Different ethyl alcohol based secondary fluids for GSHP in Europe

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1 Different ethyl alcohol based secondary fluids for GSHP in Europe Ignatowicz M., Mazzotti W., Melinder Å., Palm B., KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

SECONDARY FLUID Secondary fluids (secondary coolants/ refrigerants, brines, antifreezes, heat transfer fluids) - different aqueous solutions used in indirect refrigeration system and heat pumps to

2 SECONDARY FLUID Secondary fluids (secondary coolants/ refrigerants, brines, antifreezes, heat transfer fluids) - different aqueous solutions used in indirect refrigeration system and heat pumps to transport and transfer heat. Types of secondary fluids: Glycols (propylene glycol, ethylene glycol ), Alcohols (ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol ), Organic salts (potassium formate, potassium acetate), Inorganic salts (chlorides) 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

PRESENT TRENDS USA and Canada: propylene glycol, methyl or ethyl alcohol Europe: ethyl alcohol, salts or propylene glycol Nordic countries: ethyl alcohol (Sweden: 75% GSHPs) Finland: ethyl alcohol,

3 PRESENT TRENDS USA and Canada: propylene glycol, methyl or ethyl alcohol Europe: ethyl alcohol, salts or propylene glycol Nordic countries: ethyl alcohol (Sweden: 75% GSHPs) Finland: ethyl alcohol, propylene glycol or salts (climate) Western Europe: propylene glycol (strict regulation) New trends: shifting from propylene glycol to ethyl alcohol (Switzerland, the Netherlands) 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

4 Advantages: environmentally friendly (fermentation product), low toxicity (leakages), ETHYL ALCOHOL good thermophysical properties, lower pumping power (compared to propylene glycol). Disadvantage: Flammability risk (limitation: 30 wt-% => T f = ºC) Reality: denaturing agents (propyl and n-butyl alcohols or ketones) 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

wt-% BA) 3.5 vol-% ketones (1.8 vol-% MEK + 2.7 vol-% MIBK) 2.

5 COMMERCIAL EA PRODUCTS FOR GSHPS Sweden Norway Finland Switzerland 10 wt-% alcohols (8 wt-% PA + 2 wt-% BA ) 12 wt-% alcohols (10 wt-% PA + 2 wt-% BA) 3.5 vol-% ketones (1.8 vol-% MEK vol-% MIBK) 2.5 vol-% ketones (2 vol-% MEK vol-% MIBK) 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

6 METHODOLOGY Thermophysical properties: Freezing temp, density, viscosity, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity (temp. range: -10 to 30ºC) Heat transfer studies, single U-pipe L = 250m, d=40 and 50mm Flow rates (0.4; 0.5 and 0.6 l. s -2 ) Operating temp: -5, 0, 5ºC Pressure drop studies, single U-pipe L= 250m, D=40 and 50mm Flow rates (0.4; 0.5 and 0.6 l. s -2 ) Operating temp: -5, 0, 5ºC 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

7 THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES Secondary fluid Freezing temp. Density Viscosity Thermal cond. Spec. heat capacity EA ºC Ref. Ref. Ref. Ref. EA18+PA1.6+BA % + 2 % + 2 % EA17.5+PA2+BA % % % EA20+MEK2+MIBK % - 3 % +1.5 % EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK % - 7 % +1.5 % 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

8 h [W. m -1. K -1 ] HEAT TRANSFER - PE40 x 2.4 mm EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s Re [-]

9 250 PRESSURE DROP - PE40 x 2.4 mm Pressure drop [kpa] EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA l/s 9

10 CONCLUSIONS Significant differences in thermophysical properties of EA commercial products in Europe, Products with only small concentration of denaturing agents have better properties than pure EA, Commercial product (EA18 + PA1.6 + BA0.4) presented the best characteristics by having 10 % higher heat transfer and 3 % lower pressure drop, Product (EA20+MEK2+MIBK0.5) showed second best performance by having 5 % higher heat transfer and 2 % lower pressure drop. 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

11 ACKNOWLEGMENT 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam, 2017 NOWA B 11

12 Thank you! Monika Ignatowicz: 12

13 STUDIED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS Ethyl alcohol Sample (wt-%) EA (24.47 vol-%) EA18+PA1.6+BA (22.07 vol-%) EA17.5+PA2+BA (21.47 vol-%) EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK (24.47 vol-%) EA20+MEK2+MIBK (24.47 vol-%) Denaturing Denaturing agent 1 agent propyl alcohol (1.6 wt-%) propyl alcohol (2 wt-%) methyl ethyl ketone (1.8 vol-%) methyl ethyl ketone (2 vol-%) n-butyl alcohol (0.4 wt-%) n-butyl alcohol (0.5 wt-%) methyl isobutyl ketone (2.7 vol-%) methyl isobutyl ketone (0.5 vol-%) 13

14 D METHODOLOGY 2 r w DP = f 2 L D for Re 2300, f = HI JK for Re > 2300, f = 0,79 A ln Re 1,64 F4 R f - p Re = LMAN OAP Q Nu = Pr = μ A c V Nu = XAN O k Y f 8 Re ) 1000 Pr f (Pr 4 6 1) Nu = 3,66 + ^,^H A`a, Gz = Re A Pr A 3b^,^IA`a c d D X l 14

15 FREEZING POINT RESULTS Sample T f exp ( C) T f ref ( C) Difference (K) EA EA18+PA1.6+BA EA17.5+PA2+BA EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK EA20+MEK2+MIBK EA ethyl alcohol PA propyl alcohol BA n-butyl alcohol MEK - methyl ethyl ketone MIBK - methyl isobutyl ketone 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

16 Density [kg. m -3 ] DENSITY RESULTS 1 % Temperature [ºC] EA20 EA18+PA1.6+BA0.4 EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK2.7 PG 25 ref water (NIST) EA20 ref EA17.5+PA2+BA0.5 EA20+MEK2+MIBK0.5 water 16

17 Dynamic viscosity [mpa. s] VISCOSITY RESULTS 1 % Temperature [ºC] EA20 EA20 ref EA18+PA1.6+BA0.4 EA17.5+PA2+BA0.5 EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK2.7 EA20+MEK2+MIBK0.5 PG 25 ref water water (NIST) 17

18 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY RESULTS Specific heat capacity [J. kg -1. K -1 ] % Temperature [ºC] EA20 EA20 ref EA18+PA1.6+BA0.4 EA17.5+PA2+BA0.5 EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK2.7 EA20+MEK2+MIBK0.5 PG 25 ref water water (NIST) 18

19 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY RESULTS Thermal conductivity [W. m -1. K -1 ] % EA20 Temperature [ºC] EA20 ref EA18+PA1.6+BA0.4 EA17.5+PA2+BA0.5 EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK2.7 EA20+MEK2+MIBK0.5 PG 25 ref water water (NIST) 19

20 h [W. m -1. K -1 ] HEAT TRANSFER - PE50 x 2.9 mm EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s Re [-]

21 PRESSURE DROP PE50 x 2.9 mm Pressure drop [kpa] EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA l/s EA18+PA1.6+BA l/s EA17.5+PA2+BA l/s EA20+MEK2+MIBK l/s EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK l/s EA l/s 21

22 CONCLUSIONS Commercial product in Sweden (EA18 + PA1.6 + BA0.4) presented the best characteristics by having 10 % higher heat transfer and 3 % lower pressure drop, Commercial product (EA20+MEK2+MIBK0.5) used in Switzerland showed second best performance by having 5 % higher heat transfer and 2 % lower pressure drop, EA17.5+PA2+BA0.5 and EA20+MEK1.8+MIBK2.7 presented the worst performance. 12 th IEA HP Conference, Rotterdam,

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