Chapter 10 Product Control

Transcription

1 Student Notes Product Control 10-1 Chapter 10 Product Control Lesson Goal After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to describe and perform each of the various spill control tactics. Students will also discuss leak and fire control as well as perform remote valve shutoff. Objectives Upon successful completion of this lesson, the student shall be able to: 1. Describe each of the various spill control tactics. [NFPA 472, (1), (2)(a-j), , (2)(a-d)] 2. Perform absorption/adsorption. [NFPA 472, (3)(a-b); Skill Sheet 10-1] 3. Perform damming operations. [NFPA 472, (3)(c); Skill Sheet 10-2] 4. Perform diking operations. [NFPA 472, (3)(d); Skill Sheet 10-3] 5. Perform diversion operations. [NFPA 472, (3)(f); Skill Sheet 10-4] 6. Perform retention operations. [NFPA (3)(g); Skill Sheet 10-5] 7. Perform vapor suppression. [NFPA (1), Skill Sheet 10-6] 8. Perform vapor dispersion. [NFPA 472, (3)(i); Skill Sheet 10-7] 9. Perform dilution operations. [NFPA 472, (3)(e); Skill Sheet 10-8] 10. Discuss leak control. [NFPA 472, (4-5), ] 11. Perform remote valve shutoff. [NFPA 472, (3)(h); Skill Sheet 10-9] 12. Explain fire control. Time Section/Activity Outline Pages Text Pages 5 min. Section I: Introduction to Chapter min. Section II: Spill Control hrs. Section III: Skill Sheets min. Section IV: Leak Control min. Section V: Skill Sheet min. Section VI: Fire Control min. Section VII: Summary and Review 15 min. Chapter 10 Quiz 45 min. Chapter 10 Test Section I: Introduction to Chapter 10 5 min.

2 Student Notes Product Control 10-2 I. INTRODUCTION TO CHAPTER 10 A. Lesson Goal 1. Chapter 10 lesson goals After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to describe and perform each of the various spill control tactics. Students will also discuss leak and fire control as well as perform remote valve shutoff. B. Objectives 1. Describe each of the various spill control tactics. 2. Perform absorption/adsorption. [Skill Sheet 10-1] 3. Perform damming operations. [Skill Sheet 10-2] 4. Perform diking operations. [Skill Sheet 10-3] 5. Perform diversion operations. [Skill Sheet 10-4] 6. Perform retention operations. [Skill Sheet 10-5] 7. Perform vapor suppression. [Skill Sheet 10-6] 8. Perform vapor dispersion. [Skill Sheet 10-7] 9. Perform dilution operations. [Skill Sheet 10-8] 10. Discuss leak control. 11. Perform remote valve shutoff. [Skill Sheet 10-9] 12. Explain fire control. Section II: Spill Control II. SPILL CONTROL pp Objective 1 Describe each of the various spill control tactics. 30 min. Review question: Define spill control. See page 477 of the manual for answers. A. Absorption 1. Physical and/or chemical event occurring during contact between materials that have an attraction for each other 2. Results in one material being retained within the other 3. Materials used Sawdust, clays, charcoal, and polyolefin-type fibers 4. Absorbents a. Spread directly onto the hazardous material or in a location where the material is expected to flow b. Must be treated and disposed of as hazardous materials because they retain the materials absorbed

3 Student Notes Product Control 10-3 B. Adsorption 1. Different from absorption CAUTION: Spill-control actions are undertaken only if first responders are reasonably ensured that they will not come in contact with or be exposed to the hazardous material. Ask Students: What is the difference between absorption and adsorption? Briefly discuss answers with students. Adsorption is different from absorption in that the molecules of the hazardous material physically adhere to the adsorbent material rather than being absorbed into the inner spaces of an absorbent material. 2. Molecules adhere to the adsorbent material rather than be absorbed 3. Adsorbents a. Do not swell b. Often organic-based materials c. Must be compatible with spilled material 4. Primarily used to control shallow liquid spills C. Blanketing/Covering 1. Blanketing or covering the surface of the spill to prevent dispersion of materials 2. Performed with tarps, plastic sheeting, salvage covers, and others 3. Consideration must be given to compatibility between the material being covered and the material covering it 4. Performed by Operations-Level responders depending on: a. The hazards of the material b. Nature of the incident c. The distance available to ensure their safety D. Dam, Dike, Diversion, and Retention 1. Actions taken to control the flow of liquid hazardous materials away from the point of discharge 2. Materials can be used to construct curbs that direct or divert the flow away from gutters, drains, storm sewers, flood-control channels, and outfalls 3. Construction materials that contact the spilled material must be properly disposed of E. Vapor Suppression 1. Reduces the emission of vapors at a haz mat spill

4 Student Notes Product Control Fire-fighting foams a. Effective on spills of flammable and combustible liquids if the foam concentrate is compatible with the material b. Must be proportioned and aerated c. Categories Those for Class A fuels and those for Class B fuels d. Must match the fuel to which they are applied to be effective Ask Students: Which section of the ERG will tell you what foam to use? What foam would you use for a polar/water-miscible liquid? Briefly discuss answers with students. The orange section of the ERG would be used. Explain that it is recommended that alcoholresistant foam be used on polar/water-miscible liquids. WARNING: First responders performing vapor-suppression tactics must constantly be aware of the threat of ignition of the spilled material. First responders must avoid the vapors at all times while applying foam. e. Fluoroprotein foam i. Used in storage tank, subsurface firefighting ii. Effective on hydrocarbon fuels iii. Not effective on polar solvents iv. Can be formulated to be alcohol-resistant v. The foam bubble is protected from fuel saturation vi. High degree of heat resistance and water retention vii. Maintains low viscosity at low temperatures viii. Compatible with simultaneous application of dry-chemical extinguishing agents f. Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) i. Most commonly used foam concentrate today ii. Can be used with freshwater or saltwater iii. Premixable in portable fire extinguishers and apparatus water tanks iv. Suitable for subsurface injection v. Fair penetrating capabilities in baled storage fuels or high surfacetension fuels such as treated wood vi. Compatible with dry-chemical extinguishing agents vii. Rather fast draining viii. As quantity of ethanol and other gasoline additives goes up, nonalcohol-resistant AFFF becomes less effective

5 Student Notes Product Control 10-5 g. Alcohol-resistant AFFF (AR-AFFF) i. When applied to polar solvent fuels, create a membrane between the fuel and the finished foam ii. Membrane separates the water in the foam blanket from the attack of the solvent h. High-expansion foam i. Similar to Class A foams ii. Minimize water damage iii. Useful when runoff is undesirable iv. Not recommended for use outside v. Applications (a) Concealed spaces such as shipboard compartments, basements, coal mines, and other subterranean spaces (b) Fixed-extinguishing systems for specific industrial uses such as aircraft hangers and rolled or bulk paper storage (c) Class A fire applications (slow draining) vi. High-expansion foam concentrates have: (a) Poor heat resistance because air-to-water ratio is very high (b) Expansion ratios of 200:1 to 1,000:1 for high-expansion uses and 20:1 to 200:1 for medium-expansion uses 3. Terms a. Drainage time Time required for one-fourth of the total liquid solution to drain from the foam; long drainage times results in long-lasting foam blankets b. Expansion ratio Volume of finished foam that results from a unit volume of foam solution c. Finished foam Composed principally of water; should not be used to cover water-reactive materials Review Question: With which types of Class B foam should firefighters be familiar? See pages of the manual for answers. Describe the characteristics of each type of Class B foam. See pages of the manual for answers. 4. Considerations when using foam for vapor suppression a. Water destroys and washes away foam blankets b. Material must be below its boiling point c. The film that precedes the foam blanket is not a reliable vapor suppressant

6 Student Notes Product Control 10-6 CAUTION: ABC (monoammonium phosphate) dry chemical and some sodium bicarbonate-based BC dry chemical agents will destroy a foam blanket and should not be used in conjunction with foam. Other agents such as potassium based dry chemical are compatible with foam. Before use, check with manufacturers for information on issues of compatibility. F. Vapor Dispersion 1. Directs the course of airborne hazardous materials 2. May use pressurized streams of water from hoselines or unattended master streams 3. Runoff water must be contained and analyzed for possible contamination Review Question: What is vapor suppression? See page 482 of the manual for answers. G. Ventilation 1. Controls the movement of air by natural or mechanical means 2. Removes harmful airborne particles, vapors, or gases when spills occur inside a structure 3. Equipment must be explosion proof 4. Positive-pressure is more effective than negative-pressure when removing atmospheric contaminants H. Dispersion 1. Breaks up hazardous materials spilled on a solid or liquid surface 2. May use chemical and biological agents 3. Likely to spread material over a wide area I. Dilution 1. Application of water to a water-soluble material to reduce the hazard 2. Rarely has practical applications at haz mat incidents 3. Often used during decontamination operations 4. May create runoff problem 5. Useful when very small amounts of corrosive material are involved J. Dissolution 1. Dissolves a gas in water 2. Only used on water-soluble gases 3. Generally conducted by applying a fog stream to a breach in a container or directly onto the spill 4. Escaping gas passes through water and dissolves 5. May create additional problems with contaminated runoff water and other issues

7 Student Notes Product Control 10-7 K. Neutralization 1. Raises or lowers the ph of corrosive materials to render them neutral 2. Should only be conducted under direction of a hazardous materials technician, allied professional, or standard operating procedures Review Question: What sorts of tactics are aimed at reducing the amount of harm caused by the material? See page 477 of the manual for answers. Section III: Skill Sheets hrs. III. SKILL SHEETS Objective 2 Perform absorption/adsorption. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control functions of absorption and adsorption. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 140 of the Student Workbook. 2. A sorbent material 3. A simulated hazardous materials liquid 4. Shovels 5. Trash hooks 6. A secure container with lid Objective 3 Perform damming operations. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control function of damming. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 141 of the Student Workbook.

8 Student Notes Product Control Shovels 3. A simulated hazardous materials liquid 4. Earth, sand, or rock 5. A secure container with lid Objective 4 Perform diking operations. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control function of diking. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 142 of the Student Workbook. 2. Shovels 3. A simulated hazardous materials liquid 4. Earth, sand, or rock 5. A secure container with lid Objective 5 Perform diversion operations.

9 Student Notes Product Control 10-9 A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control function of diversion. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 143 of the Student Workbook. 2. Tools, including shovels, picks, and wheelbarrows 3. A simulated hazardous materials liquid 4. Earth, rock, or sand 5. A secure container with lid Objective 6 Perform retention operations. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control function of retention. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 144 of the Student Workbook. 2. Tools, including shovels, picks, and wheelbarrows

10 Student Notes Product Control A simulated hazardous materials liquid 4. A leaking simulated hazardous materials liquid vessel 5. A secure container with lid 6. A retention vessel Objective 7 Perform vapor suppression. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform vapor suppression by using firefighting foam. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p of the Student Workbook. 2. A pumping apparatus driver/operator 3. A pumping apparatus 4. Hoseline, foam nozzle, foam educator, foam 5. A simulated hazardous materials liquid spill 6. A simulated hazardous materials liquid vessel leaking a liquid 7. A secure container with lid Objective 8 Perform vapor dispersion. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control function of vapor dispersion. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 147 of the Student Workbook.

11 Student Notes Product Control Atmospheric monitoring equipment 3. A hoseline with attached fog nozzle 4. A water source and pumping apparatus 5. A simulated hazardous material vapor vessel 6. A secure container with lid 7. A pumping apparatus driver/operator Objective 9 Perform dilution operations. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform the defensive control function of dilution. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p of the Student Workbook. 2. A pumping apparatus driver/operator 3. A pumping apparatus 4. A simulated hazardous materials liquid nitric acid spill contained in a ditch 5. A simulated leaking hazardous materials liquid vessel 6. Engine, hoselines, and water 7. A secure container with lid

12 Student Notes Product Control Section IV: Leak Control 10 min. IV. LEAK CONTROL pp Objective 10 Discuss leak control. A. Leak Control 1. Physical breach in a container through which product is escaping 2. Goal To stop or limit the escape or to contain the release in original container or new one 3. Considered offensive action a. Not normally attempted by personnel trained below the Technician Level b. Can be performed by Operational-Level responders if they have the appropriate level of training, procedures, equipment, and PPE when certain fuels are involved 4. Puts personnel at great risk because they enter the hot zone 5. Can be safe and acceptable for Operations-level responders to operate emergency remote shutoff valves on cargo tank trucks Ask Students: Where are remote shutoff valves located on a truck? Briefly discuss answers with students. Refer to Figure a-d on pages of the manual if needed. Nonpressure liquid tanks (MC/DOT-306/406), low-pressure chemical tanks (MC/DOT- 307/407), and high pressure tanks (MC-331) will have an emergency shutoff switch on the left front corner of the tank (behind the driver). Some will also have one on either the right or the left rear corner. Review Question: What is the goal of leak control? See page 489 of the manual for answers. Section V: Skill Sheet 10-9 V. SKILL SHEET 10-9 Objective 11 Perform remote valve shutoff. A. Skill Sheet For this skill sheet, students will perform remote valve shutoff. 2. This skill sheet can be found on p. 150 of the Student Workbook. 30 min.

13 Student Notes Product Control Section VI: Fire Control 10 min. VI. FIRE CONTROL pp Objective 12 Explain fire control. A. Fire Control 1. Minimizes damage, harm, and effect of fire at haz mat incidents 2. Decision must be made on whether to extinguish the fire, and if so, how 3. Withdrawal might be necessary if BLEVE is possible 4. Water streams should be deployed for maximum effective reach in order to prevent a BLEVE WARNING: Do not assume that relief valves are sufficient to safely relieve excess pressures. The rupture of flammable liquid and gas storage vessels has killed responders. 5. Gas fed fires burning around relief valves or piping should not be extinguished unless turning off the supply can stop the leaking product 6. Improperly used water streams can dramatically increase the size and intensity of flammable liquid fires 7. Runoff from water streams applied to hazardous materials needs to be confined until it can be analyzed 8. Confinement can be accomplished through damming, diking, and retention 9. Hose lines and extinguishing agents must be used properly to safely control flammable liquid and gas fires Review Question: What is fire control? See page 492 of the manual for answers. 10. Attention should be given to cooling areas of the tank when faced with pressurized storage vessels a. Water streams should be deployed to keep the entire tank s surface wet b. Spotters may be assigned to confirm the entire surface of the tank is being cooled WARNING: If initial water streams are inadequate to cool both the pressurized tank and exposures, priority must be given to the

14 Student Notes Product Control involved container. Failure to maintain the integrity of the tank will place the lives of everyone present in jeopardy! Review Question: How can a BLEVE be avoided? See page 492 of manual for the answer. 11. When water streams are used to contain gas being released under pressure, the mass and velocity of the water streams must exceed the mass and velocity of the escaping gas a. Water streams must be delivered in a manner that disperses or disrupts gas b. Break in water stream pattern will allow burning fuel to break through the hose line crews 12. Foam can be selected when fuel can be blanketed 13. Foam must be compatible with fuel that is burning to use vapor suppression Ask Students: What should be used for alternative fuels? Briefly discuss answers with students. Explain that alcohol resistant foams are commonly required. The U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) recommends using the ERG guide 127 for these materials. Also refer to Appendix I of the manual. Section VII: Summary and Review 10 min. VII. SUMMARY AND REVIEW A. Chapter Summary 1. Operations-Level personnel may use defensive spill control tactics to confine released materials. 2. Personnel may also contain a release by operating remote emergency shutoff devices. 3. Fire control tactics may involve fighting fires, protecting exposures, and suppression of flammable vapors. 4. Responders must know the correct application of various foam concentrates for operations. B. Review Questions 1. Define spill control. (477) 2. What is the difference between absorption and adsorption? (480) 3. What is vapor suppression? (482) 4. With which types of Class B foam should firefighters be familiar? ( ) 5. Describe the characteristics of each type of Class B foam. ( ) 6. What are the disadvantages to using emulsifiers? (485)

15 Student Notes Product Control What sorts of tactics are aimed at reducing the amount of harm caused by the material? (477) 8. What is the goal of leak control? (489) 9. What is fire control? (492) 10. How can a BLEVE be avoided? (492)