Experimental Study on the Limits of Flow Regimes for Different Configurations of Stepped Spillway
|
|
- Laureen Nelson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Civil and Environmental Researh Experimental Study on the Limits of Flow Regimes for Different Configurations of Stepped Spillway Najm Obaid Salim Alghazali 1*, Salam M. Jasim 2 1. Asst. Prof. Dotor, Civil Engineering Department, Babylon University, Iraq. 2. M.S. Student, Civil Engineering Department, Babylon University, Iraq. * of the orresponding author: dr.nalghazali@gmail.om Abstrat Flow over a stepped spillway an be divided mainly into three flow regimes that are nappe, transition and skimming depending upon the disharge and the dimensions of the stepped spillway. The determination of the flow regime is a very important aspet in the design of stepped spillway due to the different properties for eah flow regime. Experimental work on flow regime limits for stepped spillways has been onduted using twelve stepped spillway models. The models were manufatured with three downstream slope angles: 25, 35 and 45, and four numbers of steps: 5, 10, 15 and 20. Five onfigurations of steps were tested, whih are onventional Flat, pooled, porous end sills, pooled with gabions and porous end sills with gabions. The results revealed that the end sills highly affet flow regime type; this effet is primarily for the lower limits of skimming flow. Using end sills inreases the range of transition flow regime (by inreasing the lower limit of skimming flow) as well as inreases the instabilities that our in this flow regime. Gabions redue the effets of end sills on the lower limit of skimming flow regime to near the limit of flat steps. New empirial equations were suggested based upon the experimental results. Keywords: Flow Regimes, Gabions Steps, Nappe Flow Regime, Pooled Steps, Skimming Flow Regime, Stepped Spillway, Transition Flow Regime. 1. Introdution The stepped spillway is a spillway whose fae is provided with a series of steps from near the rest to the toe, they have gained popularity with modern onstrution tehniques inluding roller ompated onrete (RCC) and gabions (Chanson 2001, Felder and Chanson 2013, Guenther et al. 2013) In the last two deades, there has been an inreasing interest in the stepped spillways in various laboratories around the world (Khatsuria 2005). The stepped spillway design is not limited to flat uniform steps, some prototype stepped hutes were designed with pooled steps (e.g. Sorpe dam, Germany), alternate sills (e.g. Neil Turner stepped weir, Australia) and weir strutures designed with gabion steps, et. (Chanson and Gonzalez 2004, Felder and Chanson 2013), the alternative stepped designs are poorly understood (Felder and Chanson 2013). In reent years, the flows on pooled stepped spillways were researhed in a few studies (Felder et al. 2012). Also, the hydraulis of gabions stepped spillway has reeived less attention due to the omplexity to evaluate the flow patterns and flow resistane (Chinnaarasri et al. 2008). The advantages of gabions are: low ost, ease of installation, flexibility, and ease of maintenane (USACE 1986). With proper onstrution pratie, spillways having a stepped downstream fae built of gabions an withstand floods of up to 3 m 2 /s without damage (Peyras et al. 1992). Stone size and shape have little influene on the energy loss and flow veloity as ompared to the inreasing effet of the weir slope (Chinnaarasri et al. 2008). Many relationships have been developed to predit the limits of flow regimes for onventional flat stepped spillway. The flow should be distintly either in the nappe flow or the skimming flow regime for the design disharge and the safety hek flood (Boes and Hager 2003). Due to the high instabilities and the impat load aused by the transition flow regime, researhers suggested a safety fator of 10-20% or even more to be added to the lower limit of skimming flow regime or subtrated from the upper limit of nappe flow regime determined by empirial equations (e.g. Boes 2012). Modern stepped spillways are designed for the skimming flow regime (Chanson 2001). The onservative design with the mentioned safety fator is suggested to avoid transition flow regime while it annot be avoided if the hute is designed for skimming flow for un-gated spillways (Boes and Hager 2003). This study aims to ontribute in the developing of a design guide for the limits of flow regimes on stepped spillways for five onfigurations of steps, whih are: onventional Flat, pooled, porous end sills, pooled with gabions and porous end sills with gabions. Another objetive is the introduing of onfigurations that may redue the transition 30
2 Civil and Environmental Researh flow instabilities and the hydrauli loads on the onrete fae of the RCC stepped spillways. 2. Experimental Work Twelve stepped spillway models were made from wood and oated with varnish to avoid wood swelling of water and to inrease its smoothness. The models have vertial upstream fae with three downstream slope angles (25, 35 and 45 ). For eah slope, four models were designed as ogee stepped spillway with 5, 10, 15 and 20 steps. All models have 0.3 m width and 0.3 m height (from the base to the upper point in the rest). The tests were arried out in a reirulating flume loated at the fluid laboratory of Engineering College, Babylon University, Iraq (Photo 1). The flume is 10 m length and 0.3 m width. It has transparent side walls with height of 45 m. The flume has a pump with a disharge apaity of 30 l/s, a flow meter is installed on its pipeline for measuring the disharge of the passing flow. Two movable arriages with point gauges were mounted on brass rail at the top of flume sides, whih have an auray of 0.1 mm. Photo 1: The used flume (Civil Engineering Department, Engineering College, Babylon University, Iraq). The experiments were onduted for fifteen disharges runs ranging from 0.9 to 9.3 l/s (Table 1). This range was satisfying the need of this study. The used end sills are of height equals to half step height i.e.: h; is the end sill height and h is the step height. Four thiknesses of end sills are used, that are: 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 mm for the models having number of steps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 steps respetively. The gabion dimensions are ( ( - ) ), where h e : is the end sill height, : is the step length, and t: is the end sill thikness. During testing runs, the gabions were plaed into the steps and removed alternately. Wire mesh of rhombus shape with side length of 0.68 m and diagonals of 0.65 and 1.2 m has been used. The wire mesh boxes were filled with gravel of size m and porosity of 41%. These types of wire mesh and gravel were seleted taking into aount that the filled material should be larger than 1.5 times the wire mesh opening and the porosity values between 38 and 42 are preferable as suggested by previous studies (suh as Stephenson (1979) and Kells (1993) ited in Salmasi et al. 2012). 31
3 Civil and Environmental Researh Table 1: Disharges used in the 15 runs. Run No. Q (l/s) q (l/s.m) Run No. Q (l/s) q (l/s.m) Observations Many observations are taken by using digital video-a ra Nikon D 1 (Fra advan ra : fps, S u r Speed: 1/4,000 to 30 s) in addition to the visual observations, these observations an be summarized as follows: 3.1. Pooled stepped models (non-porous end sills) have larger ranges of transition flow regimes rather than all the tested onfigurations. It seems that the end sills affet primarily the lower limit of the skimming flow regime. Photo 2: Flow r gi s on fla and pool d s pp d od ls (θ 45, 5 steps, run no. 9) Gabions redue the effets of end sills on the lower limit of skimming flow regime to near the limit of flat steps Photo 3: Flow regime and instabilities on pooled steps wi and wi ou gabions (θ 2, s ps, run no 9) 3.3. For porous end sills, there is an additional type of flow, whih is the flow through pores (Photo 4). This type of flow was inluded with the typial flow regimes. It an be identified visually for low disharges in nappe flow regime with a same behaviour. 32
4 Civil and Environmental Researh 4. Data Analysis 4.1 Upper Limit of Nappe Flow Regime Photo 4: Flow through pores. The equations seleted for omparing with the present study data are presented in Table 2 (NA refers to the nappe flow regime and SK is the abbreviation of skimming flow regime). Table 2: The studied relationships of flow regimes limits. Researher Equation Case Yasuda and Ohtsu (1999) Chanson (2001a) Chinnarasri (2002): 1 (1 an θ) 2 NA-Flat steps 9 ( ) NA-All ases 9 ( ) NA-Flat steps Chanson and Toombes (2004) Chinnarasri and Wongwises (2004) Yasuda and Ohtsu (1999) Chanson (2001a) Boes and Hager (2003) Chanson and Toombes (2004) Chinnarasri and Wongwises (2004) Chinnarasri et al. (2008) 91 1 NA-Flat steps 92 ( ) NA-All ases 1 ( ) SK-Flat steps ( ) SK-All ases 91 1 SK-Flat steps 9 21 SK-Flat steps ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 2 1 SK-All ases SK-Gabion steps 33
5 Civil and Environmental Researh Suggested Relationships The following relationships are suggested for the upper limit of nappe flow regime on stepped spillways with downs r a slop angl 2 θ T r la ions ips ob ain d using Mirosof Ex l and S a is ia (v rsion 12) software programs. All symbols are defined in appendix 1. Table 3: Suggested empirial equations for the upper limit of nappe flow regime. Suggested Equations R 2 or R Case ( ) R 2 = Flat R= Pooled R= Porous end sills 19 9 R= Pooled with gabions 2 2 R 2 = Porous end sills with gabions A Comparison with Previous Relationships The satter diagrams of the urrent study data and the data obtained from the relationships in Table 2 are shown in the following figures: Figure 1: Nappe flow regime upper limit-flat steps. 34
6 Civil and Environmental Researh Figure 2: Nappe flow regime upper limit-pooled steps. Figure 3: Nappe flow regime upper limit-pooled with gabions. Figure 4: Nappe flow regime upper limit-porous end sills. 4.2 Lower Limit of Skimming Flow Regime Suggested Relationships Figure 5: Nappe flow regime upper limit-porous end sills with gabions. The following relationships are suggested for the lower limit of skimming flow regime on stepped spillways with downs r a slop angl 2 θ, r la ions ips ob ain d using Mirosof Exel and Statistia (version 12) 35
7 Civil and Environmental Researh software programs. Table 4: Suggested Equations R 2 or R Case R= Flat R 2 = Weak orrelation between data Weak orrelation between the data Weak orrelation between the data Pooled Pooled with gabions Porous end sills Porous end sills with gabions Suggested relationships for lower limit of skimming flow A Comparison with Previous Relationships The satter diagrams of the urrent study data and the data obtained from the relationships in Table 2 are presented in the following figures: Figure 6: Skimming flow regime lower limit-flat steps. Figure 7: Skimming flow regime lower limit-pooled steps. 36
8 Civil and Environmental Researh Figure 8: Skimming flow regime lower limit-pooled with gabions. Figure 9: Skimming flow regime lower limit-porous end sills. 5. Conlusions Figure 10: Skimming flow regime lower limit-porous end sills with gabions The determination of the flow regime on stepped spillway is a very important aspet in the design of stepped spillway due to the different properties for eah flow regime. Experimental work was performed using twelve stepped spillway models to study flow regime limits for stepped spillways. The models were manufatured with three downstream slope angles: 25, 35 and 45, and four numbers of steps: 5, 10, 15 and 20. Five onfigurations of steps were tested, whih are onventional Flat, pooled, porous end sills, pooled with gabions and porous end sills with gabions. The results of experimental work were used to form new empirial equations for the limits of flow regimes for the onfigurations tested. It an be onluded that the end sills highly affet flow regime type; this effet is primarily for the lower limits of skimming flow. Using end sills inreases the range of transition flow regime (by inreasing the 37
9 Civil and Environmental Researh lower limit of skimming flow) as well as inreases the instabilities that our in this flow regime. Gabions redue the effets of end sills on the lower limit of skimming flow regime to near the limit of flat steps. 6. Referenes [01] Boes, R. and Hager, W. (2003). "Hydrauli Design of Stepped Spillways." J. Hydr. Eng., ASCE, 129 (9), [02] Chanson, H. (2001). "The Hydraulis of Stepped Chutes and Spillways." Balkema, Lisse, the Netherlands. [03] Chanson, H. and Gonzalez, C.A. (2004). "Stepped Spillways for Embankment Dams: Review, Progress, and Development in Overflow Hydraulis." Pro. Intl Conf. on Hydraulis of Dams and River Strutures, Tehran, Iran, Balkema Publ., The Netherlands, pp [04] Chanson, H. and Toombes, L. (2004). "Hydraulis of Stepped Chutes: The Transition Flow." J. Hydr. Res., IAHR, 42(1): [05] Chinnaarasri, C. and Wongwises, S. (2006). "Flow Patterns and Energy Dissipation over Various Stepped Chutes." J. Irrigation and Drainage Eng., ASCE, 132 (1): [06] Chinnaarasri, C., Donjadee, S. and Israngkura, U. (2008). "Hydrauli Charateristis of Gabion-Stepped Weirs." J. Hydr. Eng., ASCE, 134(8): [07] Felder, S. and Chanson, H. (2013). "Air Entrainment and Energy Dissipation on Porous Pooled Stepped Spillways." International Workshop on Hydrauli Design of Low-Head Strutures (IWLHS), Aahen, Germany, (87-97). [08] Felder, S., Guenther, P. and Chanson, H. (2012). "Air-Water Flow Properties and Energy Dissipation on Stepped Spillways: A Physial Study of Several Pooled Stepped Configurations." Researh Report No. CH87, Shool of Civil Engineering, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. [09] Guenther, P., Felder, S. and Chanson, H. (2013). "Flat and Pooled Stepped Spillways for Overflow Weirs and Embankments: Cavity Flow Proesses, Flow Aeration and Energy Dissipation." IWLHS. [10] Khatsuria, R.M., (2005). "Hydraulis of Spillways and Energy Dissipators." Marel Dekker, New York, U.S.A., pp [11] Peyras, L., Royet, P. and Degoutte, G. (1992). "Flow and Energy Dissipation over Stepped Gabion Weirs." J. Hydr. Eng., ASCE, 118(5): [12] Salmasi, F., Sattar, M. and Pal, M. (2012). "Appliation of data mining on Evaluation of Energy Dissipation over Low Gabion-Stepped Weir." Turkish Journal of Agriulture and Forestry No. 36: [13] Sarfaraz, M. and Attari, J. (2011). "Seletion of Empirial Formulae for Design of Stepped Spillways on RCC Dams." World Environmental and Water Resoures Congress, ASCE: [14] USACE (1986). "Use of Gabions in the Coastal Environment." CETN-III-31, 12/86. 38
10 Civil and Environmental Researh Appendix 1: Symbols Symbol Unit Definition Fr * [ ] Roughness Froude number g (sin θ)( os θ) g [m/s 2 ] Gravity aeleration h [m] Step height l [m] Step width h e [m] End sill height Q [m 3 /s] Disharge q [m 2 /s] Disharge per unit width R 2 [ ] Coeffiient of determination y [m] Critial flow depth above spillway rest θ Degree Downstream slope angle [m] Tan -1 ( ) (it is zero for a horizontal step). 39
11 The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Aess hosting servie and aademi event management. The aim of the firm is Aelerating Global Knowledge Sharing. More information about the firm an be found on the homepage: CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS There are more than 30 peer-reviewed aademi journals hosted under the hosting platform. Prospetive authors of journals an find the submission instrution on the following page: All the journals artiles are available online to the readers all over the world without finanial, legal, or tehnial barriers other than those inseparable from gaining aess to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors. MORE RESOURCES Book publiation information: IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernius, Ulrih's Periodials Diretory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Arhives Harvester, Bielefeld Aademi Searh Engine, Elektronishe Zeitshriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library, NewJour, Google Sholar
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN (Print), AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET)
INTERNATIONAL ISSN 0976 6316(Online), Volume JOURNAL 5, Issue 4, April (2014), OF pp. CIVIL 82-90 IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue
More informationEXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ENERGY DISSIPATION OVER STEPPED GABION SPILLWAYS WITH LOW HEIGHTS *
IJST, Transactions of Civil ngineering, Vol. 36, No. C, pp 53-64 Printed in The Islamic Republic of Iran, Shiraz University XPRIMNTAL STUDY OF NRGY DISSIPATION OVR STPPD GABION SPILLWAYS WITH LOW HIGHTS
More informationHydraulics of stepped spillways : current status
FORUM ARTICLE Hydraulics of stepped spillways : current status H. CHANSON Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia Email : h.chanson@mailbox.uq.edu.au
More informationStability of Concrete Macro-Roughness Linings for Overflow Protection of Earth Embankment Dams ( 1 ) - Discussion
Stability of Concrete Macro-Roughness Linings for Overflow Protection of Earth Embankment Dams ( 1 ) - Discussion H. Chanson (Reader) Dept of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD
More informationFREE-SURFACE AND SEEPAGE BUBBLY FLOWS ON A GABION STEPPED SPILLWAY WEIR: EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
E-proeedings of the 36 th IAHR World Congress FREE-SURFACE AND SEEPAGE BUBBLY FLOWS ON A GABION STEPPED SPILLWAY WEIR: EXPERIMENTAL OBSERATIONS GANGFU ZHANG (1), & HUBERT CHANSON (2) (1) The University
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January ISSN
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 1, January-2014 1356 Study of Safe Hydraulic Design of Stepped Spillway by Physical Models prof. Dr. Abdul-Hassan K. Al-Shukur,
More informationTransitional Steps Zone in Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillways
Transitional Steps Zone in Steeply Sloping Stepped Spillways Jalal Attari 1 and Mohammad Sarfaraz 2 1- Assistant Professor, Power and Water University of Technology, Iran 2- Graduate Student, Department
More informationCivil Engineering Journal
Available online at www.civilejournal.org Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 2, No. 5, May, 2016 Numerical Study of Energy Dissipation of Pooled Stepped Spillways Khosro Morovati a*, Afshin Eghbalzadeh b,
More informationComparison of stepped and smooth spillway effects on stream reaeration
Comparison of stepped and smooth spillway effects on stream reaeration Egemen Aras 1* and Mehmet Berkun 2 1 Gumushane University, Department of Civil Engineering, Gumushane 29100, Turkey 2 Karadeniz Technical
More informationHURRICANE SANDY LIMITED REEVALUATION REPORT UNION BEACH, NEW JERSEY DRAFT ENGINEERING APPENDIX SUB APPENDIX E OVERTOPPING & FAILURE ANALYSIS
HURRICANE SANDY LIMITED REEVALUATION REPORT UNION BEACH, NEW JERSEY DRAFT ENGINEERING APPENDIX SUB APPENDIX E OVERTOPPING & FAILURE ANALYSIS Revised 18 Feb 2015 1 OVERTOPPING & FAILURE ANALYSIS 1.0 Introdution
More informationFlow Characteristics and Energy Dissipation Over Traditional and Stepped Spillway with Semicircular Crest
International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 14 No: 02 13 Flow Characteristics and Energy Dissipation Over Traditional and Stepped Spillway with Semicircular Crest 1 Rasul
More informationAIR-WATER FLOW STRUCTURES AT AN ABRUPT DROP WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLOW
AIR-WATER FLOW STRUCTURES AT AN ABRUPT DROP WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLOW H. CHANSON and L. TOOMBES Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia 1. Introduction
More informationEvaluation of step s slope on energy dissipation in stepped spillway
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 3 (4) (2014) 501-505 Science Publishing Corporation www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/ijet doi: 10.14419/ijet.v3i4.3561 Research Paper Evaluation of step
More informationSUPERCRITICAL FLOW AT AN ABRUPT DROP : FLOW PATTERNS AND AERATION
SUPERCRITICAL FLOW AT AN ABRUPT DROP : FLOW PATTERNS AND AERATION by H. Chanson, Senior Lecturer, and L. Toombes, Ph.D. student Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072,
More informationInvestigatingThe Effect of Number of Steps on Energy Dissipation of Stepped Spillways Based on the New Design Approach.
InvestigatingThe Effect of Number of Steps on Energy Dissipation of Stepped Spillways Based on the New Design Approach Mohammad Karami 1. Department of Civil Engineering, Dehloran branch,islamic azad university,
More informationEffect of channel slope on flow characteristics of undular hydraulic jumps
River Basin Management III 33 Effect of channel slope on flow characteristics of undular hydraulic jumps H. Gotoh, Y. Yasuda & I. Ohtsu Department of Civil Engineering, College of Science and Technology,
More informationMECHANICAL INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT OF A LARGE HORIZONTAL NGL PRESSURE VESSEL: CASE STUDY
Abstrat MECHANICAL INEGRIY ASSESSMEN OF A LARGE HORIZONAL NGL PRESSURE VESSEL: CASE SUDY A methodology for assessing the strutural integrity of a large horizontal NGL (Natural Gas Liquid) vessel has been
More informationStatistical Mechanics of the Frequency Modulation of Sea Waves
Statistial Mehanis of the Frequeny Modulation of Sea Waves Hiroshi Tomita and Takafumi Kawamura Ship Researh Institute, Shinkawa 6-8-, Mitaka, Tokyo 8-, Japan tomita@srimot.go.jp Abstrat. The longtime
More informationm. ANmYSIS OF RESULTS
Aordingly, the U. S. Government retains a nonexlusive, royaltyfree liense to publish Effets of Vertial Aperture on Beam Lifetime at the Advaned Photon Soure ( A P S ) Storage Ring* Hana M. Bizek Advaned
More information11/ This paper not to be cited without prior reference to the author. I'
/ 11/ This paper not to be ited without prior referene to the author. I' International Counil for the Exploration of the Sea C. M. 197 2/H : 3 0 Pelagi Fish (N) Committee THE EFFECTS OF REGULATIONS OF
More informationDAM BREAK WAVE WITH ENERGY DISSIPATION : TWO CASE STUDIES
Proc. 29th IAHR Congress, Beijing, Theme C, Tsinghua Univ. Press, Beijing, pp. 311-318 (ISBN 7-302-04676-X/TV). DAM BREAK WAVE WITH ENERGY DISSIPATION : TWO CASE STUDIES H. Chanson (1) and S. Aoki (2)
More informationOptimum Design of Stepped Spillways Using Genetic Algorithm
Optimum Design of Stepped Spillways Using Genetic Algorithm OMID BOZORG HADDAD, FARID SHARIFI, MAHSOO NADERI Department of Civil Engineering Iran University of Science & Technology Narma, Tehran, Iran
More informationExperimental Investigation of Clear-Water Local Scour at Pile Groups
Experimental Investigation of Clear-Water Local Scour at Pile Groups B. Ataie-Ashtiani 1 and A. A. Beheshti 2 Abstract: Experiments of local scour around pile groups are carried out under steady clear-water
More informationHYDRAULIC JUMP AND WEIR FLOW
HYDRAULIC JUMP AND WEIR FLOW 1 Condition for formation of hydraulic jump When depth of flow is forced to change from a supercritical depth to a subcritical depth Or Froude number decreases from greater
More informationMODEL FOR PREDICTING BATHYMETRIC AND GRAIN SIZE CHANGES BASED ON BAGNOLD S CONCEPT AND EQUILIBRIUM SLOPE CORRESPONDING TO GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION
MODEL FOR PREDICTING BATHYMETRIC AND GRAIN SIZE CHANGES BASED ON BAGNOLD S CONCEPT AND EQUILIBRIUM SLOPE CORRESPONDING TO GRAIN SIZE COMPOSITION Yasuhito Noshi, Takaaki Uda 2, Masumi Serizawa 3, Takayuki
More informationInvestigation of Cavitation Damage Levels on Spillways
World Applied Sciences Journal 1 (1): 7-78, 01 ISSN 1818-495 IDOSI Publications, 01 DOI: 10.589/idosi.wasj.01.1.1.60 Investigation of Cavitation Damage Levels on Spillways 1, 1 1 E. Fadaei Kermani, G.A.
More informationEffect of Pavement/Shoulder Drop-Offs on Highway Safety
Effet of Pavement/Shoulder Drop-Offs on Highway Safety John C. Glennon Transportation Consulting Engineer Overland Park, Kansas Drop-offs at the pavement/shoulder (or shoulder/roadside) edge have been
More informationInvestigation on the Vortex Thermal Separation in a Vortex Tube Refrigerator
doi: 1.236/sieneasia13-1874.2.31.2 SieneAsia 31 (2): 2-223 Investigation on the Vortex Thermal Separation in a Vortex Tube Refrigerator Pongjet Promvonge* and Smith Eiamsa-ard Department of Mehanial Engineering,
More informationA Comparative Study of Self-aerated Stepped Spillway and Smooth Invert Chute Flow: The effect of Step-induced Macro-roughness
A Comparative Study of Self-aerated Stepped Spillway and Smooth Invert Chute Flow: The effect of Step-induced Macro-roughness Daniel B. Bung Senior Scientist, Franzius-Institute for Hydraulic, Waterways
More informationAnalysis of a Twin Screw Expander for ORC Systems using Computational Fluid Dynamics with a Real Gas Model
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conferene Shool of Mehanial Engineering 2014 Analysis of a Twin Srew Expander for ORC Systems using Computational Fluid Dynamis with
More informationCongruence Axioms. Data Required for Solving Oblique Triangles. 1 of 8 8/6/ THE LAW OF SINES
1 of 8 8/6/2004 8.1 THE LAW OF SINES 8.1 THE LAW OF SINES Congrueny and Olique Triangles Derivation of the Law of Sines Appliations Amiguous Case Area of a Triangle Until now, our work with triangles has
More informationThe following excerpt are pages from the North American Product Technical Guide, Volume 2: Anchor Fastening, Edition 16.
The following exerpt are pages from the North Amerian Produt Tehnial Guide, Volume 2: Anhor Fastening, Edition 16. Please refer to the publiation in its entirety for omplete details on this produt inluding
More informationGeneral Technical Data and Calculations
18 Bosh Rexroth AG R31EN 232 (26.4) General Produt Desription General Tehnial Data and Calulations Fores and load moments In Rexroth the running traks are arranged at a ompression angle of 45. This results
More informationThe following excerpt are pages from the North American Product Technical Guide, Volume 2: Anchor Fastening, Edition 16.1.
The following exerpt are pages from the North Amerian Produt Tehnial Guide, Volume 2: Anhor Fastening, Edition 16.1. Please refer to the publiation in its entirety for omplete details on this produt inluding
More informationEXAMPLES (OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW) AUTUMN 2018
EXAMPLES (OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW) AUTUMN 2018 Normal and Critical Depths Q1. If the discharge in a channel of width 5 m is 20 m 3 s 1 and Manning s n is 0.02 m 1/3 s, find: (a) the normal depth and Froude number
More informationDischarge Coefficient in Siphon Spillway with Different Cross Sections
World Applied Sciences Journal 17 (): 163-167, 01 ISSN 1818-495 IDOSI Publications, 01 Discharge Coefficient in Siphon Spillway with Different Cross Sections 1 Amin Ghafourian and Mohd. Nordin Adlan 1
More informationWind energy potential of Ban village
Available online at www.pelagiaresearhlibrary.om Advanes in Applied Siene Researh, 2013, 4(3):220-225 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Wind energy potential of Ban village Maren. I. Borok 1, Gyang Y.
More informationComparison of the South Dakota Road Profiler with Other Rut Measurement Methods
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1311 Comparison of the South Dakota Road Profiler ith Other Rut Measurement Methods ]AMES B. DuBosE During the fall of 1989, the Illinois Department of Transportation ompleted
More informationThree Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of the Drag in Penalty Corner Drag Flick Performance
Three Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of the Drag in Penalty Corner Drag Flick Performance Naushad Waheed Ansari Assistant professor, Department of Physical Education, Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh(U.P.)
More informationCorrelation analysis on biomechanics parameters of basketball shooting based on differential equations
Available online www.jopr.om Journal of Chemial and harmaeutial Researh, 14, 6(6):86-9 Researh Artile ISSN : 975-784 CODEN(USA) : JCRC5 Correlation analysis on biomehanis parameters of basketball shooting
More informationHeadwater elevation water surface elevation just. Tailwater elevation water surface elevation just
: Culvert Hydraulis Bob Pitt University of Alabama and Sirley Clark Penn State - Harrisburg Culvert Flow Culvert Systems Culverts typially used in roadway rossings and detention pond outlets. Headwater
More informationDAIVÕES DAM SPILLWAY: A NOVEL SOLUTION FOR THE STILLING BASIN
DAIVÕES DAM SPILLWAY: A NOVEL SOLUTION FOR THE STILLING BASIN Elsa Alves *, Felix Hernando and Rafael Chacón * Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal
More informationDischarge Coefficient in Oblique Side Weirs
Iran Agricultural Research ol. 5 No. and ol. 6 No. - Printed in the Islamic Republic of Iran 007 Shiraz University Discharge Coefficient in Oblique Side Weirs T. HONAR ** AND M. JAAN * Department of Water
More informationEffect of Fluid Density and Temperature on Discharge Coefficient of Ogee Spillways Using Physical Models
RESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of Fluid Density and Temperature on Discharge Coefficient of Ogee Spillways Using Physical Models M. SREENIVASULU REDDY 1 DR Y. RAMALINGA REDDY 2 Assistant Professor, School of
More informationRoboGolf (aka RoboPutting) Robofest 2016 Game
RooGolf (aka RooPutting) Roofest 201 Game 12-2-2015 V1.1 (Kik-off version. Offiial Version will e availale on Jan 8, 201) 4 3 2 1 a A. Game Synopsis Figure 1. RooGolf Playing Field (Jr. Division) There
More informationOperating Instructions
Operating life time Normal expeted servie life (expressed in the number of yles over the full adjustment range) is appr. 1 million for the pressure swith. This may be extended to 2.5 million yles max.
More informationCOST EFFECTIVE STORAGE CAPACITY INCREASE FOR ALUMINA TAILINGS DISPOSAL AREA THROUGH SPILLWAY OPTIMISATION
COST EFFECTIVE STORAGE CAPACITY INCREASE FOR ALUMINA TAILINGS DISPOSAL AREA THROUGH SPILLWAY OPTIMISATION Abstract Lonie I * Tailings and Dams, GHD Brisbane, QLD, Australia Queensland Alumina Limited operates
More informationAbsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics for Ethylene-Ethane Separation with a Novel Solvent Introduction Experimental
Absorption Equilibrium and Kinetis for Ethylene-Ethane Separation with a Novel Solvent Travis A. Reine, R. Brue Eldridge 2004 The University of Texas at Austin Prepared for Presentation at 2004 Annual
More informationIMPACT OF MAKING THE CREST OF WEIR MULTIFACETED ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY
IMPACT OF MAKING THE CREST OF WEIR MULTIFACETED ON DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY Ali Bagheri 1 and *Ebrahim Nohani 2 1 Department of Water Engineering, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad
More informationThe Hydraulic Design of an Arced Labyrinth Weir at Isabella Dam
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures Jun 28th, 1:30 PM The Hydraulic Design of an Arced Labyrinth Weir at Isabella Dam E. A. Thompson Sacramento District
More informationFINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BLOOD FLOW AND APPLY OF PRESSURE IN THE HUMAN THUMB AND APPLICATIONS IN DISEASE INVENTION
CHAPER-II FINIE ELEMEN ANALYSIS OF BLOOD FLOW AND APPLY OF PRESSURE IN HE HUMAN HUMB AND APPLICAIONS IN DISEASE INVENION his Chapter Published in International Journal of Siene and Advaned ehnology (ISSN:
More informationCOEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF CHIMNEY WEIR UNDER FREE AND SUBMERGED FLOW CONDITIONS
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE OF CHIMNEY WEIR UNDER FREE AND SUBMERGED FLOW CONDITIONS Hanaa A.M.Hayawi Amal A.G.Yahya Ghania A.M.Hayawi College Of Engineering University Of Mosul Abstract: The main objective
More informationProductivity and Selectivity of Several Traditional Fishing Gear (Study at Katingan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia)
Productivity and Selectivity of Several Traditional Fishing Gear (Study at Katingan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia) Kembarawati 1 Keppi Sukesi 2 Idianor Mahyudin 3 1.Faculty of Agriculture, Palangka Raya
More informationOPEN CHANNEL FLOW WORKSHEET 3 WATER SURFACE PROFILES
Learning Objectives OPEN CHANNEL FLOW WORKSHEET 3 WATER SURFACE PROFILES 1. Learn about gradually varied flow and rapidly varying flow 2. Discuss different types of water surface profiles 3. Discuss the
More informationModelling the decrease in wave height over the shoreface due to slope-induced changes in bottom friction.
Chapter : Modelling the derease in wave height over the shorefae due to slope-indued hanges in bottom frition. Abstrat Wave height-redution on the shorefae is partly indued by frition at the bottom. The
More informationOperating Instructions Single/Dual Bourdon Tube Pressure Switches Type BS/BT/BX
pproval data for Ex i swithes (BT and BX) pproval: II 1 G D Ex ia IIC T6 Ex ia D 20 T0 Operating Instrutions Single/Dual Bourdon Tube Pressure Swithes Type BS/BT/BX Certifiate no.: ISSeP08TEX016X Permissible
More informationINFLOW DESIGN FLOOD CONTROL PLAN
INFLOW DESIGN FLOOD CONTROL PLAN CFR 257.82 Fly Ash Reservoir II Cardinal Plant Brilliant, Ohio September, 26 Prepared for: Cardinal Operating Company Cardinal Plant Brilliant, Ohio Prepared by: Geotechnical
More informationHydraulic Evaluation of the Flow over Polyhedral Morning Glory Spillways
World Applied Sciences Journal 9 (7): 712-717, 2010 ISSN 1818-4952 IDOSI Publications, 2010 Hydraulic Evaluation of the Flow over Polyhedral Morning Glory Spillways 1 2 2 A. Bagheri, M. Shafai Bajestan,
More informationImpact of anti-vortex blade position on discharge experimental study on the coefficient of morning glory spillway
Journal of Scientific Research and Development (7): 91-95, 015 Available online at www.jsrad.org ISSN 1115-7569 015 JSRAD Impact of anti-vortex blade position on discharge experimental study on the coefficient
More informationGreenup Lock Filling and Emptying System Study
Fourth LACCEI International Latin American and Caribbean Conference for Engineering and Technology (LACCET 2006) Breaking Frontiers and Barriers in Engineering: Education, Research and Practice 21-23 June
More informationEMPLOYER SAMPLE PROCEDURES FOR HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION
EMPLOYER SAMPLE PROCEDURES FOR HEAT ILLNESS PREVENTION FEB 2010 California Employers with any outdoor plaes of employment must omply with the Heat Illness Prevention Standard T8 CCR 3395. These proedures
More information2O-2 Open Channel Flow
Iowa Stormwater Management Manual O- O- Open Channel Flow A. Introduction The beginning of any channel design or modification is to understand the hydraulics of the stream. The procedures for performing
More informationRESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SETTING Correspondene to: Dr R M Howie, 12 Morningside Close, Edinburgh EH10 4DB, UK; robin.howie@ btlik.om T RMHowie Oup Environ Med 2005; 62:423 428. doi: 10.1136/oem.2002.004424
More informationIKGAtl Kenneth Grubb Associates Ltd
IKGAtl Kenneth Grubb Assoiates Ltd BURO HAPPOLD COPPERHOUSE SLUICE GATE DOCUMENT REVISION RECORD Doument Number: Number of Pages: Doument Title: Saved as: C0395/006/DOC 31 REPORT ON THE MECHANICAL SURVEY
More informationExercise (3): Open Channel Flow Rapidly Varied Flow
Exercise (3): Open Channel Flow Rapidly Varied Flow 1) A hydraulic jump exists in a trapezoidal channel having a bed width of 7 m and side slope of 1:1. The flowing discharge is 25 m 3 /sec. Construct
More informationThe following excerpt are pages from the North American Product Technical Guide, Volume 2: Anchor Fastening, Edition 17.
The following exerpt are pages from the North Amerian Produt Tehnial Guide, Volume 2: Anhor Fastening, Edition 17. Please refer to the publiation in its entirety for omplete details on this produt inluding
More informationAdvanced Hydraulics Prof. Dr. Suresh A. Kartha Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Advanced Hydraulics Prof. Dr. Suresh A. Kartha Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 4 Hydraulics Jumps Lecture - 4 Features of Hydraulic Jumps (Refer Slide
More informationDESIGN OF BELL-MOUTH SPILLWAY AT BARVI DAM
DESIGN OF BELL-MOUTH SPILLWAY AT BARVI DAM Akshay Haldankar 1, Mahesh Bhadra 2, Rahul Harad 3, Darpan Kapre 4, Dipali Patil 5 1,2,3,4 Under graduate,dept. of Civil Engineering, DRIEMS Neral. 5Assistant
More informationAir Entrainment and Scale Effects in Hydraulic Jumps with Small Froude Numbers
4th IAHR World Congress - Balance and Uncertainty rd Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium th Hydraulics Conference 6 June - July, Brisbane, Australia Air Entrainment and Scale Effects in Hydraulic Jumps
More informationStepped Spillway as an Energy Dissipater
Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques ISSN: 0701-1784 (Print) 1918-1817 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tcwr20 Stepped Spillway as an Energy
More informationWind Energy Potential of Jordan
M. A. Alghoul et al. / International Energy Journal 8 (7) 7-78 7 Wind Energy Potential of Jordan M. A. Alghoul *, M.Y.Sulaiman +, B.Z.Azmi + and M. Abd. Wahab + www.serd.ait.a.th/reri Abstrat - The daily
More informationAN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON NONLINEAR WAVE DYNAMICS: ROUGE WAVE GENERATION AND WAVE BLOCKING
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON NONLINEAR WAVE DYNAMICS: ROUGE WAVE GENERATION AND WAVE BLOCKING Wen-Yang Hsu, Igor Shugan, Wen-Son Chiang, Ray-Yeng Yang, Hwung-Hweng Hwung 2, Sergey Kuznetsov 3 and Yana Saprykina
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS...2 APPENDIX A ANCHORHEADS...3 APPENDIX B WEDGE PROPERTIES...5 APPENDIX C
Table of ontents TABLE OF CONTENTS...2 APPENDIX A ANCHORHEADS...3 APPENDIX B WEDGE PROPERTIES...5 APPENDIX C 18 MM DYFORM STRANDS...6 APPENDIX D OPERATION CYCLES STRANDJACK UNIT...7 D.1 JACK UP CYCLE (LIFTING
More information76.111/1. BUD: Flanged three-way valves, PN 6. Sauter Components
76.111/1 BUD: Flanged three-way valves, PN 6 ow energy effiieny is improved urate ontrol with high reliability. reas of appliation Continuous ontrol of old/hot water and air in losed networks 1) and flow
More informationBKR: 3-way ball valve with female thread, PN 40
Regulating valves, ombined with atuator CV5.60 en Produt Data Sheet BKR015...050 BKR: 3-way ball valve with female thread, PN 40 ow energy effiieny is improved Preision ontrol and working without losses
More informationVaccine Storage and Handling Guidelines
Vaine Storage and Handling Guidelines Table of Contents 2 Introdution 3 Definitions 3 The Importane of the Cold Chain 3 Proteting Ontario s Vaine Supply 4 Maintaining Vaine Poteny and Minimizing Wastage
More informationEFFECT OF USING DENTATE SKI JUMP SPILLWAYS ON SCOURING PROFILE
EFFECT OF USING DENTATE SKI JUMP SPILLWAYS ON SCOURING PROFILE FARHAD GOLZARI RAHATABAD Head of Hydraulic Structures Section, Water Research Institute Tehran, Iran Flip buckets or ski jumps are known as
More informationA Laboratory Based Study of Hydraulic Simulation of Leakage in Water Distribution Networks
A Laboratory Based Study of Hydraulic Simulation of Leakage in Water Distribution Networks Salah Muamer Aburawe *, Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud, Thamer Ahmad Mohammad, Noordin Ahmed Civil Engineering Department,
More informationEXPERIMENTAL WORK AND CFD MODEL FOR FLOWRATE ESTIMATING OVER OGEE SPILLWAY UNDER LONGITUDINAL SLOPE EFFECT
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 13, December 2018, pp. 430 439, Article ID: IJCIET_09_13_042 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=9&itype=13
More informationFull scale measurements of pressure equalization on air permeable façade elements
Full sale measurements of pressure equalization on air permeable façade elements Carine van Bentum, Chris Geurts Department of Strutural Dynamis, TNO, Delft, The Netherlands email: arine.vanbentum@tno.nl,
More informationSimulating bio-economic management scenarios for the sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) fishery in France
18 th World IMACS / MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia 13-17 July 29 http://mssanz.org.au/modsim9 Simulating bio-eonomi management senarios for the sea bass (Dientrahus labrax) fishery in Frane Bruno Drouot
More informationExperimental Investigation on Changes of Water Surface Profile with Gaussian Shaped Bottom and Side Roughness
Experimental Investigation on Changes of Water Surface Profile with Gaussian Shaped Bottom and Side Md. Rafiue Islam a, Shariful Islam b*, Md. Abdul Qaiyum Talukder c, S. M. Rezwan Hossain d Abstract Bed
More informationTrigonometry. terminal ray
terminal ray y Trigonometry Trigonometry is the study of triangles the relationship etween their sides and angles. Oddly enough our study of triangles egins with a irle. r 1 θ osθ P(x,y) s rθ sinθ x initial
More informationSlow gas expansion in saturated natural porous media by gas injection and partitioning with nonaqueous
MMaster University From the SeletedWorks of Sarah E Dikson 2008 Slow gas expansion in saturated natural porous media by gas injetion and partitioning with nonaqueous phase liquids Kevin G Mumford, Queen's
More informationExperimental Study of Sequent Depths Ratio of Hydraulic Jump in Sloped Trapezoidal Chanel
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures Jun 8th, : PM - : PM Experimental Study of Sequent Depths Ratio of Hydraulic Jump in Sloped Trapezoidal Chanel Sonia
More informationBKR: 3-way ball valve with female thread, PN 40
Regulating valves, ombined with atuator PDS 56.091 en Produt Data Sheet BKR015...050 BKR: 3-way ball valve with female thread, PN 40 ow energy effiieny is improved Preision ontrol and working without losses
More informationAPPENDICES STRANDJACK WEDGES Friction coefficients, micro slip and handling
APPENDICES STRANDJACK WEDGES Frition oeffiients, miro slip and handling Report nr. DCT 2005-78 By: H.G.M.R. van Hoof Idnr : 501326 20 November, 2005 Researh strand jak wedges Appendies By H.G.M.R. van
More informationModeling Turbulent Entrainment of Air at a Free Surface C.W. Hirt 5/24/12 Flow Science, Inc.
Flow Science Report 01-12 Modeling Turbulent Entrainment of Air at a Free Surface C.W. Hirt 5/24/12 Flow Science, Inc. Overview In free-surface flows the turbulence in the liquid may be sufficient to disturb
More informationThe effect of aeration through an internal gallery of a dam on the cavitation risk of Roberts splitters
The effect of aeration through an internal gallery of a dam on the cavitation risk of Roberts splitters G Calitz, G R Basson Roberts splitters is an effective means of energy dissipation for dam spillways.
More informationFL M FLUME FOR HYDRAULIC BENCH
This equipment is designed to study the behavior of fluids in open channels by conducting a wide range of practices and experiences. HIGHLIGHTS Possibility of negative and positive channel slope. Various
More informationEffectiveness of a law to reduce alcohol-impaired driving in Japan
1 Takemi Program, Department of International Health, Harvard Shool of Publi Health, Boston, MA, USA; 2 Department of Emergeny Mediine, St Mary s Hospital, Kurume, Japan; 3 Division of Pharmaoepidemiology
More informationErmenek Dam and HEPP: Spillway Test & 3D Numeric-Hydraulic Analysis of Jet Collision
Ermenek Dam and HEPP: Spillway Test & 3D Numeric-Hydraulic Analysis of Jet Collision J.Linortner & R.Faber Pöyry Energy GmbH, Turkey-Austria E.Üzücek & T.Dinçergök General Directorate of State Hydraulic
More informationComponents of a Barrage
Components of a Barrage Definition The only difference between a weir and a barrage is of gates, that is the flow in barrage is regulated by gates and that in weirs, by its crest height. Barrages are costlier
More informationExperiment (13): Flow channel
Experiment (13): Flow channel Introduction: An open channel is a duct in which the liquid flows with a free surface exposed to atmospheric pressure. Along the length of the duct, the pressure at the surface
More informationPLUNGING JET CHARACTERISTICS OF PLUNGING BREAKERS
PLUNGING JET CHARACTERISTICS OF PLUNGING BREAKERS Hubert CHANSON 1 and LEE Jaw-Fang 2 1 Senior Lecturer in Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, The
More informationHydraulics of Nappe Flow Regime Above Stepped Chutes and Spillways
69 Hydraulics of Nappe Flow Regime Above Stepped Chutes and Spillways H. Chanson, M.E., ENSHMG, INSTN, Ph.D. (Cam.), Eur. Ing., MIEAust., IAHR Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, The University
More informationLaboratory studies of water column separation
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering OPEN ACCESS Laboratory studies of water column separation To cite this article: R Autrique and E Rodal 2013 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 52
More informationBroadly speaking, there are four different types of structures, each with its own particular function:
3 The selection of structures 3.1 Introduction In selecting a suitable structure to measure or regulate the flow rate in open channels, all demands that will be made upon the structure should be listed.
More informationComputerized Simulation Hydraulic Behavior of Shaft Spill way with vortex breaker on crest & Semi long stepped chamber throat
Technical Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences Available online at www.tjeas.com 2013 TJEAS Journal-2013-3-23/3325-3332 ISSN 2051-0853 2013 TJEAS Computerized Simulation Hydraulic Behavior of Shaft
More informationScour Investigations Behind a Vertical Sluice Gate without Apron.
Scour Investigations Behind a Vertical Sluice Gate without Apron. Arun Goel, Ph.D. National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India. E-mail: drarun_goel@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT The results of an experimental
More information