Unit 1 Safety & Wellbeing Lesson Plan

Transcription

1 Safety & Wellbeing KEY POINTS / STRATEGIES Unit 1 Safety & Wellbeing PERSONAL CARE Ask your group for their ideas on personal care and discuss their answers. Explain that as surf lifesavers work closely with each other and members of the public, it s important to maintain a professional appearance. Discuss the personal and environmental hygiene factors that a lifesaver needs to meet or contribute to respectively. THE COST OF WORKPLACE ILLNESS AND INJURY The surf club, the beach and its environment are seen as the surf lifesaver s workplace. Approx 700 Australians die every year as a result of workplace accidents Workers compensation claims have grown to almost $10 billion annually. Other costs involve; Human costs Social costs Economic costs Organisational costs Ask your group for examples of possible injuries within a surf lifesaving environment. Try to include all areas of your club (IRB s, boat shed etc) Ask candidates to list the hazards in the workbook photo Use this discussion to lead into OH&S OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY The law ensures employers provide a safe and healthy workplace for their employees. It also requires that employees use safe work practices so that they do no injure themselves or others Ask the group, under the OH&S act, what are the responsibilities of your club? SUGGESTED RESOURCES TIME 20 mins SLSA TM Pages 7-8 PPT Slides WKBK Unit 1 Q.4 5 mins SLSA TM Pages 8-9 PPT Slide 1.8 WKBK Unit 1 Q.1 5 Mins SLSA TM Page 8 PPT Slides WKBK Unit 1 Q.2 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Safety and Wellbeing SESSION: Unit 1 1

2 DUTY OF CARE Ask your group what they think the definition of Duty of Care is? Duty of care means accepting responsibility for the health and safety of people in the workplace. It applies to employers, employees and volunteers. 5 mins SLSA TM Page 9 PPT Slide 1.12 WKBK Unit 1 Q.3 Explain how duty of care needs to be adhered to by; Clubs & services Members Volunteers CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS & INJURIES Ask your groups for their opinions of what hazards may be in a surf club. Discuss the following in length; Obstructions Spills & slippery surfaces Faulty maintenance Environmental Incorrect storage Incorrect use of equipment Lifting & carrying Infections 20 mins SLSA TM Page 9 PPT Slide 1.13 Go for a walk around your club to identify possible hazards RISK MANAGEMENT Explain that the underlying principle of risk management is a process of identification, assessment and control of hazards in the environment that we work in. Use table 1.2 to generate discussion on risk management principles within a SLSC. Ask your trainees to complete the workplace hazard plan in the workbook PROBLEM SOLVING FLOWCHART A little bit of light relief 10 mins SLSA TM Pages 10, 11 PPT Slides 1.14 WKBK Unit 1 Q.13 1 min PPT Slide 15 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Safety and Wellbeing SESSION: Unit 1 2

3 LIFTING & CARRYING Ask your group to list items that they may have to lift within a surf club environment. Us the following as examples; IRB s Surf boats Boards 10 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide 1.16 Some correct lifting procedures are; An IRB with no gear should be lifted by a minimum of 2 people A fully laden IRB by 4 people IRB motor should be carried by at least 2 people Surf boats should be carried by a minimum of 5 people, preferably using rollers Demonstrate the correct lifting technique to help avoid injury to your group Keep back straight Bend knees Keep load close to your body Let your legs do the lifting Pair your trainees up and ask them to demonstrate lifting techniques to each other Always ensure that correct lifting procedures are being carried out during your bronze course. PERSONAL INJURY As a volunteer surf lifesaver you are covered by workers compensation or equivalent in the event of sustaining an injury while performing your duties. 10 mins SLSA TM Page 12 PPT Slide 1.17 If you are injured in the course of surf lifesaving duties, follow these injury reporting steps; Fill in the appropriate injury report form Give the form to the OH&S representative or senior club official If appropriate, fill in a compensation form Hand out incident report forms and ask the group to complete one each Trainer Note: As a trainer it is important that any injuries sustained during your course are correctly documented Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Safety and Wellbeing SESSION: Unit 1 3

4 STRESS REACTIONS & DEBRIEFING Ensure that your trainees are aware of all the adverse and unpleasant conditions that may be present during rescue and resuscitation activities, as well as the fact that such actions are not always successful. In the event of a stressful incident, people will react differently and it is common for people to rework their actions. 10 mins SLSA TM Page PPT Slide 1.18, 1.19 As a group, discuss the possible signs of post traumatic stress Should you be involved in a major first aid case or resuscitation, there will be several tasks that must be completed and this is known as debriefing. Discuss debriefing steps on page 13 of the training manual PHYSICAL HEALTH & FITNESS It is vital for lifesavers to maintain a high level of physical fitness. Lifesavers are placing their own lives at risk if they go on patrol in an unfit state. As a group, discuss Diet Carbohydrates, fats and oils, protein Alcohol Remains in the blood for hours Cigarette smoking 30% of cancer deaths are due to smoking Sun protection Discuss prevention INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VACCINATIONS Immunisation against hepatitis is strongly advised and encouraged by SLSA for all members, including those taking part in junior activities. PREVENTION OF CROSS-INFECTION DURING RESUSCITATION Several disorders are known to have been communicated during resuscitation. There are some simple rules to help you stay infection free during a resuscitation; Mouth to mask Wear gloves Wash hands in warm soapy water Use sharps containers Dispose into appropriate labelled containers Be wary of contact with patients blood and bodily fluids 10 mins SLSA TM p PPT Slide 1.20 WKBK Unit 1 Q.8, Q.9, Q.10 5 mins SLSA TM p.15 PPT Slide mins SLSA TM p.16 PPT Slides Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Safety and Wellbeing SESSION: Unit 1 4

5 MANIKIN TRAINING Infection can also occur while using training manikins, to help avoid this, do the following; Scrub masks in hot soapy water Rinse in water Dry carefully 5 mins SLSA TM p.16 PPT Slide 1.24 If there s time remaining, this is a good time to practice signals and review the previous water session Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Safety and Wellbeing SESSION: Unit 1 5

6 Surf Awareness & Skills Unit 2 Surf Awareness & Skills KEY POINTS / STRATEGIES This lesson plan consists of a dry session to cover underpinning knowledge and a water session to be completed at the beach. Dry component must be completed before entering the water. Depending on the group, numerous water sessions are recommended View the SLSA Interactive Training Support CD-ROM section On the Beach - Getting Started Observe Conditions for an overview of this topic BEACH TYPES AND HAZARD RATINGS Beaches can generally be described as one of five basic types Reflective Low danger Low Tide Terrace Low to moderate danger Bar and Rip Moderate to high danger Longshore Trough Moderate to high danger Dissipative High danger Read the beach type descriptions with your group and ask them for examples of what they think their beach and surrounding beaches would be classified as. WAVES Waves are formed by wind blowing across the surface of the ocean The size of the waves is determined by 3 factors; Length of time the wind blows Intensity of the wind Distance the wind blows LID is an acronym that will assist trainees in remembering how waves are formed Explain how the number of waves in a set and the duration of the lull between sets is consistent within a given swell, but varies between swells. By correctly timing the lull between each set, a lifesaver can get out from shore, or return to shore using minimal effort. Wave types Although there are many different types of waves, they are generally grouped as; Plunging or dumping waves A common cause of spinal injuries Spilling waves Generally the safest type of wave Surging waves can knock swimmers off their feet SUGGESTED TIME RESOURCES SLSA Interactive 15 mins Training Support CD-ROM 15 mins SLSA TM Page PPT - Slides WKBK Unit 2 Q.7 10 mins SLSA TM p.24 PPT Slide WKBK Unit 2 Q.1, Q.3 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 1

7 RIP CURRENTS Ask your group if they have ever been caught in a rip or seen anyone caught in a rip if they have been, what were their observations? Explain that a rip current is formed by water seeking its own level, usually as a result of a large set of waves increasing the amount of water close to shore. The need for this extra water to return to sea causes an outward drag. 20 mins SLSA TM p PPT Slide WKBK Unit 2 Q.2, Q.4, Q.6 Has any of your group seen a rip and can explain how to identify them? Discoloured brown water Foam on the surface beyond the break Waves breaking further out to sea on both sides of the rip Debris floating seaward A rippled appearance, where surrounding water is calm Rip currents are difficult to identify on windy days when the surface is choppy Types of rip currents There are four types of rip currents; Permanent Remains for months or years Fixed May last several hours to many months Flash Temporary and usually appear without warning when a large set of waves increases the volume of water close to shore Travelling Propelled along the beach by a strong littoral current Use the acronym PFFT to assist trainees Ask your group what sort of rips they think may affect their beach or surrounding beaches? Ask your group how they think it would be best to escape from a rip? A swimmer with limited ability should ride the rip out and swim parallel to the shore for metres. Return to shore where the waves are breaking, parallel to the rip. Strong swimmers should swim at a 45 degree angle across the rip and in the same direction as the side current. As a lifesaver, rips can be used to assist you in getting out to sea Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 2

8 INSHORE DRIFT CURRENTS AND HOLES Are commonly known as drifts, side sweeps or littoral currents. Basically it s a current that moves parallel to the shore and is usually greater inside the surf zone. These currents become more dangerous if they wash into a rip current, resulting in water and unsuspecting swimmers being taken out to sea Inshore holes are another problem for unsuspecting bathers, especially small children. The inshore hole is a trough that runs parallel to the shore and its depth can vary. 10 mins SLSA TM Page. 26 PPT Slide WKBK Unit 2 Q.5 Winds Explain that the sky can give indications of weather patterns, for example high streaky clouds indicate high speed winds Tides Most beaches have up to 2 high tides per day; refer to local weather guides for exact timings in your area. A rising tide is known as a flood and a falling tide is known as an ebb tide. Trainer Notes: Please ensure that you have covered the essential signals with your trainees before entering the ocean. As a minimum they should be able to demonstrate and acknowledge assistance required, attract attention, return to shore, proceed further out to sea and shark alarm from a craft. Revisit the theory behind surf awareness every time you have your group at the beach Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 3

9 INTRODUCTION TO SURF SKILLS, BODY SURFING AND BOARD PADDLING Trainer Notes: All trainees need to have completed a 400m-pool swim in less than 9 minutes before entering the water (water session 1). While explaining the practical surf awareness skills, refer back to theory covered in the first half of this unit. It is essential that, prior to Lesson 10 Rescue Techniques, the trainees are competent at these skills This is a practical activity and can be commenced with the trainees in the classroom then they should be introduced to the skills in a controlled environment. Take the manual onto the beach with you to reinforce dot points Start training on dry land showing the skills in a simulated environment. Then move to either a pool or safe water environment and ensure they are ready before attempting the surf environment Water safety is essential in the surf as per local regulations The time frame variables include: swimming skills, surf size, board paddling skills At the start of the session, ask your group to identify the conditions of the day; High or low tide Are their rips? Wave types It s important to ask this at the start of every water session, this will assist your trainees in understanding the condition variances on their beach Do a demonstration of signals before entering the water and have adequate water safety Introduction 5 mins Simulation 15 mins Surf Varies SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide 2.19 Boards Swimming costumes Towels etc Water safety Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 4

10 SURF SKILLS When negotiating the surf it s important to note the; Prevailing conditions Location of rips Wind conditions Before entering the surf, make note of a landmark such as a building or headland that can be seen from the water and as a guide for maintaining a fixed position. Demonstrate the following to your group; High hurdle strides to run through shallow water (to waist depth) Diving under waves and hold onto the sand while lying as flat as possible Use your hands to pull forward and bend your knees up under your body do that you can get a good push off the bottom like an uncoiling spring. Once in chest deep water start swimming If in deep water and a breaking wave approaches, dive under the turbulence, rather than trying to reach the bottom Practice this several times in and out of the break to give your trainees a good feel of how to negotiate the break quickly. Use this opportunity to advise them of the importance of moving quickly through the wave zone and using conditions to assist them. 10 mins (ongoing) SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide 2.19 Swimming costumes Towels etc Water safety Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 5

11 BODY SURFING Returning to shore is a lot easier than going out if you use the surf to your advantage, this can be done by riding the waves without using any equipment; When the wave is almost upon you, push off the bottom or swim forward until it picks you up As it breaks, take a breath, put your head down and kick hard until your body breaks through. As the wave becomes steeper, tilt forward and surf along the face Keep your body straight and use arm strokes and kicks to maintain position As you approach the beach, pull out of the wave by turning your body away from the face. Warning Do not allow inexperienced trainees to practice this in large surf or on a shallow bank o Always ensure that everyone is aware of the water depth o Keep arms in front of the body at all times o Try to choose small spilling waves for their initial practice Practice body surfing several times and then set a short course that allows your group to proceed through the surf (to behind the break) and then return on a wave. Explain the importance of being able to negotiate the surf in and out to sea, when it comes to reaching a patient. It will also assist trainees with lowering their run/swim/run times. 30 mins (ongoing) SLSA TM Page 27 PPT Slide 2.19 Swimming costumes Towels etc Water safety Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 6

12 BOARD PADDLING Trainer Notes: As an experienced surf lifesaver, you may find paddling a board fairly easy. As a result, you may overlook some of the simpler techniques that your trainees will need before entering the surf. If your beach is prone to waves, it is recommended that your first board session is held in a swimming pool. The following assumes that your trainees have already been shown how to paddle a board in flat water. Explain to your group that most individual rescues are now performed on a rescue board. Using a board on the beach, demonstrate the various positions depending on what you are doing. Demonstrate board paddling in and out of the break. This is also an opportunity to ask a competitor or board captain to assist. When entering flat water, position yourself in the middle of the board If entering through a shore break, time it so that you paddle on top of a broken wave, ensuring maximum time before the next wave breaks As small white water approaches, lean back and allow it to pass underneath, paddling again quickly to reduce the amount of backward drag Rolling under waves Keep paddling momentum until the wave is about to break or white water about to hit Grab hold of a side strap on each side Roll the board to either side holding the straps Pull the nose down while the wave passes over Roll and remount the board once it surfaces again Commence paddling again as promptly as possible to avoid the next wave Catching waves Keep paddling ahead of a wave until you feel it picking you up and pushing you forward Push your weigh back and hold onto lower handles to stop the board from nose diving 30 mins (ongoing) SLSA TM Page 27 PPT Slide 2.19 Boards Swimming costumes Towels etc Water safety Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 7

13 BOARD PADDLING (cont d) Trainer Notes: Where possible, avoid having this session in large surf or keep trainees within the break zone. If required, demonstrate how to paddle into shore on top of a wave in the case of there being a large swell, there is no benefit in a trainee catching a large wave at this stage. Allow plenty of time for all of your trainees to experience rolling over, catching waves etc. Be wary of boards hitting other paddlers or swimmers. Board paddling can be difficult, especially for new comers to surf lifesaving. Try using board competitors and club coaches to assist with paddling techniques; this is also an opportunity for your group to meet other club members. Some activities for practical awareness and skills Ins and outs Start on the sand. Have candidate run into the surf, negotiating the surf and swim ten strokes past the surf break. Rest for two minutes and return to shore trying to catch a wave. (Repeat as fitness and skill requires) * This can be done as a group or as a relay race when the group is split Wade races You will need two or three persons to help with this one Starting on the sand, candidates are to run into the water and around two people approximately 20m apart in the water who are stationed at waist depth. If a third person is available as a marker they can be situated between the two other markers but at ankle depth. This allows for an M shaped course. Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Surf Awareness and Skills SESSION: Unit 2 8

14 Anatomy & Physiology Unit 3 Anatomy & Physiology KEY POINTS / STRATEGIES Ask participants, or as a group, view the SLSA Interactive Training Support CD-ROM section In the Club - Patient Care Human Anatomy for an overview of this unit THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Ask your group what they think the central organ for circulation of blood is? The Heart Ask how many chambers they think the heart has? Four chambers Explain that the heart s primary function is to pump blood to 2 main areas; 1/ The lungs, where oxygen is taken into the body from the air and carbon dioxide is release; and 2/ The rest of the body Arteries - carry blood from the heart at high pressure, so their walls are strong, muscular and elastic. Blood in arteries is a rich scarlet colour due to its oxygen content. Ask for examples from your group of anyone who has ever cut an artery. The escaping blood would be bright red and spurting Veins - carry blood back to the right side of the heart from the organs and muscles after the oxygen has been used. The blood in veins is dark red and moves at low pressure. Veins are easily seen on the feet, hands and forearms. Capillaries - are tiny vessels that link the ends of the smallest arteries with the smallest of the veins. The capillaries allow oxygen and nutrients to reach every cell in the body and carbon dioxide and other waste products to be removed. Explain that when breathing and the heart both stop, oxygen is not being supplied to the body. Damage from lack of oxygen to the brain begins in less than 4 minutes. Use the heart diagram on page 31 of the training manual to explain how a heart receives and pumps blood. When checking a pulse, we check the carotid artery, radial artery or the brachial artery. SUGGESTED RESOURCES TIME 15 mins SLSA Interactive Training CD-ROM 20 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide WKBK Unit 3 Q.1 Pair your trainees up and ask them to practice locating a pulse on each other Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Anatomy & Physiology SESSION: Unit 3 1

15 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Explain the following definitions to your group; Skeleton A rigid framework of bones which supports the rest of the body and protects the important organs. Joints Connect bones (eg shoulder, hip, knee) Ligaments Fibrous bands that hold joints together 15 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT - Slide WKBK Unit 3 Q.1 Muscles Attached to the bones by tendons, Contraction and relaxation of the chest muscles allows movement of the bones so that the body can breathe Ask your group if they can list what they think the skeleton consists of and which vital organs the main ones protect? Skull Protects the brain Backbone (vertebral column) - Protects the spinal cord Ribcage Protects the lungs and heart Upper limb bones Pelvis and lower limb bones Use the diagrams on page 32 of the training manual to explain the system As a lifesaver you may have to deal with many of the common injuries such as sprains, strains, fractures and dislocations The Spine Read this with your group and explain that will be covered again when you start spinal carries Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Anatomy & Physiology SESSION: Unit 3 2

16 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM This system comprises of upper and lower sections. The upper is usually referred to as the airway and the lower as the lungs. Explain the following to your group; Airway Includes all structures from the mouth to the larynx Pharynx Located where the nose and mouth open and is the most common area for a blockage to occur. The base of the throat divides into 2 separate tubes; Trachea (windpipe) The front tube that provides a passage of air to the lungs Oesophagus (gullet) The back tube that carries food an liquid to the stomach 15 mins SLSA TM Pages 33, 34 PPT Slide WKBK Unit 3 Q.1 Use the diagrams on page 33 of the training manual to show how important an open airway is if performing resuscitation. Explain that head tilt is the key to a successful resuscitation. Lungs The lower part of the respiratory system consists of 2 lungs, which are connected to the upper airway by the windpipe. They are located in the chest cavity and are separated from the abdomen by a large sheet of muscle called the diaphragm. Breathing Moving the air in and out of the lungs. Inspiration is a breath in and expiration is the breath out. The air we breathe contains 21% oxygen. 5% is taken into the body and 16% exhaled. The average rate of breathing for an adult is about 15 breathes per minute. The breathing control centre is located at the base of the brain; this function centre requires a good supply of oxygen to operate properly. Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Anatomy & Physiology SESSION: Unit 3 3

17 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain, through the spinal cord and nerves, controls every part of the body. The brain sends messages which control the heart beat, the movement of the muscles of breathing, and all other body functions. Ask your group to complete unit 3 of the workbook 5 mins SLSA TM Page 34 PPT Slide 3.15 WKBK Unit 3 Q.1 Trainer Notes: This lesson is theory intensive and can be tiring on your group, be sure to allow a short break. Anatomy & Physiology covers a lot of the underpinning knowledge required for practical components of the bronze medallion. Key points covered in this session, should also be revisited when appropriate during the remainder of your course. Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Anatomy & Physiology SESSION: Unit 3 4

18 Basic First Aid KEY POINTS / STRATEGIES Unit 4 Basic First Aid First aid is the immediate or emergency assistance given on the spot to persons suffering from injury or the sudden onset of symptoms of illness PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT When approaching a first aid incident, you need to; Rapidly assess o Danger to yourself, bystanders and patients o How many patients o Their overall condition Ensure continuing safety to yourself, bystanders and patients Assess the response of each patient If more than one patient, treat unconscious first Stay with the patient and send for help if needed Do not move the patient unless at risk (danger etc) Immobilise fractures before moving the patient One of the most important but often neglected aspects of treatment is reassuring the patient and explaining everything that is being done PROTECTION OF FIRST AIDERS First aiders must avoid direct contact with blood and other body substances of the person being treated. SLSA strongly recommends, for your own safety, that you wear protective gloves for every case. First aid rooms must be kept spotlessly clean at all times All association members should be vaccinated against hepatitis Trainer Notes: Use this as an opportunity to show your group around the clubs first aid room and equipment. SUGGESTED RESOURCES TIME SLSA TM Page 36 1 min PPT Slide mins SLSA TM Page 36 PPT Slide 4.6 WKBK Unit 4 Q.1 5 mins SLSA TM Page 36 PPT Slide 4.7 WKBK Unit 4 Q.2 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic First Aid SESSION: Unit 4 1

19 DRABC The first priority is to perform a basic emergency care management assessment of the patient and their surrounds Explain and demonstrate DRABCD D Danger Ask students to brainstorm possible dangers in a home environment (group activity) 15 mins SLSA TM Page 36 PPT Slide 4.8 CD-ROM go to In the Club Patient Care - Principals of Management R Response Explain this is ascertaining the level of consciousness in a patient. A Airway Explain the importance of a clear & open airway. Demonstrate how this is done. Explain that care of the airway takes precedence over all other injuries B Breathing Demonstrate how to check for breathing C Circulation Explain that this simply means a pulse. D Defibrillation Explain how defibrillation is an important step in emergency action plans and there is strong evidence that has emerged over the past 5 years of its value. Break up into pairs and each have a turn at being a patient and first aider Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic First Aid SESSION: Unit 4 2

20 TREATMENT OF BLEEDING Explain the different types of bleeding Internal blood loss occurs inside the body. Often difficult to identify, but is as serious, if not more so, as external bleeding External blood loss outside the body. First Aider is usually able to estimate amount of blood loss Arterial bright red & spurting, fully oxygenated Venous darker red & oozing, contains less oxygen Capillary contain both venous and arterial blood, most common type of bleeding 15 mins SLSA TM Page 37 PPT Slide 4.9 WKBK Unit 4 Q.4 Explain the standard procedure for treating a bleeding patient 1. Rest and reassure the patient and lie them down 2. Send others for medical help 3. Direct pressure using a heel of hand or a pad, held in place with hand or bandage. 4. Elevate wounded part if possible 5. Clean around the wound site 6. Apply a sterile dressing if available, then a pad to cover wound, then a firm pressure bandage 7. Check effectiveness of bandage 8. Check if bandage is too tight 9. If bleeding continues through or around pad, do not attempt to remove bandage. Apply further pads and bandaging 10. Administer Oxygen Therapy if available Check for pulse, numbness/tingling, and discolouration of limb below the wound. Arterial tourniquets are now recommended only as a last resort treatment. They might be used in the case of a shark or crocodile attack where there is major blood loss. Tourniquets should be released every 20 minutes and time applied noted somewhere (even written on patient). Demonstrate how to bandage various wound sites and allow your group to practice on each other Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic First Aid SESSION: Unit 4 3

21 CUTS & ABRASIONS Abrasions that aren t treated promptly can result in scaring. Treatment Clean dirty areas with soap and water, washing away from the site Clean the wound with water or sterile saline Control bleeding Bandage wound SHOCK & BLOOD LOSS Ask your group for their definition of shock and then read the training manual definition Causes of shock include Blood loss Fluid loss Sweating and dehydration Severe diarrhoea and vomiting Heart attack or severe infection Severe injuries such as spinal injuries Emotional reactions to traumatic events Symptoms of shock include Faintness Breathlessness Nausea Signs of shock include Reduced level of consciousness Rapid breathing or air hunger Pale, cold, clammy skin Rapid, weak pulse Confusion Treatment of shock If unconscious, turn patient onto their side Stop any bleeding Raise their legs slightly Seek medical help Protect patient from weather Moisten lips no drinks Oxygen therapy if available Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic First Aid SESSION: Unit 4 5 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide mins SLSA TM Page 38 PPT Slides WKBK Unit 4 Q.7 4

22 FAINTING Ask your group if any of them have ever fainted or seen somebody faint. If yes, what did they/others do to treat the patient? What is Fainting? A brief loss of consciousness that can be as a result of injury, shock, hunger etc 5 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slides Symptoms and Signs of Fainting Light headedness, nausea, a feeling of anxiety Unhealthy pallor, sweating with cold moist skin, sighing, slow pulse Treatment of Fainting Lie flat with a pillow, If unconscious turn on side Raise legs slightly Oxygen therapy NOSE BLEED Ask your group how they would treat a patient who approached them on patrol with a blood nose? Treatment of a nose bleed Sit patient with head forward, squeeze soft part of nostrils Ask them to breathe through their mouth and slowly release pressure Seek medical help if bleeding continues longer than 10 minutes NEEDLE STICK INJURY Due to the risks of HIV and Hepatitis B, any needle stick injury needs to be reported to the patient s doctor or the nearest major hospital. Treatment of needle stick injury Wash area with warm soapy water Report to Patrol Captain and complete incident report form Send to doctor or hospital Dispose in sharps container 5 mins SLSA TM Page 39 PPT Slide 4.17 WKBK Unit 4 Q.6 5 mins SLSA TM Page 39 PPT Slide 4.18 WKBK Unit 4 Q.5 Sharps Container Show the group a sharps container from your club s first aid room Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic First Aid SESSION: Unit 4 5

23 CRAMP Ask who s ever had cramp while in water or on dry land how did they treat it? Ask the group if they know what causes cramp? Dehydration Treatment in water Tread water or float Signal for help Gently stretch the muscle Treatment on land Gently stretch the muscle Drink fluids (hot if caused by cold and cold if caused by heat) PRINCIPLES OF RICER The basic treatment for acute muscle ligament and bone injuries Rest Sit or lie the patient down Ice Use ice or cold packs on the affected area Compression Wrap a compression bandage around the injured limb Elevation - The injured limb should be supported so it is above the level of the heart Referral Patient to seek further medical advice (Not in manual but common practice) SUNBURN Discuss symptoms and treatment of sunburn Symptoms Redness Pain Blistering Fever 5 mins SLSA TM Page 40 PPT Slide mins SLSA TM Page 40 PPT Slide 4.20 WKBK Unit 4 Q.3 5 mins SLSA TM Page 40 PPT Slide 4.21 Treatment Rest in a cool place Cool with water for 20 minutes Give plenty of fluids to drink Don t burst blisters Seek further medical advice if headaches, vomiting etc Ask your group to complete workbook unit 4 for homework Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic First Aid SESSION: Unit 4 6

24 First Aid KEY POINTS / STRATEGIES Unit 5 First Aid BODY CHECKS Also known as secondary checks and is usually carried out after managing life-threatening problems Rescuers will be checking body for; Bleeds Burns Fractures Other Demonstrate the checks in the following order; 1. Head, neck and face 2. Shoulders, chest, abdomen and pelvis 3. Upper limbs 4. Lower limbs 5. Back By doing the checks in this order you are checking the life-threatening areas of the body first. These checks can be done by another patrol member while the patient is undergoing CPR MAJOR INJURIES WITH SEVERE TISSUE DAMAGE AND BLEEDING Shark, crocodile or powerboat injuries can result in massive tissue damage and severe blood loss. Major injuries in the water Bring patient to shore as quick as possible Control bleeding as soon as possible Treatment in these cases must be immediate to reduce blood loss SUGGESTED RESOURCES TIME 10 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide WKBK Unit 5 Q.1 10 mins SLSA TM Page 44 PPT - Slide WKBK Unit 5 Q.2 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 1

25 MAJOR INJURIES WITH SEVERE TISSUE DAMAGE AND BLEEDING (cont d) Unconscious Patient Move the patient above the water line Put them on their side Check airway, breathing, circulation Apply direct pressure and compression bandaging Conscious Patient Keep head level with their heart and raise legs Keep them warm and reduce movement Apply direct pressure and compression bandaging Call an ambulance Moisten lips, but don t give anything to drink Tourniquets should only be used as a last resort and released every 20 minutes Make a note of the time that it is applied and reapplied SPRAINS AND STRAINS Sprains are caused when the ligaments which hold bones together are forced beyond their normal range, leading to stretching and tearing Symptoms Pain Signs Swelling Possible discolouration Treatment Don t move any area that causes pain Apply ice packs for 5-15 minutes Raise the area Apply a compression bandage Check circulation beyond the bandage If further treatment required, call for medical help Also known as; Rest Ice Compression Elevation Referral 5 mins SLSA TM Page 45 PPT Slide 5.13 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 2

26 DISLOCATIONS A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is moved out of its normal position in relation to another bone Treatment Prevent movement Check for a pulse below the dislocation. If no pulse, get immediate medical help Apply ice packs for between 5-15 minutes, reapply if necessary FRACTURES Open Broken skin, usually protruding bone Closed Unbroken skin, may be internal organ damage or bleeding Complicated Open or closed, associated with soft tissue injury. Internal or external bleeding. Entry for infection 3 mins SLSA TM Page 45 PPT Slide mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide The main aim of treatment for any fracture is to prevent movement at the injury site. If a fracture is suspected immobilise the injured part The principal of support and immobilisation is to Lessen pain Prevent further damage to soft tissues Reduce the risk of serious bleeding Reduce the possibility of loss of circulation to the injured area Prevent a closed fracture from becoming an open fracture Discuss and demonstrate the management of the following fractures Shoulder, upper arm injuries, elbow injuries, forearm, wrist and hand injuries Thigh and lower leg injuries Knee injuries, Ankle and foot injuries Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 3

27 FRACTURES (cont d) Remember basic rules for splints 1. Must be firm 2. Wide as the injured limb 3. Long enough to support limb between joints 4. Padding should be applied between the splint and natural hollows of the body Remember basic rules for bandaging 1. Apply firm and effective bandages 2. Tie off on the uninjured side 3. Use broad bandages 4. Check circulation after applying SPINAL INJURIES Explain that the spinal column consists of 33 vertebrae that support the body. They enclose the spinal cord, which transmits messages for movement and sensation to and from the brain It takes a considerable amount of force to damage both the spinal column and the spinal cord in the mid and lower back NECK INJURIES Describe how nearly all spinal injuries sustained in the water occur in the region of the fifth, sixth and seventh vertebrae Describe vertical compression and flexion (examples on page 46 of the manual) Ask your trainees to read SLSA TM pages 47 & 48, then ask the following questions In surf, what is the main cause of cervical spinal injuries? Being dumped on a sandbank 5 mins SLSA TM Page 46 PPT Slide mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide WKBK Unit 5 Q.3, Q.6 Should you move a person complaining of a neck injury? No, they are to be treated as if suffering from a spinal injury. However they should be moved if there is immovable danger. What position should the patient s neck be kept in during transportation? Neutral Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 4

28 CHEST PAIN Ask your group how they would treat a patient who approached them on patrol and complained of chest pains? Call an ambulance immediately Place them in a comfortable position usually sitting Ask about medical condition/history If available, give oxygen therapy Loosen the patients clothing Reassure the patient Should they collapse, commence ABC and EAR/CPR if required HYPOTHERMIA The skeletal muscles contract and relax rapidly to produce shivering, which generates heat in the muscles. Hypothermia general body cooling to below 35 C. Signs and Symptoms Shivering (ceases as condition worsens) Slow irregular pulse Numbness Glassy stare Apathy and decreasing levels of consciousness Abnormal co-ordination 5 mins SLSA TM Page 48 PPT Slide 5.22 WKBK Unit 5 Q.5 5 mins SLSA TM Page 49 PPT Slide WKBK Unit 5 Q.4 Management Prevent further body cooling Gentle and gradual rewarming- body to body heat If casualty fully conscious give warm liquids Do not warm victim too quickly Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 5

29 HEAT EXHAUSTION / HEAT STROKE Heat Exhaustion The casualty loses fluid through sweating, which decreases blood flow. Blood flow to the skin increases, (to try and remove excess heat) reducing blood flow to vital organs. The person may develop mild shock Signs and Symptoms Normal or below normal skin temperature Cool, moist pale skin progressing to red skin Headache Dizziness and weakness Exhaustion Sweating Rapid, weak pulse Management Lay casualty down and raise legs slightly Remove unnecessary clothing Advise casualty as any further activity will worsen their condition If fully conscious give small drinks of cold water. If casualty vomits, arrange urgent medical assistance If unconscious place casualty on side, monitor ABC s and seek medical aid 15 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide 5.26 WKBK Unit 5 Q.4 Heat Stroke Heat stroke is a serious medical condition and needs prompt attention. Placement of ice packs in large areas of blood vessels such as arm pits, groin, wrists and neck will help to reduce body temperature. Water is the preferred fluid as it is absorbed more quickly into the body. Signs and Symptoms High body temperature Red, hot dry skin Progressive deteriorating conscious state Full, bounding pulse Rapid, shallow noisy breathing Management Stop the person from any further activity Cool the body Give cool, clear fluids if casualty is fully conscious Minimise shock Seek urgent medical assistance Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 6

30 BURNS Explain the different types of burns Burns are classified by the source, such as heat, cold, electricity or radiation. They are also classified by depth. There are three classifications: 10 mins SLSA TM Page 50 PPT Slide WKBK Unit 5 Q.8 Superficial (first degree) Partial (second degree) Full thickness ( third degree) Superficial involves only top layer of skin and is usually painful. Partial involves both the epidermis and the dermis. This burn is red and blisters may open and weep. Infection is a danger. Full thickness burns destroy both layers of skin, as well as any or all of the underlying structures fat, muscles, bones, blood vessels and nerves. The area of the full thickness burn is usually not painful as nerves are destroyed. However there are always superficial and partial burns, these will be blistered and painful Management of burns DRABC Cool burnt area with cold running water for 10 minutes Remove any NON STUCK jewellery or constrictive items. Apply light sterile non-stick dressings Elevate burnt limb if possible Treat for shock Monitor ABC Note: Jewellery can act as a tourniquet as the body rushes fluid to the area the limb may swell. DO NOT remove any stuck items DO NOT apply any ointments or lotions Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 7

31 BURNS (cont d) Chemical Burns Chemical burns must be flooded with water to ensure removal of all of the chemical. If chemical is in the eye, it will have to be flushed for 20 minutes. Any contaminated clothing should be removed. Note: The danger to the first aider is becoming contaminated with the chemical themselves. Electrical Burns May result in extensive damage to deeper tissues. Often Entry & Exit burns. An electrical burn may cause heart failure MARINE ENVENOMATION With your group, read through Marine Envenomation page Once completed, revisit the sections that are most relevant to your area Ask your group for any examples of creatures that they ve witnessed or share some of your own experiences DIVING EMERGENCIES Explain that diving emergencies consist of two main groups; Air embolism Decompression illness 20 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide WKBK Unit 5 Q.9 5 mins SLSA TM Page 59 PPT Slide 5.65 Key principles of treatment 1. DRABCD 2. Resuscitate if necessary 3. Reassure the patient 4. Oxygen Therapy 5. Remain with patient and send others for help Major methods of treatment Lie patient completely flat Provide oxygen via Mask with oxygen reservoir (ARC only) Anaesthetic mask with airbag and oxygen reservoir bag Direct to divers demand valve Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 8

32 VITAL SIGNS Discuss how important vital signs are when monitoring trends in the patients condition and assessing the effectiveness of the management Explain table 5.1 in the Training Manual CARE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS PATIENT When unconscious, a patient is unable to protect themselves from further injury or harm. Causes of unconsciousness Traumatic injury to the head Drugs, poisons or toxic fumes Metabolic disorders e.g. diabetes Lack of oxygen to the brain Swelling or bleeding within the brain Treatment DRABCD Send someone to call an ambulance Manage injuries appropriately Look for something that caused the unconsciousness FIRST AID DOCUMENTATION Documentation of all first aid incidents is essential. In surf we complete Incident Report Forms Ensure that; Documentation is accurate and legible Record only what you see, not what your told by someone else All record written in ink Records signed by the first aider Kept on file for 7 years 5 mins SLSA TM Page 59 PPT Slide 5.66 WKBK Unit 5 Q.7 5 mins SLSA TM Page 60 PPT Slide mins SLSA TM Page 60 PPT Slide 5.68 CD-ROM go to In the Club Keeping Records Incident Report Log CD-ROM Activity Incident Report Log sheet Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 SLSA Incident Log Book 9

33 REFERRAL TO APPROPRIATE CARE If an ambulance is called, you can be an assistance by helping them with the following; The events leading up to the incident What happened to the patient Their vital signs Any injuries sustained All treatment that has been provided RESTORING FIRST AID EQUIPMENT Explain the need to service equipment and making sure that it is clean after use 5 mins SLSA TM Page 60 PPT Slide 5.69 WKBK Unit 5 Q.10 5 mins SLSA TM Page 60 PPT Slide 5.70 Ask your group to complete unit 5 of the Workbook SLSA WKBK Unit 5 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: First Aid SESSION: Unit 5 10

34 Basic Resuscitation Unit 6 Basic Resuscitation KEY POINTS / STRATEGIES CHAIN OF SURVIVAL Briefly describe each step. Early Access Early CPR Early Defibrillation Early Advanced Life Support TWO PERSON ASSESSMENT AND EAR Describe the priorities of management for any accident are DRABCD Demonstrate the full DRABCD on a patient D Danger Danger to yourself, bystanders and the patient Ask students to brainstorm possible dangers in a home environment (group activity) R Response Check for a verbal or physical response Explain this is ascertaining the level of consciousness in a patient. A Airway Explain the importance of a clear & open airway the key to a successful resuscitation Explain that care of the airway takes precedence over all other injuries Look directly into the mouth and remove loose foreign objects Backward head tilt is a must Demonstrate a pistol grip and ask your trainees to practice on their own chins Demonstrate jaw thrust and give everyone a practice on a manikin The ECC operator is expected to clear the patients airway as the EAR operator maintains a backward head tilt SUGGESTED RESOURCES TIME 5 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide WKBK Unit 6 Q.1 45 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT - Slide (Slides are general points for DRABCD and are not specific for 2 person assessment. Refer to SLSA TM for specific 2 person method points.) WKBK Unit 6 Q.3, Q.4, Q.5 Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic Resuscitation SESSION: Unit 6 1

35 TWO PERSON ASSESSMENT AND EAR (cont d) B Breathing Demonstrate how to check for breathing and explain how you Look, Listen and Feel for breathing Look The EAR operator looks down the chest and upper abdomen, the ECC operator looks from above Listen The EAR operator listens for air entering and leaving the lungs, with their ear about 5cm from the patients nose and mouth Feel The EAR operator feels for any air movement from the patients mouth or nose If there is no breathing, the EAR operator is to commence with 5 breaths C Circulation Explain that this simply means a pulse and is checked by the ECC operator. If no pulse, the ECC operator begins external cardiac compressions D Defibrillation Explain how defibrillation is an important step in emergency action plans and there is strong evidence that has emerged over the past 5 years of its value. If possible, ask a defibrillator operator to demonstrate how it would be used in a resuscitation scenario PLACING A PATIENT IN THE LATERAL POSITION The EAR operator will manage the airway by holding the head in a head tilt position. Once they take control of the head DO NOT LET GO! The ECC operator turns the patient towards them The ECC operator adjusts the patients arm and leg for stability 10 mins Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic Resuscitation SESSION: Unit 6 2

36 ONE PERSON ASSESSMENT AND EAR Explain the EAR is Expired Air Resuscitation and is to be used on a non breathing patient Begin mouth-to-mouth method of EAR by Giving five full breaths in 10 seconds. Ensure rise and fall of chest. If no rise and fall recheck head tilt. Check carotid pulse for 10secs. Pulse present Continue EAR by giving 1 breath every 4 seconds Continue for 1 minute Recheck pulse If still present continue EAR Continue for 2 minutes 10 mins SLSA TM Page 68 PPT Slide 6.16 Demonstrate one person assessment and EAR to your group Pair them up and allow them to practice a cycle on each other METHODS OF PERFORMING EAR Mouth to Mask This should be taught as the preferred method of EAR as it avoids any mouth to mouth contact. Stress that a first aider should not delay administering EAR while waiting for a mask to be made available. 15 mins SLSA TM Pages PPT Slide WKBK Unit 6 Q.6 Consider health of safe as a danger and must be a judgement of self Take a position behind the casualty s head. Place the narrow end of the mask over the bridge of the nose. Use both hands to ensure open airway and seal the mask. Maintain head tilt and use jaw support to pull up the jaw into the mask firmly. Blow through the mouthpiece. Between breaths listen and feel at the mouthpiece for exhaled air. Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic Resuscitation SESSION: Unit 6 3

37 METHODS OF PERFORMING EAR (cont d) Mouth to Nose Explain that sometimes it is not possible to make an adequate seal over the casualty s mouth Maintain backward head tilt position with one hand on top of the head. Use the other hand to close the casualty s mouth, using jaw support with your hand in the pistol grip position Open your mouth wide, take a deep breath, seal your mouth tightly around the casualty s nose and breathe into their nose. Open the mouth between breaths to let air come out Example: The person s jaw or mouth may be injured or the jaws clenched too tightly to open COMPLICATIONS DURING EAR Explain that several things can go wrong during EAR Blocked Airway If the patients chest does not rise with a breath, check that; There s head tilt No foreign materials in the mouth The seal is firm Enough air is being blown in 15 mins SLSA TM Page 70 PPT Slide 6.20 Demonstrate percussion to the group Vomiting and Regurgitation Vomiting is usually accompanied by a loud noise Regurgitation is the silent flow of stomach contents into the mouth and nose If a patient vomits during resuscitation, roll them onto their side and clear the airway of foreign materials. Reassess breathing and continue EAR/CPR if required Distension of the Stomach Swelling of the stomach can make EAR more difficult to perform. If your patient has a swollen stomach, check for a blocked airway and be careful of how hard you are blowing. Surf Life Saving Australia Version 1.0 TOPIC: Basic Resuscitation SESSION: Unit 6 4