4. ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT Results obtained from achieved activities will be useful for an adaptive management of the area, and should contribute to the process of continued improvement of the efficiency of the proposed system. Adaptive management is a cyclic, learning-oriented approach to the management of complex environmental systems that are characterised by high levels of uncertainty about system processes and the potential ecological, social and economic impacts of different management options. As a generic approach, adaptive management is characterised by management that monitors the results of policies and/or management actions, and integrates this new learning, adapting policy and management actions as necessary. As a specific approach, it involves the integration of multiple knowledge (scientific, local and indigenous) in the exploration of a management problem, in management goal setting and in management planning (Jacobson, 2003). I.5. A MULTI-OBJECTIVE MPA MPAs are usually established to comply with several and different objectives, increasing the efficiency and increasing the value of the area within the coastal and marine zone (NRC, 2001). Management of multi-objective MPAs (Salm et al., 2000) integrates marine environmental conservation within a sustainable development of economic activities, such as: Protection of significant zones of outstanding natural value; Moderating the intensity of present uses of environmental resources, especially those implying taking both from the marine and the coastal area (zones where there are direct impacts on the MPA) Restoration of degraded areas; Definition of sustainable levels of use of resources present in the area; Promotion of activities with low environmental impact and positive economic and social impacts; Increase and transfer of scientific knowledge, also through educational and interpretation activities. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 5

7 I.6. STUDY AREA The MPA is located in the coastal zone between Rdum Majjesa and Raheb Cave. Many human activities take place in the study area with substantial levels of human presence, often highly concentrated in space and time, especially along the coastline, in particular at Golden Bay, Ghajn Tuffieha and Gnejna. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 6

8 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE RESOURCES The analysis of the state of resources is based on data collected within the CAMP Malta project (UNEP-MAP, 2003), on information present in the technical report titled Documentation relative to data requested by and collected for the Istituto Centrale per la Ricerca scientifica e Tecnologica Applicata al Mare (January 2003), and on indications that emerged during the consultation phase that was held in Malta (March-April 2004) (Annex 1). II.1. NATURALISTIC FEATURES II.1.1. Biocoenoses Context analysis: status and threats The main benthic populations present in the area are as follows: on soft substrates, Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa meadows; on hard substrates, where Posidonia is absent, communities of photophilic algae (Cystoseira spinosa var. tenuior) and at greater depths communities of sciaphilous algae (Dictyopteris poliploides, Cystoseira squarrosa, Sargassum vulgare and S. acinarium) are present. The 9 different ecomorphoses of Posidonia oceanica are present and on hard substrates they are sometimes flanked by other associations of algae. Posidonia is protected for well-known reasons including the presence of nursery areas, the mitigation of water movement and primary production. Cymodocea is considered an important source of primary production contributing to the stabilisation of sandy bottoms. Photophilic algae harbour nursery sites and grazing areas. Communities of sciaphilous algae are particularly rich with a high specific density. The presence of Maerl (community of arbuscular rhodolites found on the European and Atlantic coasts subjected to strong tidal currents; in the Mediterranean the association is commonly described as free living melobesia). II.1.2. Fish Fauna Context analysis: status and threats Existing information on fish communities in the study area are scarce and consist of indications on the presence of specific species observed over the different types of seabed. Particularly in areas where the seabed is covered with cobbles, rocks, and photophilic algae (Ras il-wahx, Rdum Majjiesa, Il-Minzel tal-majjiesa, It-Trozz, Il-Qala tà l-lmgarr), the presence of nektonic species such as Boops boops, Chromis chromis and necto-benthic species such as Mullus surmuletus, Scorpaena sp., Coris julis, Labrus bimaculatus, Diplodus sargus, Oblada melanura, Serranus scriba, Apogon imberbis, Conger conger, Muraena helena, Sphyraena sphyraena has been recorded. In addition to the above mentioned species, large shoals of S. sphyarena, Seriola dumerili, Dentex dentex, and Epinephelus marginatus can be found in areas with rocky cliffs (Ras il-pellegrin and Ras ir-raheb), and sand banks (Ras il-wahx and Ras il- Pellegrin), at greater depths. Dentex dentex, and Epinephelus marginatus individuals (even young ones) are also present in scree areas characterised by rocks and boulders. The presence of various rays (Raja spp., Dasyatis spp., Torpedo marmorata) has been recorded near sand banks and slopes (also on soft substrates and in shallow waters). In areas with Posidonia oceanica meadows (Ras il-wahx, Rdum Majjiesa, Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il-Bajja tal-qarraba, Ras il-pellegrin, Il-Qala tà l-lmgarr and Il-Bajja tà Fomm ir-rih) the following species have been recorded: Serranus scriba, Xyrichtys novacula, Chromis chromis, Boops boops, Oblada melanura, Apogon imberbis, Mullus surmletus, Coris julis, Labrus bimaculatus, Sarpa salpa. The following species: Psetta maxima, Trachinus vipera, Mullus barbatus, Chromis chromis and Sarpa salpa have been identified in sandy areas (Ir-Ramla tal- Mixquqa, Ghajn Tuffieha headland), also in association with Cymodocea nodosa (Il-Minzel tal Majjiesa, Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il-Bajja tal-qarraba, Il Bajja tal-gnejna, Il Bajja tà Fomm ir- Rih) and Caulerpa racemosa (il-bajja tal-qarraba, Il Bajja tal-gnejna, Il-Qala tà l-lmgarr, -Il-Bajja tà Fomm ir-rih). It should be stressed that, in general, fish fauna is strongly influenced by the type of seabed and in particular fish communities are characterised by a greater number of species and individuals (> interest) in correspondence with areas of greater rugosity and habitat density (hard substrates and Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 7

9 rock walls> seabed with rocks and boulders with photophilic algae > P. oceanica > C. racemosa > C. nodosa > Sand and soft substrate). The main impacts result from illegal fishing (trolling, fishing with scuba gear), the overexploitation of resources due to the lack of management and regulation of fishing activities and the destruction of coastal habitats (mussel fishing at Ras il Pellegrin, discharge into the sea). II.1.3. Protected species II.1.3.a Pinna nobilis (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Context analysis: status and threats The species is listed in: Annex 4 of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora, Animal and plant species of Community interest in need of strict protection and Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPAMI protocol) Endangered or Threatened Species, and Appendix 2 of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) Strictly Protected Animal Species hence, it is a protected species. It is present on sandy, gravel substrates and up to a depth of 60 m, and is often found in Posidonia beds. As far as its distribution in the future MPA is concerned, information on its distribution and conservation status is very scant, although some information identifies it in the Rdum Majjiesa to Il Qarraba area, and Il-Pellegrin and Il-Bajja ta Fomm ir-rih. The species is vulnerable to Posidonia oceanica meadow degradation, anchoring and trawling activities and excessive sedimentation. To this effect it would also appear interesting to collect information on Posidonia oceanica meadow degradation, anchoring and trawling activities. The species is also somewhat vulnerable to collection. II.1.3.b Lithophaga lithophaga (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Context analysis: status and threats The species is listed in: Annex 4 of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora, Animal and plant species of Community interest in need of strict protection and Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPAMI protocol) Endangered or Threatened Species, and Appendix 2 of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) Strictly Protected Animal Species hence, it is a protected species It is present on calcareous rocky substrates at m depth. Its distribution in the future MPA occurs in the limestone bedrock between Il-Bajja tal Qarraba and Il-Bajja tal Gnejna, and at Il- Pellegrin, and Il-Baja ta Fomm Ir-Rih, and Raheb Cave. The species is vulnerable to illegal fishing practices with dynamite and scuba gear and underwater compressors which have serious implications in terms of alterations to the substrate and its communities as well as exposing the coast to subsequent erosion. II.1.3.c Astroides calycularis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) Context analysis: status and threats The species is listed in: Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPAMI protocol) Endangered or Threatened Species, and Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 8

10 Appendix 2 of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) Strictly Protected Animal Species hence, it is a protected species It is distributed on rocky coralligenous substrate, from the surface to 50 m depth. Its distribution in the future MPA occurs in small patches on rocky under hangs of boulder fields and in Raheb Cave. The species is vulnerable to Lithophaga lithophaga fishing practices (dynamite fishing or fishing with underwater compressor). NOTE: of importance not so much because of the need to protect it but because it confers high aesthetic value in terms of underwater landscape beauty value. II.1.3.d Ophidiaster ophidianus (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) Context analysis: status and threats The species is listed in: Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPAMI protocol) Endangered or Threatened Species, and Appendix 2 of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) Strictly Protected Animal Species hence, it is a protected species It is present on rocky substrates and in coralligenous formations at depths of m. Its distribution in the future MPA occurs on boulders off the Qarraba Promontory and Il-Bajja ta Fomm ir-rih and drop-offs of that region. The species is vulnerable to interaction with nets and take by divers and recreational fishermen, although this threat is not very big in the study area. II.1.3.e Centrostephanus longispinus (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) Context analysis: status and threats The species is listed in: Annex 4 of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora, Animal and plant species of Community interest in need of strict protection and Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPAMI protocol) Endangered or Threatened Species, and Appendix 2 of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention) Strictly Protected Animal Species hence, it is a protected species It is distributed on sandy, muddy, detritic, phanerogam and hard bottom substrates, at depth ranges: m. Its distribution in the future MPA occurs in cavities on the rock face drop-off of Ix-Xaghra tal- Majjiesa, and Il-Bajja Ta Fomm Ir-Rih. The species is vulnerable to interaction with fishing activities (nets) and collection. II.1.3.f Aplysina areophoba (Porifera, Demospongiae) Context analysis: status and threats The species is listed in: Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (SPAMI protocol) Endangered or Threatened Species It is distributed in rocky detritic substrates and amongst phanerogam beds, at 1-20 m depth. Its distribution in the future MPA seems to be limited in the drop-offs of the southern boundary of the Fomm ir-rih region. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 9

11 The species is vulnerable to: ecological alterations of rocky calcareous shallow substrates (excessive sedimentation etc.). II.1.4. Geology Context analysis: status and threats The main geomorphologic characteristics of the study area are: Rdum/Boulder screes situated in the areas of Ras il-wahx, Rdum Majjiesa, In-Nahhalija, Il- Qarraba, Il-Barumbara, Il-Qala tà I-lmgarr that present unique geologic features consisting of different rock typologies providing possible refuge for various species of flora and fauna and for many endemic species. Impacts due to pollution, removal of rocks and pebbles and erosion have been recorded. Blue clay slopes situated in the areas of Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il-Qarraba, Ras il-pellegrin are very rare even unique formations supporting steppe communities. They are subject to strong impact from erosion provoked by construction and by the use of terraced roads, by trampling, fire, and lack of vegetation; Shoreline cliffs (Vertical cliffs) situated in the areas of Ras ir-raheb have a strictly aesthetic value and constitute a refuge for biota and nesting sites. Pollution and the presence of quarries are the principle causes of degradation; Wave cut terraces and shore platforms, situated in the areas of Il-Bajja tal-qarraba, Il-Bajja tal Gnejna and Ras il-pellegrin, occupy a limited surface area. They are suffering degradation due to pollution from hydrocarbon spills and the consequent accumulation of tar and incrusting biota is damaged by trampling. Cobble beaches situated in the area of Il-Bajja tà Fomm ir-rih are rare formations of high aesthetic value primarily threatened by pollution; Semi submerged caves situated in the area of Ras il-pellegrin and Ras ir-raheb are rare formations of considerable aesthetic value. They shelter sciaphilous communities and provide nesting sites for birds and bats. This geological formation suffers from the impacts of pollution, overcrowding by visitors responsible for the accumulation of garbage (ex. increase in floating waste) and in particular, from scuba divers who can cause mechanical damage to the fauna; Out of these, the Clay slopes and marl (Rdum) have been identified as being of special importance. They are at risk from erosion and are affected by various forms of pollution amongst which discharges into the sea, spills, unauthorised construction and access routes (terraced roads). The Shoreline cliffs, found in the southern part of the area, are threatened by pollution due to oil spills and the presence of quarries. The area (Ras il-pellegrin and Ras ir-raheb) also contains semi-submerged caves visited by divers and at risk from activities involving collection of certain fauna specimens as well as physical damage. II.1.5. Geomorphology Context analysis : status and threats A geomorphologic map enables the various types of seabeds to be distinguished. Sand banks (sikka tal-wahx and Sikka tal-pellegrin) are considered an ideal site for the concentration of fish species mainly of commercial interest and are often areas threatened by overexploitation of fish resources. Slopes, rock faces (inclination of the substrate > 75 o ) reaching the soft bottom at around meters depth are excellent sites for the development of sciaphilous benthic communities. They can be described as continuous and discontinuous, the first (southern coast between Fomm ir-rih and Raheb Cave) are uninterrupted vertical rock walls, while the discontinuous (extreme SW of Sikka tal-wahx and of Sikka tal-pellegrin) are rock walls interrupted by large protuberances and platforms forming terraces. The principle sources of threat are pollution and the impact of underwater activities. The most outstanding, because they are rare or even unique sites, are the screes (Ras il-wahx, Rdum Majjesa, In-Nahhalija, Il-Barumbara, Il-Qala ta l Imgarr, Sikka tal-wahx and Sikka tal-pellegrin). The boulders fallen from emerged rock faces above vary in size from 50 cm to a height of 8-12 m. These blocks of rock lying on a more or less steep sea floor, constitute an ideal refuge for coastal fish communities and shelter concentrations of smaller sized individuals. The impacts are the same as those identified for sand banks. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 10

12 II.1.6. Coastal vegetation Context analysis: status and threats Coastal habitats present in the study area include: Maquis: more or less dense, formed by communities of evergreen bushes (from 1 to 3 m). The main species are Ceratonia siliqua, Olea europea, Pistacia lentiscus, Rrahmnus alaternus and Laurus nobilis; Garigue constituted of communities of low (< 1 m) spiny and aromatic scrub with a herbaceous undercover. Garigue covers a rocky substrate and is characterised by species such as Thymus capitatus, Anthyllis hermmanniae, Teucrium fruticans, Erica multiflor, Euphorbia dendroides, Convolvulus oleifolius and the endemic Euphorbia melitensis. It is described as either low (< 0.5 m) or high (up to 1 m). Steppic grassland: dominated by grassland resulting from the degradation of the maquis and the garigue due to grazing. The climatic or semi climatic steppe communities spread over the clay slopes is dominated by Lygeum spartum. Dune vegetation: vegetation contributing to the stabilisation of dunes. The local dunes are dominated by Elytrigia juncea, and Sporobulus pungens. Amongst Malta s most important species are Elymus farctus and Sporobolus arenarius, while the most important species formerly present in Malta but is no longer recorded is Ammohilia australis. At the moment, there are two dune zones with this type of vegetation: Ir-Ramla tal Mixquqa and Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha which, however, is very degraded. The main causes of degradation unauthorised constructions, the passage of allterrain vehicles, trampling, and fires. Rupestral communities: Even zones characterised by rdum and rocky cliffs are covered by important and various flammable species, like the zone of Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il-Qarraba, Ras il Pellegrin and Ras ir-raheb. They grow on sheer walls and on the rdum. Amongst these are endemic species such as Paleocyanus crasifolius and Cremnophyton lanfrancoi. II.1.7. Beaches Context analysis : status and threats Beaches are located in the following areas: Ir-Ramla tal-mixquqa, Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il- Bajja tal-qarraba, Il-Bajja tal Gnejna and It-Trozz and in some case they present low sand dunes associated with sand beaches. Ir-Ramla tal-mixquqa and ir-ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha are areas of sandy beaches extending respectively 260 m and 300 m surrounded by blue clay slopes. The Il- Bajja tal-qarraba area is a sandy inlet with a 129 m long cobble beach (blue clay). The Il Bajja tal Gnejna is a 230 m long sandy beach surrounded by walls of Globigerina and Rdum. The il-bajja tà Fomm ir-rih area is made up of two neighbouring creeks of cobbles and blue clay, muddy bottom and rdum extending over a total of 209 m. They constitute only 2,4% of the entire Maltese coast and are particularly rare and vulnerable habitats. The sand is produced by erosion of the Upper Coralline Limestone. Few beaches support sandy dune communities. The best-conserved dune system is in the area of Ir-Ramla tal-mixquqa (Golden Bay), while the dunes in the area of Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha are highly degraded. The main threats to this formation are essentially due to tourism with the presence of a large number of visitors, and consequent trampling, disturbance and loss of species. The removal of coastal vegetation, that contributes to dune stabilisation, due to human activities, has caused great damage to the dunes. The removal of sand, pollution from waste dumps, agriculture, sewer discharge and unauthorised constructions (presence of kiosks) add to the above-mentioned threats. II.2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES II.2.1. Bathing Context analysis: status and threats Six sites within the study area have been identified as particularly suited to bathing: Ir-Ramla tal- Mixquqa and Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha are two areas where there are most tourists, especially during the period between May and October. Both are sandy beaches. The Il-Bajja tal Gnejna area is also sandy and also receives a large number of visitors. The Il-Bajja tal-qarraba area receives only a moderate amount of visitors probably because of the fact that it is a cobble beach and Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 11

13 difficult of access. The il-barumbara and Il-Bajja tà Fomm ir-rih sites are two inlets that are not much affected by tourism either because of difficult access (il-barumbara) or because of the lack of sandy substrate (il-bajja tà Fomm ir-rih). Water quality studies carried out on the beaches of Ir- Ramla tal-mixquqa and Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il-Bajja tal Gnejna indicate that the area of Ir- Ramla tal-mixquqa, in particular during the summer period, is affected by pollution with values of coliforms and faecal streptococci well above the average (960/100 ml) due to excessive numbers of tourists. In 2001 high levels of nutrients were detected (nitrates and phosphates) on the same beaches and during the summer, probably due to agricultural discharge and runoff. Values were back to normal in the summer of The Department of Public Health based their rating of water on the criteria of the Barcelona Convention (WHO) Class 1 > Class 2 > Class 3) and the European Union (EU) criteria (Blue > Green > Red > Orange > Black). The beaches of Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha and Il-Bajja tal Gnejna were rated class 1, while 5 (Golden Bay) was class 2. All three beaches are classified as Blue sites. The excessive concentration of tourists during the summer season causes the typical problems that arise when the carrying capacity is not respected and service facilities are undersized. However, the lack of quantitative and qualitative data (quality of services provided; degree of satisfaction perceived etc) make it impossible to carry out a detailed assessment of tourism in the areas in question. II.2.2. Scuba Diving Context analysis : status and threats Scuba diving is well developed on the national level with 40 diving centres established on the island. The activity is however not practised much in the study area. This lack of development may be ascribed essentially to the difficulty of access from land, as compared to other areas of Malta. Maltese divers visit the area but no data is available to determine the extent of their presence. Areas of interest for diving have been identified and classified on the basis of three typological features corresponding to: screes; vertical or terraced rock walls; cliffs. Basic studies are required in order to assess the real value of the zones identified for the development of scuba diving especially in relation to spectacular benthic communities, fish assemblages (diversity, density, abundance, presence of uncommon species) presence of currents; water transparency. II.2.3. Snorkelling Context analysis : status and threats Available information indicates that the activity, although probably present in the area under study, is not the object of special attention and is not regulated nor even less supported by specific documentation or interpretation material. II.2.4. Professional and recreational fishing Context analysis: status and threats In Malta no distinction is made between professional and recreational fishing. Existing information refers mainly to sport fishing practised by divers. The practise is permitted whether with breathheld diving or with scuba gear. Fishermen diving in apnoea can reach as deep as 35 m (rare), although on average they reach 20 m; those using scuba gear can reach 65 m although on average they fish at 20 to 35m. The most fished species is Octopus vulgaris (using an instrument with a hook called a ganc ). The activity is practised on rocky sea beds, mixed meadows with boulders and scree. Altogether the most common fishing gears used by commercial fishermen are nets, long-lines and entrapping devices (Randon, 1995). According to existing information collected with COPEMED project, Malta s fishing fleet is composed of 216 full-time boats and 1274 part-time boats, while Gozo has 94 full-time and 231 part-time. The most represented category on Malta are the engine propelled MPV Multi Purpose fishing Vessel, using either long-lines or purse seines (468 part time and 88 full time), Lazzu- boats with pointed bow and stern (168 part time and 78 full time) and Kayaks, boats with flat sterns (579 part time and 37 full time). The latter two types of boat, with the boats referred to as others (n. 64) make up the traditional fishing fleet. They are not very large (most are less than 8 m long) and are propelled either by engine or oars. The Gozo traditional fishing fleet is composed of 37 Lazzu part time and 34 full time; 140 Kayaks part time and 11 full time and 7 part time boats under the Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 12

14 heading of others and 4 full time. Eight boats in Malta (7 full time and 1 part time) and 4 in Gozo (all full time) use trawlnets. Most of the boats land in the eastern part of the island of Malta. The only mooring area within the study area is Gnejna, where there are 102 boats belonging to parttime fisherman, i.e. who do not earn a living from fishing alone (total fishermen in Malta 1964). Traditional fishermen resort the use of lamplights to catch pelagic species (Alosa alosa, Boops boops, Sardina pilchardus, Scomber japonicus, S. scomber, Trachurus trachurus, T. mediterraneus,), small long lines, gill nets (trammel nets or parit for catching red mullet, sea breams, red fish, the combination or xkitt for catching bogues, trachurus and the gill net or xkatlar for catching elasmobranchs and lobsters) and basket traps for moray eels, octopus, lobster, sardines and picarel. Traditional fishing takes place mainly near sand banks and escarpments. Bogue fishing is practised by fleet-owners (Rdum Majjiesa-il-Minzel tal-majjiesa). Hand-line fishing takes place all along the coast, except along beaches, in places where access to the sea is possible. Basket traps are also used near the Il-Bajja tà Fomm ir-rih point. During spring in sandy bays (In-Nahhalija, Ir-Ramla tal-mixquqa, Ghajn Tuffieha headland, Ir- Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha, Il-Bajja tal-qarraba, Il Bajja tal-gnejna, Il Bajja tà Fomm ir-rih), small boats fish for cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis). A female specimen is used to attract and catch males. Gear is often lost, particularly nets abandoned on the seabed, causing serious impacts on fish fauna and constituting a hazard for divers. During these last years, the Malta Centre for Fisheries Sciences (MCFS) has undertaken studies on fishing activities that enabled the implementation of a database with information related to: Fishing fleet distributed in the 6 harbours (3 in Malta - M Xlokk, St. Paul s, Msida and 3 in Gozo - Mgarr, Xlendi; Marsalfom), Craft typologies, Main captured species, Fishing gears. Although the studies underline a clear seasonality in the various gear use according to target species, they do not allow the assessment of fishing effort and catches relative to the stretch of sea falling within the MPA boundaries for which special surveys need to be carried out. II.2.5. Boating Context analysis: status and threats The study area contains no ports or marinas for anchoring boats. However, since the island is small the area can easily be reached from any port. No data is available on the intensity of use of the area by pleasure boats, nor on the number or the types of boats or the preferences of boaters. At a national level, data reported by the Maritime Authority of Malta indicates that during the period from October 2001-September 2002, 886 foreign yachts arrived in Malta, a figure inferior to 1308 recorded in the 12 preceding months. To this 385 new registrations plus 3613 renovations must be added although no information is available as to the use of these for recreational boating. The zone in which the study area is located is not particularly visited by recreational boaters and only a few boats, when sea and weather conditions are favourable, anchor in the Ramla tal- Mixquqa, Ramla ta Ghajn Tuffieha, Ramla tal-gnejna bays. A certain number of moorings are used mostly between May and September by local small boat owners. The lack of information on the use of the area by boaters makes it impossible to put forward any suggestions as to the management of the activity. II.2.6. Boat traffic Context analysis: status and threats Nautical traffic in the study area varies on a seasonal basis, with a greater concentration from May to September with peaks in July and August. There are 3 sport centres along the coast, open from April to October that rent out various types of boats. The types of boats used are: speedboats towing parachutes, paddleboats and jet bikes. During the summer season a motorboat organises tourist excursions along the coast several times a day, with approximately 30 people on board, departing from Ramla tal-mixquqa, entering Rahab Cave and stopping in front of Ghar Marija if the sea and weather conditions are good. There is no sufficient information to develop suggestions as to management of this type of activity. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 13

15 II.2.7. Tourist facilities Context analysis : status and threats The coastal area in question has no significant tourist developments resembling campings or resorts. The only infrastructure is a large hotel that is no longer in use at Ghajn Tuffieha. It is not yet clear what the future use of the building might be and its architectural features were not designed to fit into the landscape. Thus, the present state of the building has an impact both in terms of the land it occupies on the relatively small bay and of the total lack of any advantage it would present if it were used for tourism purposes. Semi-mobile structures of the kiosk type are to found at Golden Bay and Ghajn Tuffieha. They sell food and drink and consist of small wooden structures with no special regard for aesthetics. No data is available for an assessment of the activity. The kiosks are generally open only in summer. A small Internet café occupies a part of the sand dune in the zone of Golden Bay. There is no structure providing tourist services promoting environmental exploration, education, or interpretation in the area except a local environmental association whose activities are unknown. There seems to be no plans under way to improve the quality of available facilities. Water and electricity supplies are not run along energy saving criteria nor promote the use of renewable energy. There is no data on the subject of wastewater or urban solid waste treatment. II.2.8. Boathouses Context analysis : status and threats Boathouses are the only form of coastal installations present in the study area. These structures originated as shelters on land for fishing boats, for use at night and during winter. Many of these constructions were built illegally and with time owners started to use the buildings as proper holiday houses, where they spend time in summer or on weekends. Several boathouses have been refurbished and consist of one-three rooms equipped with running water and electricity. A certain number of boathouses located at It-Trozz in Gnejna Bay, were built by excavating the Globigerina limestone substrate. The same situation is to be found at In-Nahhalija, where some boathouses were dug in the mtarfa member rocky substrate of the coralline upper formation. No survey has been conducted on the number of structures present in the study area or any data concerning their possible discharges into the sea. The impact caused by the use of these boathouses is substantial, but any move to prohibit or limit their use might generate social conflicts with the owners. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 14

16 III. DEFINITION OF THE MARINE PROTECTED AREA VISION A vision entails giving a clear picture on the desired future of the MPA, and defines the direction in which or where the MPA should go and what the MPA will represent or be once it is completely functioning. The vision enables to define a context for the MPA, defining its role, its features and its strategic importance for the future. An analysis of the resource status allows to define the MPA vision as follows: a) PROTECTION of biodiversity, natural habitats and rare or threatened species (NRC, 2001), and specifically: the natural diversity of marine habitats and biocenoses present in the area and in particular the habitat types listed in Annex I of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive) Habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation and habitats and biocenoses listed in the List of Habitat types for the selection of sites to be included in the national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest (UNEP(OCA)/MED WG.154/7); protected species included in international conventions (Annex I and II of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne), Annex IV of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (Habitats Directive), and Annex 2 of the Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean (Barcelona); the natural diversity of geological formations and at the same time of the ecosystems and species they shelter; critical habitats for species of bird fauna; protection of the natural diversity of geomorphologic formations; critical habitats for fish communities and benthic biocenoses; habitats sheltering commercial fish species and fishes-species of commercial interest; the natural diversity of habitats and coastal plant communities, dune vegetation, garigue and maquis. b) RECOVERY /RESTORATION OF: degraded habitats; fish communities in terms of species composition and size structure; the dune environment areas impacted by boathouses c) REDUCE IMPACTS AND APPLY SUSTAINIBILITY LEVELS FOR: Activities that stress geological formations and landscapes; Activities that are located on the three beaches and on the coastal dune; Fishing activities; Boating activities and water sports; Tourist facilities; Underwater activities. d) IMPROVEMENT OF THE APPRECIATION RATE OF THE AREA THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ACTIONS THAT INVOLVE: Local communities, economic operators, environmental NGOs, schools, tourists. e) INCREASE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN RELATION TO: biocenoses; fish fauna; identified protected species in the area (Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Cystoseira spinosa, Aplysina aerophoba, Astroides calycularis, Lithophaga lithophaga, Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 15

17 Pinna nobilis, Ophidiaster ophidianus, Centrostephanus longispinus) and others that are hypothesized to exist (Dendropoma petraeum, Luria lurida, Erosaria spurca, Tonna galea); geological landscapes and geomorphologic aspects. anthropological aspects linked to the traditional use of the area. f) PROMOTE LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ACTIONS AS: snorkelling; recreational fishing. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 16

18 III.1. ZONING PROPOSAL The analysis of environmental emergencies and economic activities in the area enabled the preparation of a zoning proposal (ICRAM, 2003). P No Entry-No Take areas: the maximum protection level, where all forms of access or take are prohibited. They are located in zones of maximum sensitivity to access; Zone A: Only scientific research activities are allowed under the previous authorization of the manager. Entry-No Take areas: take is prohibited and access is regulated. These are areas where underwater visitors will best be able to appreciate the effects of protection measures for fish fauna and benthic communities; Zones B, C and D: access is denied to every kind of craft. Scuba activities are only allowed for groups, on pre-established itineraries, with MPA staff members or authorized persons. Zone E: Free access is allowed for bathing, snorkelling and scuba diving activities. Boats up to 10 meters in length are allowed to access at reduced speed to access mooring structures. Mooring is not allowed for more than two hours. Anchoring is not allowed. General protection areas: the minimum level of protection where, even though there are no specific restrictions, activities are regulated and are directed towards achieving sustainability. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 17

19 Zone P: The following activities are strictly forbidden: Underwater fishing with scuba gear or free-breath, trawl fishing, and purse-seine fishing at depths lower than 50 m. Fishing with harpoons is authorized only if used from a boat or from land. Sailing is allowed at speeds lower than 5 knots. Anchorage is prohibited on seabeds with Posidonia oceanica meadows. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 18

20 III.2. REQUESTS, PROPOSALS AND COMMENTS ABOUT PROPOSED ZONING The proposed zoning scheme was the main topic discussed with stakeholders during a series of meetings (Annex 1) and the comments and suggestions emerged during the course of these meetings were taken into account during the elaboration of the Management Plan. The main comments/proposals put forward during the consultation stage and the relative solutions proposed in the Management Plan are reported below. FISHING Importance of basic information implementation: specific studies are planned involving basic information collection and monitoring activities; Regulation of fishing activities: trawling and purse-seine fishing at depths lower than 50 m are forbidden. Specific regulation measures need to be established after basic information collection; Redefinition of the No Take areas: a redefinition of the No Take areas could be elaborated in a second moment once data are available concerning the specific distribution of fishing sites and fishing effort in the MPA. BOATING Regulation of speed: A maximum speed limit is foreseen; Positioning of buoys: A specific procedure is included in order to identify the sites for mooring buoy positioning and some examples of buoys used in Italian MPAs are provided; Watercraft (jet sky) and motorboat: These are considered incompatible with the MPA and some alternatives are suggested for reconverting such activities. COASTAL INTEGRATION It is suggested to take into account the already existing planning for the terrestrial coastal zone part, and in particular that drafted by MEPA in the Draft Northwest Local Plan prepared for Ghajn Tuffieha, Golden Bay and Gnejna. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION/COMMUNICATION Visiting Centre: some criteria are indicated for the design of the visiting centre. Management Qualifications definition: specific regulations can only be foreseen once a legislative framework has been defined and a management body designated; Control: some criteria are highlighted to increase control efficiency. Specific measures will possibly be devised by the management body. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 19

21 III.3. THE MANAGEMENT ACTIONS Management activities in this document have been divided into 3 main categories: a) Conservation/Rehabilitation/Research/Monitoring; b) Tourist and recreational activities; c) Fishing. Specific sections were dedicated to education/public awareness/communication activities and to the indications for the design of functions inherent the management body; Selected guidelines for the formulation of the Management Plan a) Consistency with the management goals - foreseen actions of the Management Plan must be coherent with the identified goals; b) Independence each of the foreseen actions must be autonomous; c) Integration - integration within one or several Related actions must be able to produce positive synergies for the MPA functioning. Priority A 3 level classification was defined to identify the priority of each proposed action: High Priority (H): The proposed action suppresses or reduces immediate damage caused to the environment; it suppresses or it reduces an activity which is incompatible with the objectives of the MPA; Medium Priority (M): The proposed action contributes considerably to the starting of the management activities; Low Priority (L): The proposed action increases the effectiveness of the activities within the MPA. Evaluation indicators suggest the parameters that could be monitored in order to assess the degree of implementation of every action. These may be used as indicators for the evaluation of the management level of the MPA since they allow to measure achieved results for every foreseen action. The identification of the main stakeholders involved highlights the main categories of stakeholders who should contribute to the realization of every action so as to increase its effectiveness and to minimize the possible social conflicts which may arise. Stakeholders should be involved in synergy with institutional entities that have legal/administrative competences related to the proposed action. The related actions indicate the activities which can be carried out in synergy with the specific concerned action. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 20

22 III.3.1. Protecting natural diversity of marine biocoenosis Biocenosis Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P1 Conduction of studies for the identification Detailed biocoenotic map M of biocenosis with particular attention to zoobenthic species Update of the detailed phytobenthic biocoenosis P2 P3 P4 Identification of possible sources of stress (discharges into the sea, fishing activities, human presences etc.) Elaboration and implementation of a monitoring plan for sea grass meadows aimed at the assessment of its conservation status and the expansion of competing species (Caulerpa racemosa) Classification of the protected species and habitats of Mediterranean interest, existing in the area map Map of the sources of pollution, identification of possible mitigation means Update of the main phanerogams map (Posidonia oceanica) Compilation of the Standard Entry Data Form inventory M M L PM1 Conduction of studies for the identification of biocenosis with particular attention to zoobenthos species. The available data on existing assemblages in the area mainly concern phytobenthos. A data collection campaign needs to be carried out in order to produce a complete bionomic map of the area at a 1:5,000 scale. The field activities should also include data collection about species, habitat and biocoenosis of particular Mediterranean interest (essential for the realisation of activity PM4). The following categories of information should be collected for the elaboration of biocenotic maps: Hard bottoms Hard bottoms can be inspected through visual surveys carried out by divers by running transects perpendicular to the coastal contour (on average every 50 m), and when necessary also by parallel transects or stationary points in all areas characterised by hard bottom geomorphology. Data forms should be prepared so as to provide information on the distribution according to depth of the benthic organisms, large size organisms (macro-algae, madreporians, gorgonians, sponges, etc.), habitat constructors and underwater landscape characterizing organisms. The basic categories in which each species encountered need to be inventoried are: Bio - constructor species of waterline zone; Algal photophilic species (Cystoseira, Sargassum, Ulvaceae, etc.) of superficial level; Sciaphilic zoobenthic organisms (madreporarians, gorgonians, sponges, etc.) of caves and deeper levels; For all the species belonging to the above categories, operators should record bathymetric distribution, the cover (3 classes) and possible macroscopic changes of cover according to depth. Visual census data-forms should take note of the main sea bottom typologies and the eventual extension of Posidonia oceanica or Caulerpa racemosa beds. Particular attention should be taken in noting information on the distribution and density along each transect of the species and habitats listed in the Standard Data-Entry Form prepared by RAC/SPA UNEP-MAP program. Soft bottoms Areas indicated by the geomorphologic map as having a soft bottom typology should be sampled with the aid of a grab and sediment samples should be obtained along a transect so as to yield a stratified and sufficient sampling experimental lay-out. Sediment samples should be subsequently sorted in the laboratory so as to identify the main species composition and substrate type indicative of the various biocenosis. All bionomic data collected should be elaborated through GIS rendering and indicative species and facies should be noted according to the method proposed by Peires and Picard (1964) and Meinesz et al. (1983). Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 21

23 PO1 Detailed biocoenotic map. Update of a detailed phytobenthic biocoenotic map and merging with zoobenthos data. Assessment indicators: Percentage of areas where detailed mapped data on biocoenosis and relative facies are available. Related actions: P3; P5; P7; P8; P11; P13; P14; P17; P20; P21; P24; T7; T14; T16; T18 PM2 Identification of possible sources of stress (discharges into the sea, fishing activities, human presences etc.). Specific studies are necessary aimed at identifying the principal human activities deemed incompatible with the conservation of the sea bottoms and the possible means to reduce such impacts. Research should include studies on the distribution of pollution sources through and accurate coastal census, identification of sewer discharges, presence of fertilizer and pesticide runoffs percolating from agricultural sites, bunkering sites, beach nourishment activities, incompatible fishing practices etc. A cartographic data rendering is required. PO2 Map of pollution sources and identification of possible modalities of reduction. Assessment indicators: Mapped areas percentage; number of foreseen actions for the reduction of the environmental stress; human impacts reduction into the MPA and in the closely neighbouring zones. Related actions: P10; P12; P16; P19; P22; P23 PM3 Elaboration and implementation of a monitoring plan for sea grass meadows aimed at the assessment of their conservation status and the expansion of competing species (Caulerpa racemosa) Design and implementation of a sea grass monitoring system, able to record regression phenomena due to human impacts such as anchorage, nutrient rise, fine sediments accumulation, discharge of petroleum derivatives from bordering bunkering zones, as well as the presence of allochtonous species such as Caulerpa racemosa. The characterisation and monitoring of phanerogam status generally involves data collection related to physical, physiographical, structural and functional parameters. The present action should be geared at monitoring the meadows limits (physiographical parameter) and density (structural parameter). C. racemosa presence should be given particular attention. The assessment of the dynamics of P. oceanica meadow limits (progression/regression) is carried out by using fixed reference points (balisages) anchored to the seafloor. These landmarks allow the in situ evaluation of changes in the deeper meadow limit over time. The available literature (Harmelin, 1976; Boudouresque et al., 1980; Bertrandy et al., 1986; Sandulli et al., 1998) provides examples on the use of reference bodies resistant to hydrodynamic effects, such as cement blocks or metallic pikes. Density measurement, one of the major criteria for meadow status assessment, is verified through in situ scuba dives during which leaf bundles inside a defined surface (1 m² as per protocol) are counted for a total of 10 replicas. For the assessment of density range, Giraud (1977) proposed a rating scale divided in 5 types; type I (density >700 bundles/m2) = very compact meadow, type II (density bundles/m 2 ) = compact meadow, type III (density bundles/m 2 ) = scattered meadow, type IV (density bundles/m 2 ) = very sparse meadow, type V (density bundles/m 2 ) = semi meadow. On the basis of bibliographic data, some authors (Pergent et al., 1995; Pergent-Martini & Pergent, 1996) have recently elaborated a new meadow classification where density is linked to depth and to other environmental parameters, such as turbidity, antropic disturbances, etc. PO3 Update of the main phanerogam maps (Posidonia oceanica). Updated maps of phanerogams distribution that allow to check regression/expansion Assessment indicators: Mapped area percentage, date of the last updating operation Related actions: P1; P8; T7; T14; T16; T18 Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 22

24 PM4 Classification of marine valence by species and protected habitats and/or of Mediterranean interest existing in the area. Data obtained on the biocenosis, facies and species identified in the enactment of Action PM1 should be elaborated to yield values regarding % cover, representativeness, relative surface, conservation status and vulnerability for each of the habitat types and species listed in Appendix B and C of the Standard Data Entry Form prepared within UNEP-MAP s program coordinated by RAC/SPA. Elaboration of such data and the compilation of the SDF form will provide a useful tool in classifying the future MPA within the broader context of the network of Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance (SPAMI). PO4 Completion of the Standard Data-Entry Form Assessment indicators: Percentage of compilation of all the fields foreseen by the Standard Entry Form Related actions: P1, P8, P11, P13, P14, P17, P20, P21 III.3.2. Protecting natural diversity of fish assemblages Fish fauna Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P5 Research activities for characterization of Characterisation of fish M fish assemblages assemblage by habitat P6 P7 Monitoring and evaluation of the protection measures on fish assemblages Research activities aimed to gather information concerning about juvenile fish species identification of nurseries areas typology and depth. Evaluation of population structural changes by type of adopted protection measures Identification of sites, periods and important habitats for fish species post-larvae settlement M M PM5 Research activities for characterization of fish assemblages. The study for the characterization of fish assemblages will be carried out using two underwater sampling methods: 1- stationary visual sampling (SVC), within a radius of 5 m (78.5 m 2 ) to collect quantitative data on fish abundance and size composition; 2- scuba diving paths of 15 minutes time laps, (semi-quantitative/qualitative data), to collect also information on cryptic and rare species, enhancing data on species richness; The visual censuses will be carried out between 09:00 and 16:00, in calm sea conditions. The total number of fish will be estimated by 8 classes of numerical abundance (1; 2-5; 6-10; 11-30; 31-50; ; ; ) and by 3 classes of size (small, medium and large) according to the maximum total length reached by the species. 5 replicates are provided for SVC and each replicate will be allocated randomly, stratified according to: o depth: subdivided in 4 bathymetric ranges (0-3 m; 4-7 m; m; m); o typology of the bottom: considering 3 main categories (soft and hard bottoms, Posidonia oceanica). PO5 Characterisation of fish population by habitat typology and depth. The collected information related to the faunal abundance of fish populations, the size composition and their distribution according to depth and seabed typology represent useful elements to adequately manage the activities concerning both artisanal fishing and submarine tourism. Assessment indicators: number of performed surveys, number of fish species listed per habitat and depth, Related actions: P1; P3; T7; T14; T16; T18 Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 23

25 PM6 Monitoring and evaluation of the protection measures on fish assemblages. This study allows to collect data on abundances and size classes and is finalized to evaluate the protection efficacy of the No Take zones and will be carried out using transect underwater visual census technique. Each transect will be 25 m long and 5 m wide. The visual censuses will be carried out between 09:00 and 16:00, in calm sea conditions. The total number of fish will be estimated by 8 classes of numerical abundance (1; 2-5; 6-10; 11-30; 31-50; ; ; ) and by 3 classes of size (small, medium and large) according to the maximum total length reached by the specie. Transects will be carried out on hard bottoms 70 sloping, between 3 bathymetric range (4-7 m; m; m). Two series for 4 replicates inside the No Take zones. Two series for 4 replicates for each control zones (two inside the Entry Take zone and/or two outside the boundaries of the Marine Protected Area). Monitoring activities have to be undertaken during a sufficiently wide time lapse (at least 5 years) and they should be performed in two different periods every year (i.e. spring and autumn). PO6 Evaluation of population structural changes by type of adopted protection measure. Data concerning number of species, abundance of individuals and length composition, provide data for the evaluation of the spillover and reserve effects. Assessment indicators: Number of performed surveys, number of species for which abundance and length composition values are available into No Take zones and areas of comparison Related actions: F1; F2, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness. PM7 Research activities aimed to gather information concerning about juvenile fish species. The indications on the presence of nursery areas along the MPA coasts (Annex 1) provide the groundwork for the predisposition of specific research programs geared at data collection about important areas, periods and habitats for fish species juvenile settlement. (especially of commercial interest). PO7 Identification of sites, periods and important habitat for fish species postlarve settlement. Maps of strategic coastal sites and habitats for juvenile recruitment and establishment of a first calendar of the periods of settlement in strictly coastal habitats. Assessment indicators: Identified areas of juvenile concentration, number of listed fish species Related actions: P1; P3; F1; F2 Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness III.3.3. Protection of Pinna nobilis Pinna nobilis Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P8 Mapping of Pinna nobilis distribution Map of the species M distribution P9 Monitoring of Pinna nobilis richness and composition Decrease / increase trends map of the species M P10 Implementation of measures necessary Reduction of threats due to H for the mitigation of impacts / threats habitat alteration and affecting the species deliberate collection PM8 Mapping of Pinna nobilis distribution Underwater visual surveys should be carried out by transects or quadrates within known areas of species presence (Rdum Majjiesa to Il Qarraba, Il-Pellerin and Il-Bajja ta Fomm ir-rih) or within zones characterized by adequate habitat for species presence (based on seabed type and bathymetry). The species mapping should give indications on abundance as well as on the consistency of the different size categories (indicate size categories) of the individuals encountered Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 24

26 in the area. Information on species density according to size category constitutes the starting point for monitoring the species possible restoration/degradation trend throughout time in the study area. PO8 Map of species distribution Species distribution map with indications about consistency of size categories. Assessment indicators: percentage of mapped area in relation to the wider study area, details on mapped information concerning distribution, density and proportion of species size categories in various areas. Related actions: P1; P3, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness PM9 Monitoring of Pinna nobilis richness and composition Annual survey should be carried out to monitor species abundance and size composition change in the area so as to identify possible trends of population decrease or population growth (increase in the specimen number in each size class). Monitoring should be conducted in all areas of the MPA (characterized by depth and bathymetry types suitable for the species) so as to guarantee a comparison between the effect of the proposed protection measures and the species conservation status. (note: as a methodology, it is advisable to read the Schembri et al technical report). Data collection, which is essential for species monitoring activities, could be carried out by diving clubs from the area. P09 Decrease / increase trend map of species. Map of decrease / increase trend of the species distribution and of size categories consistency in various MPA zones Assessment indicators: Number of surveys carried out, percentage of monitored areas with respect to the wider area characterized by the presence of the species, trend in population decrease / increase Related actions: T10, T16 Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness PM10 Implementation of measures necessary for the mitigation of impacts / threats affecting the species. Regulations Prohibition of the species collection in the MPA regulation. Formulation of a regulation encompassing the prohibition to collect or damage the species, development of an awareness and educational program, development of a control and patrolling plan involving underwater activities and recreational fishing. Awareness Inclusion of information about the species sensitivity and the prohibition to collect the species within the awareness material (leaflets, exhibition panels etc.) produced by the MPA (note: action developed in synergy with the achievement of actions concerning education, awareness and communication). Organization of specific meetings to increase awareness in fishermen and diving centres on topics regarding the MPA regulation. Control Organization of a monitoring program involving recreational fishing and scuba diving activities to control collection of the species and the observance of anchorage and trawling prohibition within the MPA. PO10 Implementation of measures necessary for the mitigation of impacts / threats affecting the species Extension of seagrass meadows and restoration and increase of the habitats structure. The number of infringements (anchorage on Posidonia, direct take etc.) should decrease upon time with the development of an awareness program and control and patrolling activities. The number of specimens identified during the censuses should remain stable and the population consistency should include individuals of all length classes. Assessment indicators: Trend in number of infringements throughout time, preservation/ increase trend indicators of the Pinna nobilis population in the area, man hours employed in awareness activities Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 25

27 Related actions: P2 T10, T16, T18, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness III.3.4. Protection of Lithophaga lithophaga Lithophaga lithopagha Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P11 Mapping Lithophaga lithophaga presence Map of the species M distribution and major zones prone to species fishing P12 Implementation of measures necessary Appropriate regulation, H for the mitigation of impacts / threats from Awareness activities, Control fishing activity of Lithophaga lithophaga activities in the area PM11 Mapping Lithophaga lithophaga distribution. A mapping campaign involving Lithophaga lithophaga presence should be carried out through underwater inventories in the calcareous rocky zones between Il-Bajja tal Qarraba e Il-Bajja tal Gnejna, Il Pellegrin, Il-Bajja ta Fomm Ir-Rih and Raheb Cave. Results should give indications on the presence and density of specimens in the different zones and by depth. Results should also allow to identify coastal areas impacted by illegal fishing activities such as dynamite or underwater compressor fishing. Such areas should be subjected to control activities identified in action PM11. A mapping campaign could be set up/coordinated by the MPA technical-scientific staff with the involvement of the diving centres that work in the area. PO11 Map of species distribution and identification of areas most exposed to species fishing. Map of species distribution with indications on the areas with most density. Map of major zones prone to illegal underwater species fishing. Assessment indicators: Percentage of mapped areas in relation to the wider study area, detailed level of information on distribution and on areas characterized by habitat deterioration. Related actions: P1, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness PM12 Implementing actions to reduce impacts from fishing activity of Lithophaga lithophaga. Regulations Formulation of a prohibition on species capture and sale. The prohibition should foresee probation measures transgressions. Awareness Awareness activities (meetings, production of brochures, awareness panels, etc.) on the species and the importance of the prohibition of its fishing and sale. These activities should be directed at: a) Spearfishers b) Diving centres c) Fisheries d) Restaurants of the area In particular, an awareness campaign could be planned, targeting fish-shops and local restaurants, to prevent species sale. The campaign could foresee a marketing initiative aiming at issuing an ecofriendly label (as No Lithophaga sale ) for fish-shops and local restaurants that voluntarily abstain from selling and consuming dates and the label should be promoted within the educational packet developed for tourists visiting the MPA (folders, MPA environmental information centre). Control Implementation of a control plan that encompasses a patrolling activity at sea (supported by land patrolling where possible) to guarantee the observance of the prohibition of illegal fishing, carried out with scuba gear, dynamite and underwater compressors. The zones most damaged by fishing (identified by action PM 11) should be controlled with priority. The control and observance of the prohibitions would be more successful if carried out in synergy with the maritime police authorities Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 26

28 (Coastguard, local polices etc..). Controls should also include a monitoring program of the species distribution in local fish-shops and restaurants and an implementation of sanctions or discouraging methods concerning sales. PO 12 Appropriate regulation, Awareness activities, Control activities of the area. Formulation of adequate regulations aiming at the prohibition of fishing, detention and trade of Lithophaga lithophaga. Awareness activities Control activities Assessment indicators: Trend in the number of infringements registered throughout time, trend of the species preservation/ increase and habitat conservation status, man hours employed in awareness and control activities. Related actions: P2 T10, T16, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness III.3.5. Protection of Astroides calycularis Astroides calycularis Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P13 Mapping Astroides calycularis presence Map of species distribution L 1 and monitoring its abundance PM13 Mapping Astroides calycularis distribution. Underwater visual censuses for identification of areas characterised by the species presence should be carried out. The collected data should include indications on the areas which are most susceptible to habitat deterioration / destruction due to Lithophaga lithophaga fishing activity. Censuses could be performed through transects indicating the presence / lack of the species along the coast and at various depths. Successive censuses through quadrants, as proposed by Schembri et al. 2004, can be used instead for data collection on the population coverage and density degree (number of polyps per quadrant). Such censuses could be performed through campaigns carried out by diving centres existing in the area, creating a higher sense of awareness within the same time divers in matters concerning the conservation and (indirect) threat endangering this species because of illegal fishing of Lithophaga lithophaga. PO13 Map of species distribution. Identification of species distribution in the MPA and indications on the major zones characterized by the greater extent of species coverage and by zones of species presence, mostly threatened by habitat deterioration Assessment indicators: percentage of mapped areas compared to the wider study area Related actions: P1, PM10, T10, T16 1 Since the species doesn t turn out of a high scarcity both at local and regional level, medium priority is conferred. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 27

29 III.3.6. Protection of Ophidiaster ophidianus Ophidiaster ophidianus Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P14 Mapping Ophidiaster ophidianus Map of species distribution M distribution P15 Monitoring Ophidiaster ophidianus distribution Increase / decrease species trend map M P16 Implementation of measures necessary Mitigation of the species H for the mitigation of impacts / threats from collection threat collection by professional fishermen and divers. PM14 Mapping Ophidiaster ophidianus distribution. Studies should be made on the distribution and identification of the species abundance through visual censuses carried out along belt transects, as proposed by Schembri et al. (2004), in the areas of Qarraba Promontory and Il-Bajja ta Fomm ir-rih and in others areas characterized by rocky bottoms. PO14 Map of species distribution. Species distribution map with indications on its abundance in various zones and at different depths. Assessment indicators: percentage of mapped area in relation to the wider study area characterized by rocky bottoms, detailed level on information on the population distribution and density per area. Related actions: P1 PM15 Monitoring Ophidiaster ophidianus distribution. Visual censuses should be carried out through transects, as proposed by Schembri et al. (2004), in the various zones to guarantee a comparison between the effect of applied protection measures and the species conservation status (at least two transects for every zoned area characterized by rocky bottoms) in the various zones. PO15 Trends map of species increase / decrease. Assessment indicators: Date of last census update; trend of maintenance / recovery / increase of the population. Related actions: T10 PM16 Implementation of measures necessary for the mitigation of impacts / threats from collection by professional fishermen and divers. Elaboration of educational illustrative materials to be distributed to fishermen and diving centres, indicating how to recognize, recover and release protected species that are accidentally captured in fishing gear with the aim of enticing them to not collect them for collection purposes. Censuses, which include points PM 13 and 14, could be performed by diving centres working in the area, allowing divers to be most updated on the threats faced by this species, particularly that of direct take for collection purposes. Educational material (folders, leaflet, plasticized cards, exhibition panels into an environmental education centre and specific meetings) is particularly important for this action because it should allow the recognition of the species from Echinaster sepositus with which the species is often confused. PO16 Mitigation of the species direct take threat. Reduction of the direct threats for collection purposes. Assessment indicators: Number of enacted awareness building actions, number of involved fishermen and divers. Related actions: P2 TM11, TM12, TM20, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 28

30 III.3.7. Protection of Centrostephanus longispinus Centrostephanus longispinus Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P17 Mapping Centrostephanus longispinus Distribution map M presence P18 Monitoring Centrostephanus longispinus Species trend map M distribution P19 Implementation of measures necessary Mitigation of the threat due to H for the mitigation of impacts / threats from incidental or deliberate take of collection by professional fishermen and the species divers. PM17 Mapping Centrostephanus longispinus distribution. Underwater surveys should be carried out through belt transects, as proposed by Schembri et al.(2004), for Centrostephanus longispinus distribution and density data collection into the whole study area on sandy, detritic or sea grass bottoms. PO17 Map of species distribution. Species distribution map with indications on its abundance in different zones and at different depths. Assessment indicators: percentage of mapped area in relation to the wider study area, characterized by rocky bottoms, detailed level about the information on the population distribution and density in the wide study area. Related actions: P1 PM18 Monitoring Centrostephanus longispinus distribution. Visual census should be carried out through transects, as proposed by Schembri et al. (2004), in the various zones to guarantee a comparison between the effect of the protection measures and the species conservation status (at least two transects for every zoned area characterized by sandy, detritic or sea grass bottoms). PO18 Trend map of species. Map trend showing the species increase / decrease trend over time. Assessment indicators: Number of hours assigned to the survey, number of registered specimen, date of last updating. Related actions: T10 PM19 Implementation of measures necessary for the mitigation of impacts / threats from collection by professional fishermen and divers. Elaboration of educational illustrative materials to be distributed to fishermen and diving centres, indicating how to recognize, recover and release protected species that are accidentally captured in fishing gear with the aim of explaining the regulation prohibiting the collection of the species and enticing fishers and divers to not collect the species for collection purposes. The process of species monitoring and collection of data on species distribution could be enriched through the compilation of files that are distributed to diving clubs and professional fishermen working in the area. These files should be geared at recording specimen observations / catches according with indications on the site and the depth. PO19 Mitigation of the species incidental or deliberate collection threat. Reduction of incidental catch mortality due to nets and deliberate catch for collection purposes. Assessment indicators: Number of awareness building actions, number of involved fishermen and divers. Related actions: P2 T10, T16, Actions in the fields of communication, education and awareness. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 29

31 III.3.8. Protection of Aplysina areophoba Aplysina areophob Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P20 Mapping, control and preservation Map of species distribution M activities of Aplysina aereophoba and preservation of its current conservation status PM20 Mapping, control and preservation activities of Aplysina aereophoba. Visual census should be carried out through transects to identify species presence in the southern area of Fomm ir-rih (with indications on coverage extent and on species presence according to depth interval along transects from the coast to the high sea). Since the species is located in shallow waters (1-20 m) and is sensitive to the ecologic deterioration of shallow depth calcareous substrates and in particular of excessive sedimentation due to over-suspension of particles, it is important to establish diving behaviour guidelines capable of soliciting dive behaviours causing low suspension in areas with species presence PO20 Map of species distribution and preservation of its current conservation status. Map of species distribution and preservation of its current conservation status. Assessment indicators: percentage of mapped area in relation to the wider study area. Related actions: P1, T10, T16 III.3.9. Protection of marine endangered species hypothetically present in the area Protected species Code Management actions Expected outcome Priority P21 Data collection on presence and distribution of Dendropoma petraeum, Luria lurida, Erosaria spurca, Tonna galea Map of protected marine species presence M P22 Reduction of threats due to species collection by professional fishermen and divers Application of already foreseen regulations to other protected species H PM21 Data collection on presence and distribution of Dendropoma petraeum, Luria lurida, Erosaria spurca, Tonna galea. The document entitled Recommendations for a scientific monitoring programme for the proposed Rdum Majjiesa to Raheb Cave Marine Protected Area (Schembri et al., 2004) points to a list of species of international conservation interest hypothesized as being present in the study area. Some of these species (in particular Dendropoma petraeum, Luria lurida, Erosaria spurca, Tonna galea) were not taken into account in the Documentation relative to data requested by and collected for ICRAM (January 2003) and therefore were not considered during the planning and processing stages of the study area zoning and management. However, given the high conservation interest of these species, it is important to start surveys aimed at identifying areas characterized by their presence. Such information could be collected during the various sampling stages described for other species such as those of points P1 and P9-18 and in particular: Dendropoma petraeum: collect data on species presence and extension during stages listed in the P12 and P14 actions. Successively foresee a rapid assessment of the coastlines characterized by adequate habitat typology for the species (rocky infralittoral), which were not studied during data collection stages PM12 and PM14, so as to reach a global assessment of the species effective presence and localisation. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 30

32 Luria lurida, Erosaria spurca and Tonna galea: collect data on presence and number of encountered specimen during data collection activities P1, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18 and 21 so as to reach a better understanding of the effective species presence and localization in the study area. PO21 map of the presence of protected marine species. Indications on species presence and localization in the study area Assessment indicators: Percentage of the monitored area Related actions: PM 1, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18 e 21 PM22 Reduction of threats due to species withdrawal by professional fishermen and divers. Protection Elaboration of a species collection prohibition act within MPA regulations. Awareness Inclusion of information on the species sensitivity (Leaflets, exhibition panels, etc.) and on the prohibition of their collection (Tonna galea, Luria lurida, Erosaria spurca) and on their trampling (Dendropoma petraeum) in the educational and awareness building material of the MPA. Organization of specific meetings aimed at the diving centres and recreational fishermen community with the intent of increasing environmental awareness, illustrating the area s regulation and fostering collaboration for the recording of the species presence and accidental capture in the area. PO22 Application of protection measures and regulations already foreseen for other protected species. Formulation of specific regulations for the above mentioned species once their presence is confirmed; production of supporting educational material. Maintenance and recovery of the species. Assessment indicators: Formulation of specific MPA regulations; number of education / awareness building activities. Related actions: P 2, T10, T16 III Protection of geologic formations Geology Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority P23 Set up (schedule) and conduction of Vulnerability and coastal L specific studies on geologic formations erosion map; Database and aiming also at the understanding of the geomorphologic and links between geology, flora and fauna physiographic detailed mapping PM23 Set up and implementation of specific studies on geologic formations aiming also at the understanding of links between geology, flora and fauna. Surveys could foresee remote sensing images use sampled by high/medium resolution spatial sensors aiming at classifying coastline and a detailed map of soil use. Multitemporal analysis by remote sensing of the MPA could also be helpful for environmental changes monitoring as well as land use modification. Such analysis could aim at the creation of a coastal erosion detailed map. PO23 Vulnerability and coastal erosion map; Database and geomorphologic and physiographic detailed mapping. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 31

33 III Protection of geomorphologic formations Geomorphology Code Management actions Expected outcome Priority P24 Preparation and implementation of Detailed maps of seabed M research activities aimed at characterising the seabed and identification of the main relevant geomorphologic typologies PM24 Preparation and implementation of research activities aimed at characterising the seabed and identification of the boundaries between the different typologies. A geomorphologic map update should be carried out which should include the presence of main caves and their biocoenotic map including the presence and distribution of the main sciaphilous communities. PO24 Detailed maps of seabed. III Protection of coastal vegetation Coastal vegetation Code Management actions Expected outcome Priority P25 Preparation and implementation of Detailed distribution of the M research work main assemblages and of their health status PM25 Preparation and implementation of research work. Surveys should encompass the main modalities of coastal habitat restoration and intervention planning geared towards allochtonous species eradication from dune systems. The distribution of the main coastal vegetation species and the relative updated mapping could also be integrated through satellite image analysis collected by high/medium resolution spatial sensors. III Promotion and development of tourist activities of low environmental impact Low environmental impact tourist activity Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T1 Formulation and implementation of a Database and mapping of M survey of tourist activities tourist activities T2 Formulation and implementation of an Pollution reduction L appropriate system of waste collection T3 Planning and promotion of tourist fruition facilities allowing the supply of highquality services with minimal environmental impacts Dissemination of green practices M T4 Planning and establishment of a tourist safety system Reduction in number of accidents; increase of the degree of tourist satisfaction. L TM1 Formulation and implementation of a survey of tourist activities. The technical report Documentation relative to data requested by and collected for ICRAM (January 2003) shows that there are no available data in this domain, but only general indications Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 32

34 on the area. A detailed study of the main characteristics of tourist activities is necessary to arrange punctual and adequate management measures. The more important aspects concern the beach activities. A study aiming at identifying supply and demand, expectations and satisfaction level of beach users is considered useful. The study must also allow to characterize spatial-temporal tourist accumulation and highlight the way tourists are distributed throughout the three most visited beaches. Main aspects to study (PAP/RAC, 1997): Tourist demand; Size and quality of tourist attractions; Seasonality; Assessment of tourist superstructure (capacity, category, technology, quality of service, possibility of transformation); Assessment of the state of the environment; Identification of eventual socio-cultural conflicts; Identification of tourist preferences. The study must also investigate possible alternatives for the current tourism supply, by suggesting, where possible, some substitutes for activities with high environmental impact. Eventual proposed alternative solutions should comply with the following requirements: Practicability: they must be easily feasible and not depend on too many variables which are external to the management system; Economic feasibility: They must not involve heavy reconversion costs and must at least guarantee the same income level for the current operators. Suggestions should in any case consider the indications foreseen by the MEPA in the Draft North West Local Plan prepared for Ghajn Tuffieha, Golden Bay e Gnejna. TO1 Database and mapping of tourist activities. Final descriptive draft of tourist supply and demand. Up-to-date database with maps indicating the various levels of use in the area. Analysis and evaluation of the alternatives. Assessment indicators Number of started studies; number and typology of established databases; last updating of gathered data. Related actions: Scuba diving and snorkelling activities study and development (T8, T13, T15); Study of nautical activities (T20), Implementation/preparation of the beach Plan. Preparation of structure for the improvement of the accessibility. (T6); Main stakeholders to be involved: Economic operators, institutes of economic/ social research TM2 Formulation and implementation of an appropriate system of waste collection Besides the environmental and aesthetic damages they cause, wastes contribute to give an image of inefficiency and uselessness with regards to the MPA. The setting up of an adequate waste draining system aiming at waste recycling and re-use, contributes to strengthen the image of efficiency in terms of protection and of the mitigation of environmental deterioration while increasing tourist satisfaction. An efficient example of ecological land management also leads to changes in standard behaviour of individual users, determining the dissemination of correct attitudes outside the MPA borders, strengthening its educational function. The action foresees the design and the building up of a waste sorting collection system and its educational/ communicative support tools. TO2 Pollution reduction. Percentage increase of sorted collected garbage. Reduction of the areas of illegal dumpsites and/or abandoned wastes. Assessment indicators: Number of established garbage sorting and collection areas, percentage of waste sent to recycling treatments; percentage of restored dump areas, number of education / communication actions realized. Related actions: Green practises adoption in the MPA (T3); education / communication actions. Main stakeholders to be involved: Economic operators, local community, tourists, Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 33

35 TM3 Planning and promotion of tourist fruition facilities allowing the supply of highquality services with minimal environmental impacts The enlargement of the tourist supply must be carefully planned to create the right atmosphere so that the visitor may take back with him/her a pleasant memory of the visit s experience due to the high quality of the natural environment and its supplied services. Eagles (2002) suggests some guidelines for the establishment of green practices in protected areas, which are deemed useful to maintain/increase the degree of naturalness: Develop green purchase policies; Use biodegradable cleaning products; Use re-usable storage containers; Keep all systems and equipment well maintained, since all systems degrade in efficiency over time; Ensure marketing materials are environmentally sensitive. These criteria must be adopted by all structures directly involved in the MPA management, and promoted among all economic operators that carry out their activities in the area. The dissemination of such criteria must be considered a preliminary action to set up quality management systems, ecolabel policies, etc. TO3 dissemination of green practices. Reduction of waste dump and emission. Assessment indicator: Number of commercial activities adopting green practices ; percentage of ecological products used by managing entity and economic operators that carry out activities in the area. Related actions: Improvement of the waste collection systems (T2); education / communication actions Main stakeholders to be involved Economic operators of the MPA TM4 Planning and establishment of a tourist safety system. Activities undertaken in the MPA must constitute a pleasant experience for tourists so as to evoke positive memories. It is therefore important to establish prevention and control systems in order to minimize tourist accidents. The risk management and the tourists safety requires that the management body receive detailed information on the visitor flow and their activities in the MPA. Communication tools aimed at reducing human behaviour which exposes tourists to the negative effects due to exposure/contact with irritating marine organisms should be disseminated through the distribution of adequate brochures and leaflets. Prevention tools, such as those used to prevent contact effects with some irritating marine organisms, could be set up through the dissemination of informative leaflets. Another important point lies in the design of systems that prevent the public access to the sea in unfavourable climatic conditions, something which can be easily deployed through adequate communications from local meteorological stations. The report Parks Canada (1999) provides indications on how to organize safety management among stakeholders of a protected area and allows to foresee actions that involve the management body, economic operators and visitors. Some actions that each of the above mentioned actors can trigger to minimize the risk of accidents, are reported here: The management body Identify possible environmental accidents, facilities, traffic and freight systems, characteristics of tourists and management activities; Planning management of emergency responses in case of accidents; Organize planning of preventive actions through information and education programs; Conclude cooperation, training and communication agreements with other public institutions, NGOs, Tour operators, etc. The tour operators Identify risks of accidents within their own activities; Response management planning in case of accidents; Set up informative actions for their own customers aiming at accidents prevention; Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 34

36 Tourists Conclude cooperation, training and communication agreements with other public institutions, NGOs, Tour operators, etc. Know the inherent risks to the type of operation and being sure of having appropriate gears and a suitable technical and physical preparation. Besides, managers should foresee the presence of first aid facilities, of a naval unit for rescue in the sea, and of teams able to provide primary cares. TO4 Reduction in number of accidents, increase of the tourist level of satisfaction. Assessment indicators: number of accidents; number of performed prevention actions; tourists level of satisfaction Related actions: Improvement of the divers and snorkellers safety conditions (T11, T17) Main stakeholders to be involved: Economic operators, Tourists III Promotion and development of sustainable levels in bathing and beach use Beaches/Bathing Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T5 Establishment of a beach use plan Beach use Plan M T6 Improvement of access to tourist areas Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by tourists; M TM5 Establishing a beach use plan. This plan aims at establishing sustainability levels of beach use, through the rational management of tourist flows (currently not checked). Even though data on pressure levels in the area are presently lacking, an uncontrolled intensive beach use is recorded as occurring also during the night. Therefore, a rationalized strategy of beach use is needed, and this may be achieved by adjusting the user numbers to existing resources, and specifically by considering the available areas and the existing and/or achievable tourist service facilities. The plan should include alternative ways to replace the present uses considered as having high environmental impact with alternative solutions. Certain aspects concerning the foreseen zoning Plan need to be taken into account. The Ir-Ramla tal Mixquqa beach, in particular, is one of the most visited beaches of the area and is proximate to the MPA s E zone. This zone has an Entry-No Take level of protection foresees free access for bathing activities and forbids every form of take. This specific protection level aims at supporting the recovery of the density of the fish and benthic populations. The environmental marine richness therefore represents an important attraction for free diving activities. Boat traffic limitation measures for Zone E advocate the mooring of vessels in distinct locations thereby contributing to increase the bathers security level. Such aspects constitute an important improvement for the development of actions aimed at the reconversion of bathing tourism on Ir-Ramla tal Mixquqa beach. In a very similar way, the Ir-Ramla tà Ghajn Tuffieha beach use level must reflect a compatibility with the activities foreseen in its proximate zone D. The zonation of this latter zone foresees the forbidding of take and boating activities, while allowing snorkelling activities conducted in specific paths. A section of the beach Plan should therefore consider the use limits of the beach and development of facilities needed to support such recreational bathing activity (i.e. the possibility of renting free-breath gear such as masks and fins, preparation and distribution of awareness material in the form of species identification cards of use of snorkellors, possibility of using the Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 35

37 environmental aspects and strong points of the zone as a tourist attraction able of increasing the tourist demand even during low season periods, etc.). The regulation of the kiosks present in the area is necessary and a definition of the criteria to be applied in terms of their location needs to be formulated, identifying at the same time alternative solutions for those situations which manifest an environmental unsustainability. The beach use plan should consider the following elements (PAP/RAC, 1997): Type of activities; Seasonality; Duration of stay; Vulnerability of attraction; Carrying capacity of beaches. The Plan framework must be modular, flexible and it must foresee an efficient feedback system in such a way to redefine actions and adjust possible discrepancies with targeted goals or give quick answers to scenario changes. The plan implementation requires the involvement of administrative bodies and economic operators that use or are potentially interested in the MPA. The plan needs to also be consistent with the MEPA strategies illustrated in the Draft North West Local Plan prepared for Ghajn Tuffieha, Golden Bay e Gnejna. TO5 Beach use plan. Formulation of a synthetic document containing indications on beach use modalities. Fruition regulations. Assessment indicators: Produced reports, implementation of regulation systems Related actions: Tourism survey (T1); improvement of the access conditions (T6), development of snorkelling activities (T15). Main stakeholders to be involved: Economic operators; TM6 Improvement of access to tourist areas Some wooden footbridges should be built to allow access to beaches, thereby reducing environmental damage to the dunes. An appropriate panel display should clearly explain the reasons for using footbridges, contributing in this way to the common objective of awareness building in tourists. Vehicle access to the beaches should be forbidden. Current use of beaches at night, with ignition of bonfires should be limited to specially equipped locations. Use of these spaces could include a ticket payment for covering the maintenance fees. TO6 Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by tourists. The tourist service increase is insured through the building of facilities such as wooden footbridges, support panel displays, picnic areas. This action allows a reduction of the impacted areas, restoration of the degraded ones and MPA self-financing possibilities through ticket payment of picnic area use. Assessment indicators: Number of constructed system /structures; percentage of restored areas; tourist satisfaction level; Entrance fees from the picnic area ticket payment Related actions: Beach use Plan (T6), environmental communication and education actions Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 36

38 III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of scuba-diving activities Scuba diving Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T7 Studies and monitoring of the distribution of the most spectacular and/or most visible facies of the superficial benthos and fish species of interest for diving Map of the sites of tourist interest M T8 Study of tourist recreational activities by determining demand, offer, expectations and the degree of satisfaction experienced Updated database on the underwater activities developed in the AMP T9 Formulation of a diving activity regulation Scuba diving usage plan; M T10 Creation of tourist facilities providing high quality services with a high environmental performance M T11 T12 T13 Setting up first aid facilities to ensure the safety of divers; Improved access to zones that can be enjoyed by divers; Develop actions aimed at promoting scuba-diving as a part of the conventional tourism offer of bathing (sun and sea) enabling recreational activities to take place even outside the traditional bathing season Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by divers; Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by divers; Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by divers; Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA M L L L TM7 Studies and monitoring of the distribution of the most spectacular and/or most visible facies of the superficial benthos and fish species of interest for diving. Studies need to be carried out for the identification of the presence and distribution of benthos facies, or more generally of spectacular sea fauna such as coralligenous gorgonian landscapes, in zones B and C (Entry no Take zones) so as to allow an optimal planning of underwater activities. Such information can be partially extracted through the elaboration of biocoenotic map data. A monitoring scheme must also be foreseen to evaluate the effects of the no-take regulation especially with regards to the large size fish species such as groupers (cerna), conger eels (gringu), morays eels (morina), and Forkbeard (Lipp tal-qawwi) which usually characterise the sea bottoms. Such monitoring actions could involve the various diving centres operating in the area. This kind of study should include the identification of suitable underwater paths subdivided according to level of difficulty and diver experience requirements. TO7 Map of the sites of tourist interest Map of sites of interest for underwater tourism; identification of underwater paths Assessment indicators; details of Sites of interest for underwater tourism; number of prepared and established underwater paths; Related actions Biocoenosis and fish fauna surveys (P1, P5) Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 37

39 Main stakeholders to be involved: Diving Centres TM8 Study of tourist recreational activities by determining demand, offer, expectations and the degree of satisfaction experienced. Underwater tourism is one of the main activities that allows appreciation of conservation effects in MPAs and which can induce an important activity for the local economy, but at the same time, it can determine negative effects having impacts on marine population organisms and assemblages. The technical report Documentation relative to data requested by and collected for ICRAM (January 2003), highlights the absence of data in this domain and provides very general indications that evidence the low presence of divers in the area. To arrange punctual and adequate management measures, with aspects already foreseen by action T1, a detailed study of underwater activities practiced in the area is needed, and at the same time it is necessary to record information on the consistency of supply and demand concerning the whole island. It is possible to hypothesize that the whole island may represent a basin of potential users, and it is thus useful to obtain information capable of identifying and intersecting those demand requests that may be coherently satisfied through the protection objectives of the marine protected area. Comparisons between diver expectations, preferences and satisfaction level for sites within the MPA compared to sites of other Maltese areas both in terms of environmental quality and services provided by diving centres, could certainly be useful in the planning of diving activities. Such comparisons would allow to identify those domains in need of quality improvement in terms of the supplied services and proposed activities. Examples of such types of studies are available in: Harriot et al., 1997; Davis and Tisdell, 1995; Agnesi et al., TO8 Updted database on the underwater activities developed in the AMP. Updated database on collected information Assessment indicators: Typology and updating of data of established databases Related actions: Tourism survey (T1), snorkelling activity study and development (T15) TM9 Formulation of a diving activity regulation. The regulation of underwater activities must take into account a few basic aspects, like visitor awareness to MPA aims and environmental characteristics of the marine environment and sea bottoms. Diving modalities and regulation should encompass the following aspects: For scuba divers: adequate certificate possession and observance of depth limits established by the relative federation membership; For the diving centres: preparation, in agreement with the management body, of adequate dive logbooks and records reporting the relative dates, locations, depths, guides/ instructors and participants names for each guided dive The underwater activity regulation must be prepared while considering both environmental and economic components and encourage cooperation with the economic operators of the sector. Management of the underwater activities can be made easier by creating associations of diving centres interested in the area in such a way that managers can appoint them as sector representatives. Partnership agreements between the management body and the Association can lead to numerous advantages: The management body deals with only one representative thereby reducing the possibility of conflict situations and activating constructive synergies; Diving centres agree to respect determined criteria for the diving modalities thereby reducing impacts and contributing to preserve and/or increase the area s naturalness; Underwater activities supplied in the MPA can be planned in a different way compared to classical offers; Diving centres could have an accreditation label acknowledged by the management body; enterprises managing diving centres should be detached from the philosophy of pure profit orientation which tends to maximise profits through maximum user visits, but rather could Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 38

40 be geared at a quality oriented policy, thereby assuming the connotation of a servicerendering structure to the MPA. Higher warranty concerning the respect of the maximum number of divers per dive site in respect of the carrying capacity of the sites. Investment of responsibility on behalf of the scuba dive guides in relation to dive group behaviours adopted during the dives so that divers adopt behavioural standards aimed at minimizing diving impacts on the environment. Specific forms of cooperation could identify the diving centres as tools that the managing body may use for the pursuit of scuba diver awareness building. TO9 Scuba diving Usage Plan. A document that plans development modalities of underwater activities, including regulations, standard behaviours that scuba divers must conform to, minimum quality levels of centres, involvement modalities through partnership agreements, educational goals to reach. Assessment indicators:achieved regulation systems, established partnerships. Related actions Education/communication actions TM10 Creation of tourist facilities providing high quality services with a high environmental performance. The MPA dive quality level could be improved by adoption of the following guidelines: Formulation of a pre dive briefing that includes: Description of the dive site and its possible historical characteristics, dive objectives (degree of naturalism, photograph, video recording, archaeology, etc.), listing of general security rules, explanation of the path to follow, fauna and flora that could be encountered and optimal behaviour to adopt in case of encounter for its best observation, respect and diver security; Adopt an inquiring and environmentally friendly dive behaviour, observation of fauna and flora, control of diver buoyancy, not removing nor touching substrates or biological forms, avoiding fin contact with substratum, using underwater slates and cards for species recognition; End activity with post dive de-briefing that includes checking of reached dive goals, description of observations and correction of possible mistakes on recognition of living organisms. TO10 Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by divers. Assessment indicators; Number of diving centres adopting proposed guidelines, Appreciation level expressed by scuba divers; Related actions: Scuba divers involvement in monitoring and protected species conservation actions (P9, P11, P13, P16, P19); education /communication actions TM11 Setting up first aid facilities to ensure the safety of divers. In consideration of what was already expressed in action T4, the enactment of underwater activities raises other specific issues concerning divers safety. To this effect, it is necessary to ensure: Sea outings only during favourable meteorological conditions; Presence of adequately trained specialized staff (dive instructors.); Availability of first aid kits and a kit of medical oxygen for every journey in the sea; Safety tank positioned at a 3-5 m depth; Adequacy of scuba divers level with the difficulty of the dive; Presence of an adequate emergency communication system. TO11 Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by divers. Assessment indicators: Available rescue equipments by numbers and typology; number and seriousness of dive accidents; Related actions Tourist safety increase (T4) Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 39

41 TM12 Improved access to zones that can be enjoyed by divers. Mooring buoys positioned for diving centre boats must be foreseen, particularly to facilitate dives in zones b and C. To this regard, some buoy models used in Italian MPAs are proposed in annex 2. Buoys should be easily noticeable, recognizable and submitted to periodic maintenance to guarantee their efficiency. TO12 Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by divers. Assessment indicators: Number of positioned buoys, average number of boats that daily use moorings. Related actions Plan of underwater activities use (T9) TM13 Develop actions aimed at promoting scuba-diving as a part of the conventional tourism offer of bathing (sun and sea) enabling recreational activities to take place even outside the traditional bathing season. Underwater activities, though in continuous growth, still meet resistance thresholds (Borzini, 2001). These are determined by: Perception of danger due to the idea that survival in an aquatic environment depends on operating technical equipment; Effort required in gear preparation and transport; Equipment and diving costs. Appropriate information actions targeting specific goals can present the MPA underwater leisure as a complementary form to classical use of beaches. Furthermore, scuba diving lends itself to less seasonal activities and can contribute efficiently to extend the tourism season in a more sustainable way. TO13 Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA. Increase of number of dives in the MPA; increase of products/ services supplied by diving centres; lengthening of activity periods. Assessment indicators: Number and typology of products/ services supplied by diving centres, number of months in which diving centres are active Related actions recreational scuba-diving tourism study (T8) Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 40

42 III Promoting and defending sustainable levels of snorkelling Snorkelling Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T14 Studies of the distribution of the most outstanding and/or noticeable facies of the most superficial benthos, and fish presence and planning of snorkelling paths Map of the sites of tourist interest M T15 T16 T17 Study of tourist recreational activities by determining demand, offer, expectations and the degree of satisfaction experienced; Creation of tourist facilities providing high quality services with a high environmental performance; Setting up first aid facilities to ensure the safety of tourists; Plan of development for the snorkelling activities Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by tourists; Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by tourists; M L L TM14 Studies of the distribution of the most outstanding and/or noticeable facies of the most superficial benthos, and fish presence and planning of snorkelling paths. Fish fauna and snorkelling path design. Studies are needed to obtain information for the management of snorkelling activities. These should identify presence and distribution in the area of the most superficial benthos facieses and main fish species of relevant interest for snorkellers. Such information can be partly obtained from biocoenotic and ichtyofauna maps analysis coupled with punctual checks on site. The subsequent end of take activities in the Entry-no Take zones requires monitoring of fish assemblages and species presence such as serranids, labrids (wrasses), blennids and sparids of interest to snorkellers. Monitoring studies should also be geared at quantifying eventual physical impacts deriving from snorkelling and diving activities (i.e. contact with the substratum) and the evolution of supply and demand and of level of snorkeller satisfaction. Such information must serve as a support for the design of snorkelling paths in zones B, D and E. To avoid trampling of sea bottom and handling of specimens it would be useful to establish resting areas identified through buoys along the established paths. The regulation should foresee users number limitations on particularly sensitive environments or during critical periods of some species life cycle. TO14 Map of the sites of tourist interest. Map of sites of greater interest and/or use for snorkelling activities, snorkelling development regulations, design of snorkelling paths Assessment indicators; Typology and detail of the maps; number of established paths; formulated regulation. Related actions Biocoenosis and fish fauna survey (P1, P5), study of the sites of underwater interest (T7). TM15 Study of tourist recreational activities by determining demand, offer, expectations and the degree of satisfaction experienced. Snorkelling allows to appreciate the beauty and diversity of underwater life also without using tanks, therefore it represents an important educational tool and can constitute a source of income for local operators. Snorkelling along specific pre-established paths is not particularly well known and popular. To be able to develop it effectively, it is necessary to carry out a market study which Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 41

43 can allow to identify and characterize targets of potential demand. Tourists that already use beaches located within the MPA are probably the most important source of users. Following the enactment of activities listed in point T1, a specific study should therefore be carried out in order to evaluate potential users and tourist availability so as to increase demand with this new type of use category. The study should also include the development of related activities such as: Rent/ sale of necessary gears (mask, fins, nozzle, underwater card for the recognition of the sea organisms), capacity building and organization of qualified operators (snorkelling guides capable of providing educational support through preliminary and subsequent activity meetings). A promotional activity should also be carried out aimed at all the tourist reception facilities present on the island, and adequate transportation should be provided so as to reach the underwater paths. TO15 Plan of development for the snorkelling activities. Assessment indicators; Number of snorkellers that frequently visit the MPA; number of employees operating as guides, number of related activities (necessary gear rent / sale), number of contacted tourist receptive facilities; transport systems set up for tourists. Related actions Tourism studies (T1). TM16 Creation of tourist facilities providing high quality services with a high environmental performance. The MPA snorkelling activities must be developed with the aim to achieve high quality services thereby limiting negative environmental impacts. Some guidelines for reaching adequate goals are reported: Preliminary briefing for educational purposes including: sites description and possible historical notions, explanation of conservation policies and itineraries to follow, and on fauna and flora species most likely to be observed and indications on how to ensure their optimal observation; To adopt an inquiring and environment friendly behaviour: Observe fauna and flora organisms without removing or touching them, avoidance of contact with the substratum, usage of underwater cards for the recognition of species and slates to record particularly interesting observations; To start a subsequent debriefing with a description of underwater observations and a correction of possible mistakes as regards to the recognition of observed life forms. TO16 Increase in the offer of tourism services connected to the MPA; Increase in the level of satisfaction experienced by tourists. Assessment indicators; Tourist satisfaction level; number of operators applying guidelines- Related actions Education /communication actions TM17 Setting up first aid facilities to ensure the safety of tourists. In the general framework described in action T4, the development of snorkelling activities is marked by special features requiring consideration. The secure implementation of safe activity conditions requires consideration of the following: Sea outings only under favourable meteorological conditions; Presence of adequately trained specialized staff (dive guides); Availability of a first aid kit for every journey in the sea; Adequacy of snorkellers preparation level with respect to proposed snorkelling path typology; Presence of a suitable emergency communication system. TO17 Increase in the supply of tourism services related to the MPA; Increase of the level of satisfaction among tourists. Assessment indicators: Number of occurred accidents; Number of rescues per type of demand; number of distributed information material Related actions: Increase of tourist safety (T4) Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 42

44 III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of boating activities Boating Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T18 Assessment of the present mooring / identification of sites, H anchorage and of possible alternative solutions to reduce environmental impacts; positioning of mooring structures and definition of use criteria T19 Promotion of low environmental impact Reduction of impact from M T20 T21 systems Studies of the profile and preferences of boaters and on the types of boats; Regulation of tourist use of the area through actions aimed at spreading out visitor flows in time and space boating activities updated database on recreational boating activities occurring in the MPA Usage plan for tourist activities L L TM18 Assessment of the present mooring / anchorage and of possible alternative solutions to reduce environmental impacts. The predisposition of moorings with low environmental impact requires a definition of current or potential usage of the area. Although the area does not seem to be highly utilised (reported by Schembri 2003), the presence of some small moored boats is recorded for the period May - September; and it is therefore necessary to arrange mooring buoy and transit corridors for these boats. The following procedure is suggested : A preliminary study for the identification of most adequate zones and for the positioning of buoy fields, according to criteria which consider sea bottom conservation, with particular attention paid to Posidonia meadows and coralligenous and structuring species assemblages. Choice of most adequate mooring according to dimensions and typologies, according to the above criteria (some examples are illustrated in annex 2); Installation of moorings in the selected sites; Definition of a usage Plan to be agreed with stakeholders which includes the selected choice of the buoy s management and revision (installation and management could be subcontracted to second parties or the management body could be directly in charge of service payment). Positioning of a limited number of buoys must be foreseen in the E zone to allow mooring for boats bringing snorkellers or bathers. To avoid the single use of a place per day, a maximum use time (2 hours) can be introduced to facilitate a use turn-over. TO18 identification of sites, positioning of mooring structures and definition of use criteria. Assessment indicators: Number of positioned buoys, average number of moored boats Related actions: P1, P2, P8, Nautical activities study (T20) TM19 Promotion of low environmental impact systems. In order to reduce oil and fuel pollution and sound pollution generated by 2 stroke outboard engines on leisure boats, actions must be considered to promote the use of 4 stroke engines or the use of more recent technologies to minimize environmental impact which could be substituted in the future with alternative environmentally compatible fuels (bio ethanol and GPL). Incentives should be identified for the promotion of technologies aimed at reducing air and at sea emissions and for wastewater treatment technologies. TO19 Reduction of impact from boating activities. Assessment indicators: Number of 4 stroke engine boats in use in the MPA; number of boats using systems with reduced air and at sea emissions; number of boats using wastewater treatment technologies. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 43

45 TM20 Studies of the profile and preferences of boaters and on the types of boats. Data on boater area use frequency is scarce, however, preliminary information collected from local consultants and during the consultation stage (Annex 1) indicates a low presence of boaters and use of the area (less than 10 units along the whole given coastline during the maximum concentration periods). In accordance to the activities foreseen in action T1, it is advisable to conduct a study on this subject so as to plan an adequate monitoring system able to record the profile, boater preference and boat typology present in the MPA. Such work could be carried out along the lines presented in the studies conducted by Sidman et al. (2000), Agnesi et al. (2002); Di Nora et al. (2002). The collected information should serve in the formulation process for an effective regulation regarding modalities of access, mooring and anchorage. It is important that such information be periodically updated. TO20 Updated database on recreational boating activities occurring in the MPA. Assessment indicators; Number of research projects carried out; number and typology of databases created; date of last update. Related actions Tourism study (T1) TM21 Regulation of tourist use of the area through actions aimed at spreading out visitor flows in time and space. MPA nautical traffic management should be accurately regulated. All the actors capable of contributing to the definition of the various usage limits should be involved in the formulation process of the MPA s regulation; these include the various control organs and economic operators. TO21 Usage plan for tourist activities. Document that reports use limits and regulation to update Assessment indicators: Number of achieved actions foreseen by the use Plan. Related actions: dissemination systems of impact reduction (T18, T19) study of nautical activities (T20) III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of aquatic sports Water- Sports Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T22 Development of systems to discourage Substitution of resource use H high impact activities presently existing in systems with alternative low the area; impact ones. TM22 Development of systems to discourage high impact activities presently existing in the area A small number of sport centres is currently operating in the area, renting watercrafts (jet skies) or motorboats equipped with drag parachutes. This kind of activity is incompatible with the MPA objectives, as it causes impacts such as sound pollution, inundation and it constitutes a risk for visitors. The incompatibility of such activities with the MPA requires the prohibition of their use in the whole area. A three-year moratorium could be foreseen to allow sport centre owners to reconvert this segment of activity with vessels having a lower environmental impact. A short description of alternative boat typologies is given below. Glass bottom boat This type of boat allows the observation of the sea bottoms and underwater life during navigation through a transparent hull bottom or through an adequately dimensioned porthole. It is an educationally important tool as it increases the array of potential sea users therefore facilitating the inclusion of non-divers and it allows the general public to discover the marine environment. Embarked qualified staff are useful in explaining the most salient notions concerning the submerged marine environment. Small models can use an electric engine propulsion. Glass bottom pedal boat Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 44

46 This pedal boat (commonly named pedalo ), is characterised as having two places above and two places below the water level thereby allowing a good vision of the submerged environment for those users who are unable to dive such as elderly people and children. TO22 resources use system replacement by minor impact alternatives. Assessment indicators: Number of watercraft (jetsky) and motorboats currently present in the sport centres, which are replaced by other less impacting types. Related actions: Nautical activities use Plan (T21). III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of touristic facilities Tourist facilities Code Management actions (M) Expected Outcome (O) Priority T23 Identification of facilities necessary for tourism in the area and preparation of a tourist facilities development plan; Facilities usage plan; M T24 Restoration of areas affected by Remediation of degraded H unauthorised constructions conditions TM23 Identification of facilities necessary for tourism in the area and preparation of a tourist facilities development plan. The planning of tourist fruition facilities must take into account the MEPA proposition from the Draft North West Local Plan prepared for Ghajn Tuffieha, Golden Bay e Gnejna. It is important to foresee low-cost accommodation facilities that can host researchers or volunteers working in the MPA. To this end, readapting and turning some of most suitable boathouses into guest-rooms could be taken in consideration. Some boathouses could be resettled for the establishment of marine/fishing museums and as refreshment areas and/or local handicraft product selling outlets. TO23 Facilities usage plan. A document that defines and specifies tourist facilities and can enhance a better management of the MPA tourist development. Assessment indicators; Number of developed actions foreseen by the use Plan; tourist satisfaction level. Related actions Tourism study (T1) TM24 Restoration of areas affected by unauthorised constructions. The restoration of natural characteristics in the area is an important component of the MPA vision. The MEPA s indications that emerge in the Draft North West Local Plan prepared for Ghajn Tuffieha, Golden Bay e Gnejna specify that, where possible, the existing structures of Gneijna s beach should be removed. The same document foresees the removal of existing structures that concretely obstruct watercourses. Specific interventions must be foreseen for the re-naturalization of these areas. TO24 Remediation of degraded conditions. Reduction of areas affected by decay phenomena Assessment indicators: Number of unauthorized structures removed; percentage of the restored areas. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 45

47 III Promotion and development of sustainable levels of professional and recreational fishing Fishnig activities Code Management actions (M) Expected outcome (O) Priority F1 Implementation of research work on Establishment of annual M fishing; reports on fisheries and catch statistics in this area F2 Monitoring of indicators of support in fish Fish resource management M resource management Plan F3 Forms of income integration for Interventions in support of M F4 professional fishermen. Sports fishing study and management hypothesis sustainable fishing profitability Sports fishing management Plan M FM1 Implementation of research work on fishing including the study of the industry. Information collected through the monitoring of fishing activities conducted by the MCFS Malta Centre Fisheries Science (Annex 1) on the number of boats, used gear, main catches, the seasonality of fishing periods and principal fishing zones, provides an overview of fishing activities in Malta and specifically of boats registered at Gnejna Bay. However a more detailed study needs to be carried out on the strictly coastal fishing activities conducted within the MPA, so as to envisage a more rigorous supervision of the fish resources as well as management measures. Data collection should in particular be focused on: (1) Number of fishermen actually operating within the MPA perimeter - originating from Gnejna Bay and from other harbours of Malta and Gozo ( both full time and part time); (2) Fishing boats - number, length and power; (3) Used fishing gears; (4) Identification of the specific fishing sites used for each gear; (5) Seasonal fishing effort; (6) Main captures. Specific studies are useful to evaluate the level of impact of different tools and particularly: Impact of the use of luminous sources (lampara) in order to formulate a regulation that defines limits to night fishing and to the use of luminous systems; Assessment of the various impacts on the sea bottom caused by fixed gill nets compared to bottom longlines FO1 Establishment of annual reports on fisheries and catch statistics in this area. Updated databases; annual reports; map of fishing effort. Assessment indicators; number of published reports and established databases, maps produced, date of last update. Related actions FM2 Monitoring of indicators of support in fish resource management. Some parameters useful in determining fish stock management measures should be monitored with particular attention paid to fishing mortality limitation, reproduction periods and the maintenance of trophic structures. A few indicators to monitor are: 1. Maintenance of fishing mortality within reference values: main target and auxiliary species catch data in the MPA compared to those in two external zones; 2. Maintenance of population reproduction times: (i) Collection of temporal parameters (periodic) on the fishing effort and on the Catches Per Unit of Effort (CPUE); 3. Maintenance of trophic structures: (i) biomasses study; (ii) food chain study. The above mentioned actions should be carried out in predetermined periods of the year: once every fortnight for 3 (i) and 1 (i) and periodic [for example: May, September and December] for 2 (i). Research activities need the support of local fishing operators and in particular full-time Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 46

48 fishermen registered at Gnejna Bay. Sports fishermen (part time or amateur fishermen) will also have to be involved in some research activities (for example Action 1). Information collected together with data from action F1 must be functional for the design of a MPA fishing management Plan which encompass the following aspects: authorized tools and their characteristics, regulation of areas and fishing periods, MPA fishing authorization number, criteria for distribution of authorizations. FO2 Fish Resource Management Plan. Annual technical reports, update of a fishing effort map, fish resource management Plan. Assessment indicators: reports and database typology and level of detail; achieved actions of the Plan; number of involved fishermen. Related actions: PM6 FM3 Forms of income integration for professional fishermen. Fishing activity regulation can shortly entail a reduction of fishing catches with a respective decrease of incomes for the operator working in this sector. Various types of compensations for the reduced incomes can be provided through activities that enhance this professional category and its relative fishing tradition. Pescaturismo (fishing tourism) is one such example and has found wide approval in Italy both on behalf of the fishers as well as of the tourists. It entails that professional fishermen accommodate tourists on board, upon an agreed payment, and allow them to take part in a fishing day trip. The fishing activity conducted is only demonstrative and fished quantity is minimal. The supply is usually increased by the possibility of having lunch on board with meals cooked with just fished catches and by bathing stops in especially attractive bays. There are many advantages linked to fishing tourism, namely: Reduction of the fishing effort; New source of incomes for the sector operators; Value of traditional fishing; Undertaking sustainable tourism activities. The activity start prerequisites are: Legislative frameworks; Adjustment of shipboard security facilities; Operators (fishermen) training; Regulation of activities implemented by the MPA management body. FO3 Interventions in support of sustainable fishing profitability. Assessment indicators Involved fishing number; number of involved tourists, percentage of supplemented income. Related actions: T1 FM4 Study and hypothesis of sports fishing management. Available information allows ascertaining area use by sports fishermen but does not lead to assess its consistency. Considering that some studies have highlighted the impact brought about by freebreath fishing (Francour et al., 2001; Jouvenel and Pollard, 2001), the collection of background information on fishing sports activities in the MPA is a fundamental element to acquire in order to issue appropriate regulation measures. This type of study should include: Typologies of recreational sports fishing practiced within the MPA; Fishing zones and pressure levels; Seasonality; Catches. The sport fishing management Plan must include the following aspects; allowed gears, fishing areas and period regulations, criteria for sports fishing authorizations in the MPA, and a monitoring system that enables the managing body to collect data on sites and fishing effort through the involvement of the authorized fishermen. FO4 Management Plan for sports fishing. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 47

49 The collected information must be useful for the sport fishing management Plan and must therefore be structured in databases and maps of fishing pressure. Assessment indicators: produced databases and maps, achievement of the actions foreseen by the plan actions Plan. Related actions: T1 Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 48

50 III.4. COMMUNICATION, EDUCATION, AWARENESS Communication processes are important for all activities to be carried out within the MPA. All the actors that are present within the MPA are in fact authors or recipients of the messages concerning the protected area itself or the activities carried out in it. The structure and the contents of the communication messages are therefore very important in that they can influence and shape the behaviours of other stakeholders involved. It is for this reason that it is important to know the actors and to correctly manage the communication tools so as to obtain the maximum benefit for the MPA. Each communication process can also differ according to the subject, the content and the tools used. The management body must above all manage communication relationships with a multitude of actors, falling in the following categories: Visitors/ tourists; schools; economic operators; other corporations or institutions. III.4.1. Communication activity The communication activities deal with: Information on the MPA; Current regulations; MPA offered services; Thematic widening on subjects of particular interest (geomorphologic, biologic, etc.) ; Themes inherent to conservation and environmental sustainability policies not necessarily linked to the site; Communication activity directed at schools; Mass media communication activity. III.4.1.a Information on the MPA Aims: Presentation and description of the MPA. Contents: Institutional, technical (scientific, socio-economic), fruition (tourism, leisure, didactics). Tools: publications, multimedia products, websites, system of signs and posters. These activities answer, above all, to the visitor s need on MPA knowledge and in particular that related to its environmental, natural, historical characteristics and its knowledge with regards to the Maltese context. They can be produced on paper (brochures, leaflet, guides, maps etc.) and / or on multimedia supports (CD-Rom, website, DVD, video films etc.) and as such they can be used by visitors both before and after visits to the MPA. In this case they also have an ex ante promotional function, and an ex post memory function, with respect to the visitor s actual stay in the area. Through these tools the visitor gains better perception of the MPA value. The perceived value is directly proportional to the willingness to pay both in order to keep the area existing (value of existence), as well as the possibility of visiting it (consumption value). The design of this product must therefore be carefully studied. General information on the MPA must be also supplied through a signs and panel system. Informative panels should be positioned in places with wide visibility and high use, but should always comply with the criteria of minimizing physical and landscape impacts. III.4.1.b Current regulations Aims: Knowledge of usage restriction and of fruition modalities Contents: Institutional, usage (allowed activities) educational (correct behaviours to adopt) Tools: Sea buoys, panels and signs on land, paper publications, information distributed by staff. The MPA user must know and have information about the in-force regulations, on the different modalities of access to the different zones and on behaviours to adopt. This kind of information, is one of the principal tasks of the management body and is directly linked to the pursuit of the area s objectives. The message must be given in a clear and unequivocal way so as to limit errors of Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 49

51 interpretation and risks of dispute with the surveillance staff. The positioning of buoys allows to clearly delimit the different zones foreseen in the MPA. It is optimal to use different coloured buoy for the delimitation of the four anticipated levels of protection in the area. The regulations and the correct behaviours to adopt in each zone should also be spelled out on the various produced awareness material. III.4.1.c MPA supplied services Aims: Fruition possibility; Contents: Institutional, technical (scientific, socio-economic,), usage (tourism, leisure, didactics;); Tools: Publications, multimedia products, websites, panel and sign system, welcome centre, information points. Many management activities are tuned to the new types of MPA fruition and leisure promotion. The variety of possible options must therefore be promoted to the visitors. The message content should explain the value of environmentally sustainable practices that need to be applied in the area, it should meet the visitors expectations and at the same time stimulate fruition behaviours that limit environmental impact and enhance the visitor s capacities to learn and appreciate. This kind of message is strategic for the other MPA management activities because it directly affects the efficiency of the overall adopted policies. The establishment of a welcome centre and information points is an appropriate tool for the dissemination of such messages. The welcome centre is the physical interface between the MPA and its visitors. It contributes to delineating the MPA image for the general public and contains all communicative tools. Specialized staff provides information about the area s environmental and fruition aspects and distributes the available popular, scientific, promotional and educational material. The welcome centre should be located in a place of great accessibility, with car parking possibility and preferably along a mandatory pathway, so as to intercept the greater number of visitors as possible. Its spaces must be sufficiently large to accommodate groups and students, especially if an environmental education centre is not yet operating in the area. The furnishings should include equipments that allow usage of multimedia products (video recorders, computers, etc) and basic exhibition material (panels, plastic models, aquarium, etc.). The design of a welcome centre can involve high costs above all due to building and to the technical instrumentations. To this effect, it is advisable that the management body try to obtain non-used historical buildings or of structures of public property that can be utilised to this purpose, thereby incurring only in reorganization and minimal expenses. The welcome centre should always be able to meet the users expectations in terms of information rendering. Should it fail to do so because of lack of information material or unprepared staff, it will give the MPA an image of inefficiency and reduce its conservation function. If the efficiency of the welcome centre cannot be guaranteed it is advised to not proceed towards its activation for it is more difficult to change a negative image, in terms of time and resources, than build a positive one ex-novo. Information points can also be activated throughout the MPA. These consist of simpler structures through which tourists are informed of the MPA existence and where informative material is disseminated. They have a purely promotional and preliminary function in comparison to the welcome centre. The instalment of an information point would be most optimal in each of the three most utilised beaches (unless a welcome centre is not built in one of them) and at least one in La Valletta. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 50

52 III.4.1.d Development of themes on outstanding topics (geomorphologic aspects, biology, history etc.) Aims: Description of the area, dissemination of research results; Contents: Technical (scientific, socio-economic), usage (educational). Tools: Publications, multimedia products, websites and exhibition shows. The MPA must also represent a scientific laboratory and educational tool. This function is partly accomplished thanks to research activities the results of which must be made available to the general public. The management body must deliver scientific messages, both in the research sector and that of environmental awareness, through the planning of thematic shows, guidebooks and monographs on the area s relevant aspects. Specific illustrative and educational products targeting scuba divers and snorkellers can prove very useful, especially in outlining a behavioural code of conduct in case of finding /observation of various species present in the area (i.e. for Aplysina and Astroides = special care during approach with scuba gear to avoid physical trauma and avoid excessive suspension of sediment; Centrostephanus longispinus = avoid collection or handling and knocking with fins, Ophidiaster ophidianus = avoid collection and knocking with fins; Pinna nobilis = avoid collection, knocking of the valves with fins and production of excessive suspension next to specimen). III.4.1.e Topics related to conservation policies and environmental sustainability not strictly in relation to the area Aims: Information and awareness building on the importance of conservation and environmentally sustainable policies Contents : Institutional, technical (scientific, socio economic,) usage (tourism, leisure, educational); Tools: Publications, multimedia products, website. One of the main goals of the MPA is to educate the public as to the importance of conservation and environmentally sustainable policies that need to be applied in general to the marine environment regardless of whether this be within or outside the MPA. This message should prevail in every communication activity carried out within the MPA. III.4.1.f Communication aimed at schools. Aims: Description of the area and programs; Contents : Technical (scientific, socio-economic) usage (tourism, leisure, educational); Tools: Publications, multimedia products, websites; The educational objectives of the MPA can be reached by actions targeting schools. Distinct actions should be developed targeting local schools and others towards school groups from other territorial contexts. In the first case, the communication message should emphasize knowledge of the territory mostly from an anthropological and cultural point of view, with the objective of training future citizens capable of responsibly managing their environment and seeking their involvement in the enactment of the MPA activities themselves. In the case of non-local schools instead, the message should emphasize much more the importance of sustaining conservation and responsible resource use policies, emphasizing those cultural and environmental elements which differentiate one area from another. III.4.1.g Communication aimed at mass media tools Aims: Description of the area, possibility of fruition, fruition activity; Contents :institutional, technical (scientific, socio-economic) usage (tourism, leisure, didactics) ; Tools: Press releases, publications, multimedia products, websites; Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 51

53 The MPA image perceived by the community is essentially portrayed through the use of mass media, which can reach a great number of individuals. The management body must be able to interact with the mass media so as to address its message according to the management aim foreseen for the MPA. To prevent mass media from acquiring information exclusively through ordinary communication channels, it would be optimal to ensure the presence of a communication officer who coordinates and arranges the dispatching of appropriate and timely information material to the various media organisations. Mass media can also contribute to the dissemination of educational messages to schools through the production of documentaries, distribution of magazines, etc. Information on the MPA should reach the greatest number of people, resorting as well to communication tools in Maltese. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 52

54 III.4.2. Environmental Education Centre (EEC) As underlined earlier, it is crucial to establish an Environmental Education Centre as a tool for educational experimentation, of information and documentation on the MPA marine and coastal environment, where educational and research activities merge with significant environmental field experiences. An educational laboratory for young people should also be foreseen in the centre in order to carry out simple easy educational experiments. The aims and purposes of the Environmental Education Centre are in line with the principles expressed in the Belgrade Chart, approved at the end of the international Environmental Education colloquium (UNESCO-UNEP, 1976), and consist in Forming a conscious worldwide population, aware and concerned about the related environmental problems, a population having the knowledge, the expertise, the state of mind, the motivations and the sense of duty that will allow it to operate individually and collectively to find solutions for the present problems and to prevent the creation of new ones. III.4.2.a Aims The EEC activity aims at designing and realizing educational services to support and stimulate: The design of environmental education initiatives and programs for schools; The design and establishment of initiatives addressed to the population so as to favour environmental awareness and information; The promotion of new environmental activities including innovative forms of tourist fruition, such as snorkelling or tourism fishing; The creation, the design and the realization of educational materials of support to environmental information and awareness building; The discovery of the physical and biological environmental characteristics of the area; The observation of living organisms through aquariums and, where possible, of the sea bottoms so as to understand the characteristics and interactions between the various noticeable levels of organization; The chemical and biological analyses and microscopic observations of biotic and abiotic elements collected, through simple laboratory tools ; The identification of human / environment interactions as a dialectic relationship; The recovery of historical memory especially that pertaining to the typically local productive activities; The development of the concept of a Mediterranean scenario, considered as a set of elements characterizing the Mediterranean basin (history, culture, folklore) and the understanding of the existing links between the Maltese insular culture and the civilisations of the Mediterranean region. The EEC is also in charge of information and acts as a visitor centre for MPA users, ensuring the dissemination of correct information on the regulations in force in the area. The activities of the EEC must be advertised and promoted with actions on the basis of the user targets. III.4.2.b Major operational goals of the EEC Environmental education The EEC Plans and carries out programs of environmental education for schools, for the local population, for tourists, and for economic operators in the area. environmental education Projects for local schools. Discovery of their own territory and important locations, from the cultural, economic, naturalistic and historical point of view, as an opportunity for the discovery of the MPA and as an encouragement for youngsters to participate and be aware of their environment s problems. Local population awareness Activity Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 53

55 The EEC promotes cultural initiatives, allocates special value to local traditions and should stimulate the citizen s desire to be involved in development actions within their own country. Tourists awareness Activity The EEC will host popular and leisure activities aimed at tourists awareness. Activity with fishermen The EEC will organize actions directed towards the dissemination of knowledge on threatened species and on rescue techniques to apply for the recovery of injured animals (turtles, sea birds) and of correct behaviours required in the management of marine resources. Teaching activity Teaching update courses for teachers The EEC will promote and organize update courses for teachers both on the knowledge of the MPA territory and general marine environmental themes. Seminars and environmental teaching The EEC, compatibly with the role of dissemination of environmental information, will promote cultural initiatives such as the organization of seminars and courses dealing with environmental issues. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 54

56 IV. MANAGEMENT BODY The choice of the MPA management body should involve concerned bodies with an adequate technical expertise and a sufficient recognition on an institutional and political level. The MPA management body (MB) must confront itself daily with the management of aspects of various nature, and to perform its functions, it must avail itself of certain indispensable competences, while for certain functions it may avail itself of the cooperation with professionals or advisory organisations. The structure of the MB should include a president, with political institutional functions and with a representation role and a director who is in charge of the coordination and organisation of the: Administrative office, for the management and the development of administrative tasks; Accounting and funding department, for the accounting management, search of funds and the preparation of requests; This office should be responsible for the accounts department of the body but also to manage the funding system of the various activities. Apart from the availability of public funds eventually available for the running of the MPA the MB could ascertain the possibility of obtaining possible sources of funding such as: Specific project funding which can be found through national and international conservation organizations; Specific initiatives can be sponsored by the private sector. Many enterprises supply funds in return for a company image reinforcement on the market. Direct product sale (T-shirt, promotional products, etc.); Introduction of an entry ticket payment. This is a direct source of funding but not always well accepted by the general public; Setting of fares for facilities and services of the area (moorings for the boats, guided visits, etc.). Contributions in kind can also help the MPA in running its management activities. Contributions in kind involve goods and services given to the MPA, which otherwise would need to be bought. Provided services can include a wide array of things ranging from voluntary services necessary for the conduction of research and educational programs, to professional and legal performances. Goods can also include equipment and furniture. It is always important to inform the general public about the possibility of offering such donations, which are extremely important, and which will be accepted with gratitude. Specific actions can be started for: Volunteers for different research programmes, promotion, education, etc.; Equipment, money and service gifts; Purchase of material at reduced prices; Sharing of staff, buildings, and equipment with other corporations. Communication office, for the management and the coordination of the environmental communication and education activities; Control office, for the coordination of activities concerning surveillance and control. Control and surveillance activities are necessary for the achievement of MPA goals. However, the observance of the code rules and an environmentally friendly code of behaviour should be pursued mostly with the aid of communication activities and environmental education. In this regard, it should be remembered that even though they may be recorded long afterwards, results achieved through environmental education programs are more effective and sustainable than the effects of control and surveillance system. Environmental awareness activities can produce results over the long term, therefore the management body must arrange, in a very short period of time, a system for the avoidance of infringements of adopted protection levels, that can considerably compromise the MPA resources. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 55

57 A few fundamental principles should be followed from the beginning in order to reduce the infringement number: Clarity Usage restrictions must be clearly underlined, both at the level of the MPA institutional law and of regulation, so a not to leave interpretative doubts and consequent arbitrary behaviours; Border delineation The limits of the MPA and the different zones must be well marked through buoy systems, and also along the coast, to avoid user misbehaviours and staff uncertainties in tracking infringements; Exemptions Exemptions from rules must only be exceptionally conceded. The granting of a high number of special permits can give the impression among the population that the area is managed towards the fulfilment of personal and not collective interests, thus encouraging tendencies not to comply with observance of rules. The management body must be able to apply direct sanctions as regards to light infringements, while for great infringements it must make use of the sea police/ coast guard. The management body s activity must be directed towards an effective and constant control of the whole area, on sea and on land, by using available resources, particularly stakeholders who have the power to apply penalties. The task of the Control office is to coordinate those human resources that are involved in the MPA control and the surveillance system. Apart from these internal available tools, the management body should set up cooperation schemes with specialized experts and the various MPA stakeholders. The management body should also aim to set up advisory committees for the following fields: a) Research: The MB should avail itself of a scientific committee with consultative functions regarding the scientific and research components. The committee elaborates a research programme on a yearly basis and expresses its opinion on scientific, awareness and environmental education themes. The scientific committee should be composed of professionals capable of evaluating the scientific validity of the proposed projects. The research should not be exclusively geared at studying natural components but also the socio-economic sector and it is therefore useful for the committee to be composed of professionals with expertises in this sector as well. The integration of expertises in different research sectors enables the scientific committee to identify and suggest specific research projects capable of giving information on the use of the area and the effectiveness of the adopted protection levels. The scientific committee should also evaluate actions performed by research institutes involved by the managing entity and guarantee that agreed objectives are reached. b) Fishing The involvement of fishing operators involvement is a strategic element for the MPA success. The set up of a committee composed of fishing operators and researchers, having consultative and proposal functions, could be an efficient support tool for the management of this activity, while promoting an fruitful exchange process. Other specific partnership agreements can be foreseen and activated with particular categories such as diving centres so as to favour the local communities participation process while at the same time availing the MPA with specific professionalities that can be useful in the planning of the MPA s management activities. Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 56

58 V. CONCLUSION The indications given in the present document are directed towards the setting up of a baseline for the development of a more detailed management plan, which should have the following characteristics (Clarke and Mount, 1998; Thomas and Middleton, 2003): 1. Clear and accessible: easy to read and well presented; 2. Concise and comprehensive: no longer than what is absolutely necessary, but with enough information to fulfil its functions; 3. Accurate and objective: without major errors or statements and with the criteria for all judgements clearly explained; 4. Acceptable and motivating to all those with interests in and having an emotional attachment to the site; 5. Precise and practical: having clear objectives, realistic methods for achieving the objectives, and indicating the desired outcomes which can be monitored; 6. Focused and effective: providing a tool for site management, meeting the needs of its users and satisfying any legal or other obligations. Many actions suggested in the present document can be further elaborated as soon as the legislative framework and the management body typology of the MPA will be identified and the consistency of the baseline funding will be made available fro the management of the MPA: Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 57

59 REFERENCES Agnesi S., Di Nora T. & Tunesi L. (2001) The study of diving tourism to support the adaptive management in an Italian marine protected area (Ustica Island). Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. Médit., 36: 347. Agnesi S., Di Nora T., Mo G. & Tunesi L. (2002) Monitoring nautical activities in a Marine Protected Area (MPA): an integrated approach. CD of First Scientific Conference of European Federation Marine Science (EFMS): Oceanographical Aspects for a Sustainable Mediterranean. Athens, sept Bertrandy M.C., Boudouresque C.F., Foret P., Lefevre J.R. & Meinesz A. (1986) Reseau de surveillance Posidonies. Rapport Conseille Reg. PACA, GIS Posidonie CI PALM, CAPVAR, CELCOP, GIS Posidonie ed., Marseille, Fr.: Borzini G. (2001) Turismo, economia e sostenibilità: in Port2000 Annario sullo stato dell educazione ambientale marina del Mediterraneo. Supplemento al n.5 di Blunet- Aprile Boudouresque C.F., Giraud G. & Panayiotidis P. (1980) Végétation marine de l île de Port-Cros (Parc National), XIX. Mise en place d un transect permanent. Trav. sci. Parc. nation. Port-Cros, 6: Clark J. (1995) Coastal Zone Management Handbook. CRC Press, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA, 694 pp. Clarke R. & Mount D. (1998) Management Plans and Planning: a guide. Countryside Commission, Cheltenham, UK. Davis D. & Tisdell C. (1995) Recreational scuba-diving and carrying capacity in marine protected areas. Ocean & Coastal Management, 26(1): Di Nora T., Agnesi S., Mo G. & Tunesi L. (2002) A methodological approach to study recreational nautical activities in marine protected areas. Simposi Mediterrani d Espais Marins I Costaners Protegits. Roses I l Estatit; pp Eagles P.F.J., McCool S.F. & Haynes C. (2002) Sustainable tourism in protected areas. Guidelines for planning and management. Best Practise Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 8. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xv Francour P., Harmelin J.G., Pollard D..& Sartoretto S. (2001) A review of marine protected areas in the northwestern Mediterranean region: siting, usage, zonation and management. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Fresh. Ecosyst. 11: Giraud G. (1977) Contribution à la desctription et à la phénologie quantitative des herbiers à Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Thèse doctorat 3 ème cycle, univ. Aix-Marseille II, France: 150pp. Harmelin J.G. (1976) L herbier de Posidonies de Port-Cros régresse-t-il? Mise en place de jalons témoins. Trav.sci.Parc.nation.Port-Cros, 2: Harriot V. J, Derrin D. & Banks S. (1997) - Recreational diving and its impact in marine protected areas in Eastern Australia. Ambio, 26 (3): ICRAM (2003) Zoning proposal for Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras Raheb Cave. Progetto di Ricerca: Regional Project for the Development of Coastal protected Areas in the Mediterranean Region (MedMPA) finanziato dall UE e coordinato dal RAC/SPA (Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas). Kelleher, G. (1999) Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xxiv+107 pp. Jacobson C. (2003) Introduction to adaptive management. (Online) URL: Jouvenel J.Y. & Pollard D. (2001) Some effects of marine reserve protection on the population structure of two spearfishing target-fish species, Dicentrarchus labrax (Moronidae) and Sparus aurata (Sparidae), in shallow inshore waters, along a rocky coast in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Fresh. Ecosyst. 11: 1-9. Meinesz A., Boudouresque F., Falconetti C., Astier J.M., Bay D., Blanc J.J., Bourcier M., Cinelli F., Cirik S., Cristiani G., Di Geronimo I., Giaccone G., Harmelin J.G., Laubier L. Lovric A.Z., Molinier R., Soyer J. & Vamvakas C. (1983) Normalization des symboles pour la représentation et la cartographie des biocénoses benthiques littorales de Mediterranée. Ann.Inst.océanogr., Paris, 59 (2): Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 58

60 National Research Council (NRC) (2001) Marine Protected Areas: tools for sustaining ocean ecosystems. Report of National Accademy Press, Washington DC, 288 pp. PAP/RAC (1997) Guidelines for carryng capacity assessment for tourism in Mediterranean Coastal Areas. PAP-9/1997/G.I. Split, Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre. pp vii Parks Canada (1999) Sharing the responsibility for Safety (Online) URL: Pergent G., Pergent-Martini C. & Boudouresque C.F. (1995) Utilisation de l herbier a Posidonia oceanica comme indicateur biologique de la qualite du milieu littoral en Mediterranée: état des connaissances. Mesogee, 54: Pergent-Martini C. & Pergent G. (1996) Spatio-temporal dynamics of Posidonia oceanica beds near a sewage outfall (Mediterranean France). In: Kuo J., Phillips R.C., Walker D.I., Kirkman H. (eds), Seagrass biology. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, Jannuary 1996: Pérès J. M. & Picard J. (1964) Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranée. Rec.Trav. Sta. Mar. Endoume, 31 (47): Randon S. F. (1995) The Fishing industry in Malta. Pietà Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza:195 + ix p.ill. Salm R.V., Clark J. & Siirila E. (2000) Marine and coastal Protected Areas: A guide for planners and managers. IUCN., Washington DC. XXI pp. Sandulli R., Bianchi C.N., Cocito S., Morri C., Peirano A. & Sgorbini S. (1998) An experience of balisage in monitoring the effects of the Haven oil spill on some Ligurian Posidonia oceanica meadows. Oebalia, 24:3-15. Schembri P.J., Grech P. & Pirotta K. (2004) Recommendations for a scientific monitoring programme for the proposed Rdum Majjiesa to Raheb Cave marine protected area. Technical report developed within the Regional Project for the Development of Coastal Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Region (MedMPA). 22 pp. Sidman C., Antonini G., Sauers S., Jones G. & West N. (2000) Evaluating recreational boating patterns at selected sites in Southwest Florida for regional anchorage management. Florida Sea Grant 69 pp. Thomas L. & Middleton J. (2003) Guidelines for management planning of protected areas. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. ix+79pp. UNEP MAP (2003) - MAP CAMP Project Malta : Final Integrated Project Document and Selected Thematic Documents. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 138, 2 Vols, UNEP/MAP, Athens, 2003 UNESCO-UNEP, 1976 The Belgrade Charter. Charter adopted by the International Environmental Education Workshop in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, October Reported in Connection: pp UNESCO- UNEP Environmental Education Newsletter, vol. 1 (1) Management Plan for the Marine Protected Area from Rdum Majjiesa to Ras ir-raheb Cave 59

61 ANNEX 1: DOCUMENTS RELATED TO THE INDICATIONS EMERGING FROM THE CONSULTATION MEETING HELD IN MALTA (14 DOCUMENTS).

62 (1) COMMENTS RAISED BY STAKEHOLDERS AT THE MedMPA SEMINAR 16 TH MARCH 2004 RAPPORTEURS: Ms Carmen R. Mifsud Ms Christine M. Tanti Matthew Camilleri (Fisheries Consultant, Malta Centre for Fisheries Sciences [MCFS]) After congratulating the Nature Protection Unit on the excellent initiative of this project and the Zoning approach proposed, he made the following comments: a. With regards to enforcement and control what measures will be taken and how will the enclosure lines be done and marked? b. Data on local fisheries and their management as given in the MPA Zoning plan proposal is outdated. MCFS have the responsibility of collecting fisheries data and thus they have updated data on these issues. This data can be provided for the ameliorating and updating the said report. c. Marine Protected Areas are regarded as a fisheries management tools, which amongst other things enhance the fishing regime. Mr Camilleri emphasized that whilst the general management of the MPA is the responsibility of the Competent Authority, in this case MEPA, the actual regulation and control of fisheries lies within the competency of the MCFS and thus they should regulate these issues even within this proposed marine protected area. d. Gnejna Bay [which is part of the area proposed for a zoning plan between Rdum il- Majjiesa and Ras ir Raheb] served as a sampling port for fisheries in 2002, and thus the fisheries have vast amount of data particularly on this bay, which can also be provided. e. The FAO, which apply an ecosystems based approach include also the socio-economic impacts of issues and the report needs to be also updated accordingly. ALFRED E. BALDACCHINO (NPU, MEPA) The importance of this meeting is for stakeholders pinpoint ideas, put forward comments and opinions. The Nature Protection Unit will make its best to make the necessary ameliorations in the report. The Fisheries being the competent body on fisheries will be consulted and the necessary suggestions would be taken up. In this respect it would be thus greatly appreciated if the updates that the Fisheries have will be made available to the Nature Protection Unit. Rudolf Ragonesi (GAIA Foundation NGO) Mr. Ragonesi put forward the following enquires: a. Has the source of funding for the completion of the management plan and for its eventual implementation has been identified? b. To what extent has the aspect of the integrated principles [on the landward side] been incorporated in this report? c. What are the time frames for the completion of the management plan and its actual implementation? ALFRED E BALDACCHINO (NPU, MEPA) As already outlined in the MAP CAMP presentation given by Ms. Tanti, this project incorporated 5 thematic activities. The Marine Protected Areas activity also incorporated the socio-economic impacts on the landward side. The activities in the 3 popular beaches, which are frequented by visitors, have also been taken into consideration. With regards to funding, Mr Baldacchino said that there are funds for the drafting of the management plan, the monitoring plan and also to tackle the legal aspects of the area. After finalisation of these plans there will be plans for the continuation of the management of the area but everything will be done in chronological order. With regards to time frames, Mr. Baldacchino stated that the drafting of the management and monitoring plans have to be finished by July and they have to reach RAC/SPA by June. Bijon Bhowmick (Strategic Planning Unit, MEPA) a. Why and on what basis was this area chosen? b. How are the EU obligations, i.e. to have at least 12% of renewable energy in projects, will effect MPA? c. How will other planning issues be taken into consideration for the implementation of the MPA?

63 Patrick J. Schembri (National Consultant for RAC/SPA) The actual habitats and species are quite dynamic and thus the management and monitoring plans have to be adjusted accordingly. The area was chosen because it is a very good representative of the marine habitats and species present in Malta and it is large enough to be proposed for zoning and as a protected area. Also the area is one of the least impacted areas from human activities and if something is not done for the important species it may not remain so. Adriana Vella (University of Malta) The following questions were asked: A lot of research was done in this area and this was done though money made available, how is it that species richness and populations dynamics were not studied? a. Which entities were involved in the actual studies and why were not all stakeholders involved? b. With regards to the buffer zones, how were these incorporated and integrated around the other more protected areas? c. Most of the area proposed is an entry and take zone, why are the areas of no take and no entry so small? Alfred E Baldacchino (NPU, MEPA) The MedMPA Project was developed as a follow up of the previous MAP CAMP project. The Nature Protection Unit will look forward to the criticism and comments of NGOs and all those who want to be involved, so as the management plan will be of more benefit to the site and to the biodiversity of the area and that such plans would be satisfactory to all stakeholders. Mr. Baldacchino also stressed that more comments are expected and that these will be taken up for consideration. If Dr. Vella is aware of species which may be present in the area and which do not figure in this report, she may wish to forward her comments to NPU. Patrick J. Schembri (National Consultant for ICRAM) The CAMP report was drawn up on the TOR of the CAMP project. This included the drawing up of maps of the benthic habitats, i.e. of the main assemblages. Also the mapping using the RAC/SPA classification was applied to the assemblages present. The project was not intended to carry out a consensus of the actual species. Moreover this is a hierarchal approach and first broad brush survey was done, followed by mapping, Further research then may follow through monitoring. Having identified the hot spots of the species and habitats in the area then, through the monitoring the actual census of the individuals and species may be done. Christine M Tanti (MEPA) Preparatory work on the MAP CAMP Malta started even in The Department of Biology and the Mediterranean Institute Studies were the University institutions involved in the MAP CAMP Project, due to their expertise. With regards to the NGOs involved, Nature Trust was involved. However, all other NGOS were involved in the public participations exercises and workshops, such as those for the development of Sustainability Indicators. Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) Different human activities are relevant tin different areas and some areas may need more protection in terms of the species they contain while others not. The idea was to have a graduating protection within the proposed MPA. The areas that were the most important were identified and there is also an indication on the buffer zone required. Dr. Tunesi also mentioned that if more information could be given in this respect on the areas in question then this was the right forum to make such contributions. The areas of the no take no entry were reduced since it is much more effective to have such areas as small as ecologically possible, since banning a large area from access would have the opposite effect in terms of protection. Richard Gabriele (Malta Maritime Authority) The following questions were put forward: a. Have studies been made of how the area would be affected by visiting boats and crafts in the area?

64 b. Have the implications of the commercial boating which operates in the area been considered and to what extent? Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) It is only in the no take no entry zones that entry to boats would be prohibited whilst in the no take and regulated entry, accompanied entry and how the regulation for entry still needs to be elaborated. Different regulations guiding the different activities in the latter areas need to be planned, including anchoring in certain areas that would be quite damaging to the ecosystem e.g. Posidonia meadows. In the actual drawing of the management plan, issues such as velocity of boats and charter boats passing through the area need to be taken into consideration. If they would be of low environmental impact then there would technically be no problem. It will also be very useful to have an identified the area which can be dedicated to mooring and thus the management plan should give the indication on how to resolve the impacts of boats in the area. The quality and type of motors of boats used in the area would also be important. Mr. Mifsud (Ghaqda Sajjieda Dilettanti Amateur Fishermen Association) a. Will bottom and surface fishing carried out in the area will be effected and how? b. How are the areas going to be marked out? c. A lot of sport fishing happens in the delineated area what shall happen now? d. Would Lampuki [Coryphaena hippuris] fishing with 2-3 hooks still be allowed in the area? Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) It is quite easy to slow down in the 50 m area and the beginning and end of the areas protected would be easily identifiable both from the coast and from the local fishermen. The best procedure would be to inform the actual locals about such limitations and that the protection is not only for the fish but also for the benthos. Also there are actually small limitations, in that the no take zone is quite small and these are done because these are quite important in terms of species. In Italy, for example, in the whole area harpoon fishing would be prohibited and ideally this area should follow such a prohibition. He also said that he sees no problem with regards to the Lampuki fishing with hooks in the area with the obvious exception of the no-take no entry zone. Russell Caruana (Armed Forces of Malta) a. Are additional law enforcement bodies envisaged for the area? b. What kind of effective level of surveillance is envisaged for the area? c. Will such surveillance be like the present supervision for Filfla? Alfred E Baldacchino (NPU, MEPA) The competent authorities for enforcement are the AFM and the Administrative Law Enforcement. Through the management and monitoring plans we will issue and identify the legal aspects of the area and the required protection and surveillance. The actual management and monitoring could be undertaken by a management team that will be responsible for such issues. Emi Farrugia (Diver) a. The area that is most attractive to divers is the Ras ir-raheb area. The 50m depth around the proposed area B may be not enough for protection. The example of fishing of groupers was given. Skin divers can dive down to depths beyond 50m, thus groupers will not be protected within this area. b. Who will be guiding/controlling the activities in the MPA? c. There is a need to control the fishing techniques rather than the fishing activities themselves. Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) The extent of Area B can be widened if necessary. However, protection does not stop at 50m depth but till the benthos. Sandra Darmanin (BICREF) a. Will pollution control be included in the management plan?

65 b. How will the management plan be implemented? Will it be implemented on a similar basis such as terrestrial protected areas? Alfred E Baldacchino (NPU, MEPA) The management plan will incorporate all environmental aspects and concerns. Discussions on the implementation of the management plan will take place after the finalisation of the plan itself. Erkki Siirila (Regional Management and Support Unit, EU SMAP Office) Are the terrestrial aspects being catered for? Alfred E Baldacchino (NPU, MEPA) Part of the contiguous terrestrial side is already being managed as an area of ecological value. Michelle Borg (RMU, MEPA): The land contiguous with the proposed marine site is already protected via scheduling by MEPA. Maurizio Micallef (Atlam Diving Club) How will the drainage outfall found close to the area be addressed? Ramona Scerri (Pollution Control Unit, MEPA) The drainage outfall at ic-cumnija will be phased out by By then, there will be a sewage treatment plant in place. Rudolph Ragonesi (GAIA Foundation) What is the situation about the participation of one NGO representative for the meeting to be held on the 17 th March 2004, during which the zoning plan will be discussed in more detail? For records sake, GAIA Foundation (and other NGOs for that matter) normally take back the study/report that was presented to them during today s meeting, and comments are forwarded after a week or 2. This is the professional way of dealing with such issues. Alfred E Baldacchino (NPU, MEPA) Since the NGOs did not come to an agreement on one single representative, then no NGOs will be represented for tomorrow meeting. Comments on the report will be accepted till the 6 th April Richard Gabriele (Malta Maritime Authority) It was pointed out that, as an Authority, the MMA has not taken a position on this Project and the proposed site for a MPA. Anne Zammit (The Sunday Times) Reference was made to the general protection zone, where activities will be regulated in a soft approach. How will this be achieved? Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) Measures of management will be identified in the management plan. Evaluation of the efficiency of the measures of protection will also be taken into consideration. Emi Farrugia (Diver) By protecting this area, will the impact of activities be shifted to other areas which might be even more sensitive to this? Richard Gabriele (Malta Maritime Authority) The fringe of the bunkering activities is some 250m away fro the buffer boundary of the zoning plan. Has this been taken into consideration, in particular with respect to risk of spillages?

66 Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) Management in the buffer zone identifies a series of measures to protect the coast such as sewage, etc. Other already existing contingency plans such as that for spills will also be applicable to the buffer zone and the whole MPA. Adriana Vella (University of Malta) It seems that the data about fish farming and fisheries is superficial. How will this effect the process of declaration of the MPA? Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) Information could be improved, especially in nursery areas. Management of the area needs to be dynamic and adaptive. Research activities are useful since they improve the environmental relevance to the area, the zoning plan and the conservation status of the area. Changes to zoning plans and management plans can change after studies are conducted. Matthew Camilleri (MCFS) The 25 nautical mile zone around the Maltese Islands is a general protection area where not all types of fishing techniques are allowed. Legislation on the control of fishing activities is already in place. Theses include no trawling within the 3 nautical mile zone, trummel netting not allowed in certain seasons, etc. Information such as catch and effort, spatial distribution of fishing efforts, etc. is also available at the MCFS. Erkki Siirila (Regional Management and Support Unit, EU SMAP Office) It is important that possible funding for future project are identified.

67 (2) DISCUSSIONS HELD DURING THE MedMPA WORKSHOP ON 17 TH MARCH 2004, BASED ON THE POINTS RAISED IN THE SEMINAR OF THE PREVIOUS DAY RAPPORTEUR: Ms Sarah Debono POINT 1: Fisheries Data, Enforcement and Control Anthony Gruppetta (Director, Fisheries Conservation and Control Dept.) Gnejna Bay is the only important port in the NW Malta for fishing boats. The catch assessment scheme carried out by this department includes Gnejna Bay. Therefore data of catch, gears used, fishing effort and target species can be provided by the Fisheries Dept. so that the necessary corrections can be made for the fisheries part. The Control of Fisheries Regulations are currently under review. New regulations being drawn up include: Fish Standards, Lampuki Fishing, and Fish Gear Regulations. These can be analysed to determine what effect the zoning might have or vice versa. Patrick J. Schembri (National Consultant for RAC/SPA) Will this data affect the proposed zonation (in a general way)? Anthony Gruppetta For Zone C there will not be a significant effect. However, out of Zone D there is trammel net fishing, so this may affect some fishermen but not in large proportions. There are more activities going on in this area. Leonardo Tunesi (ICRAM) The document presented is only a synthesis of the data available. Anthony Gruppetta For the No-Entry-No-Take Zone there may be a problem with anglerfish, in other areas we may have problems with the no take of demersal species. Further comments can be made upon further analysis of the situation. However, problems for enforcement are already evident. The proposed zoning plan does not appear to need amendments right now, it should be left as is and include provision to amend after a certain period if required. Leonardo Tunesi The emphasis of the zoning plan is towards the human activities not the fisheries. Appropriate posters should be placed on site with an indication of the sensitive habitats. Patrick J Schembri What is the key factor preventing entry in Zone A? Leonardo Tunesi The highest level of overlap between the sensitivities for each of the species requiring protection and the other activities found in the area. In fact this is an area where there are the least of these factors. Anthony Gruppetta Trawling can be allowed, but the methods that can be used must be specified. Patrick J. Schembri In the No-Entry-No-Take Zone, it is not the entry itself that is affecting the state of biodiversity but the activities that can be allowed; therefore emphasis should be made on the activity regulation. Also the use of the words No Entry might make visitors more curious to go in, so another wording should be considered. Richard Gabriele (Harbour Master, Malta Maritime Authority) Zone A is quite easy to mark the limits, as one can use 2 buoys (one at each corner) and a landmark aligned with each buoy. Michelle Borg (Resources Management Unit, MEPA) What activities will be allowed in the buffer zone? What about the boating activities already taking place? Leonardo Tunesi

68 There will be restrictions on the speeds of the boats depending on their size. POINT 2: LAMPUKI FISHING BY ARTISAN FISHERMEN Anthony Gruppetta Lampuki fishing is allowed from 2 to 5 miles offshore, between 15 th August and end of October. However, some artisan fishermen use a different method (Rixa) in areas closer to the coast, this is why the management plan has to specify what fishing gear can be used in the MPA. POINT 3: Delimitation of the Zones Patrick J. Schembri For Zone B, if the objective is grouper protection, then the 50m protection at the south is vulnerable to fishing from the buffer zone. Leonardo Tunesi The 50m protection in Zone B extends in a horizontal direction from the cliff face. The proposed light blue area (Zone E?) is aimed to ban spear fishing. Around zone B there need to be at least 4 buoys around the whole zone. Anthony Gruppetta The present situation for harpoon fishing no fishing licence is required. The new proposed legislation will be that harpoon fishing from the shore will need no licence (mainly targeting old fishermen who fish at low frequency). But all other use of harpoons will need a licence. There will be a ban on night fishing with lights, as well as a ban on the use of harpoons with SCUBA gear. These regulations will allow skin diving. For this reason the draft legislation will be handed over so that relevant points are taken into consideration. One suggestion might be that harpoon fishing by snorkelling can be allowed in the buffer zone. Leonardo Tunesi No, that would be totally against the scope of having such a marine protected area. Snorkelling will be one of the allowed activities, but with the aim of seeing the effects of protection on the sea life. If harpooning was to be allowed, it would result in the capturing of sensitive species, which is one of the main reasons this area is being protected. Konrad Pirotta (National Consultant for ICRAM) Cuttlefish fishing in the bays is quite extensive. Leonardo Tunesi Another problem is use of light at night. This should be strictly banned, as it would affect the behaviour of the fish and other benthic life. Erkki Siirila (RMSU, EU SMAP Unit) You should aim to achieve a Multi Purpose Area. POINT 4: MARITIME TRAFFIC CONCERNS Richard Gabriele A bunkering area is found very close to the site (approximately 250m to the W). Konrad Pirotta Are there any contingency plans? Alfred E. Baldacchino This will not have an immediate direct impact on the zoning plan. However there is a new directive for liability, for which MMA is probably responsible.

69 Michelle Borg The management plan should identify the risks and take preventive measures Richard Gabriele Loaded tankers are not allowed to bunker in this area, but at Hurd s Bank which is 10 miles out of the coast and not on this side of Malta. In the bunkering area close to the MPA, either cargo ships are allowed or ships which are in ballast. Alfred E. Baldacchino NPU will be holding a meeting with Stephen Camilleri (MMA) to discuss biodiversity issues connected with ballast waters. Any outcome that might affect the management plan will be communicated to RAC/SPA and ICRAM. Richard Gabriele Another concern from MMA s point of view is what impact will this MPA have on pleasure craft. The area includes beach areas, anchoring of boats, and water sports outlets. Any sea craft has to be certified and licensed by MMA. Leonardo Tunesi There are 2 problems that are evident in this regard: anchoring and speed of crafts. 1. Anchoring: it is suggested to identify sensitive areas avoiding free anchorage over Posidonia and Cymodocea beds. There can also be a difference between vessels, e.g. allowing boats till 10m length to anchor freely, whereas larger boats will be allowed to moor at specific buoys for that purpose. It is not a good idea to prepare mooring quays as these modify the landscape of the area. 2. Speed: speed of vessels, jet skis, speedboats, etc. will make various impacts (sound, waves, etc) Konrad Pirotta Will there be anchorage control? Alfred E. Baldacchino How difficult is it for MMA to regulate anchorage? Richard Gabriele Once we reach an agreement on what is required, we can easily issue a legal notice. However, it would not be so easy for speed limitations, as this may mean that boat and leisure craft operators in the bay would have to move out. Patrick J. Schembri There is a possibility of having a defined area for jet skis, etc., as done in other countries. Richard Gabriele We can discuss these issues in a separate meeting. Patrick J. Schembri In an effort to promote ecotourism and education, snorkelling should be encouraged. This is not compatible with high-speed engines; therefore we should aim to reach a compromise. Michelle Borg In certain swimming zones managed by MMA (e.g. Ghadira Bay), there are boat lanes through which, boats and jet skis can pass from the shore, to the outer areas of the bay, this can also be applied here. There is also the problem of boats staying in bays overnight and discharging sewage, can this be controlled? Richard Gabriele Currently there are no provisions for discharges from pleasure boats, or for boats with septic tanks pumping out to sea. At the moment this is quite difficult to enforce since in Malta there is no reception facility yet. We can draw up a legislation whereby it would be stipulated that all boats should have treatment. Boats that are already in use can install this treatment in phases. This may then cause other problems in the area since it would involve a lot of chemicals, which would also be discharged into the sea. Patrick J. Schembri The area does not show any signs of eutrophication, therefore it appears that the disposal of sewage is not such a problem. Although the management plan could prohibit the emptying of holding tanks in the area.

70 Justin Zammit Tabona (Malta Hotels and Restaurants Association) MHRA agrees with such a plan, the initiative is important for local tourism. We also agree to the setting up of zones where skiing and jet skiing could be practiced, since this would increase the safety in the bay, an aspect highly relevant for tourists. POINT 5: FINANCING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN Atef Limam (RAC/SPA) When the final version of the management plan is ready, RAC/SPA can assist MEPA in requesting for financial assistance to implement the management plan. Sarah Debono (Nature Protection Unit, MEPA) The zones A, B, C, D and E can easily be marked with buoys, but how difficult would it be to mark the outer areas of the Buffer Zone with at least 2 buoys, given that these zones are very deep? Richard Gabriele It would be very costly to place deep sea buoys, in the region of Lm10,000 since the greater the depth, the stronger the buoys and the chains, etc., are required. However, the other zones are quite easy to mark, and it s important to mark them. You can use the type of buoys used for fish farms, having a solar panel for lighting. It is important to check these buoys periodically and keep up their maintenance. Michelle Borg How will the management plan consider land protection? Patrick J. Schembri It will not, actually, as it is a management plan for the marine area. It would be the onus of the managers for the terrestrial part to devise a complimentary plan for the land part. Eventually, one management plan should be set up. Michelle Borg RMU can review the document to point out any issues for the terrestrial side. We also have recent data from side scan sonar, which we can make available. CONCLUSIONS OF THE WORKSHOP Alfred E. Baldacchino The main points have been noted and it was agreed that three ad hoc meetings would be held, between: Nature Protection Unit and Fisheries Department Nature Protection Unit and Malta Maritime Authority Nature Protection Unit and Resources Management Unit, MEPA. Deadline for the submission of the reports from these meetings, and any other comments and suggestions regarding the zoning proposal, will be the 6 th of April. All input received, from the stakeholders preset and from other interested parties, will subsequently be forwarded to ICRAM and RAC/SPA.

71 (3)