National Engineering Best Practices Elderly Mobility. Updated Oct 3, 2005 Dave Morena FHWA Michigan Division

Transcription

1 National Engineering Best Practices Elderly Mobility Updated Oct 3, 2005 Dave Morena FHWA Michigan Division

2 Percentage Increase in Elderly Population: 2000 to 2025 Over to to to to 59.9 UNITED STATES 76.8% Ap 65+ Source: HIGHWAY DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR OLDER DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS

3 Percent of State Population over 65: 1. Florida 18% 2. Pennsylvania 16% 3. West Virginia 15% 4. Iowa 15% 5. North Dakota 15% 2000 census

4 States with the highest number of older drivers killed (2001): 1. Florida Texas California Pennsylvania Michigan New York Georgia North Carolina Ohio Illinois 101

5 AK This presentation will showcase best practices from the following states: OR CA NV ID AZ ND NE KS TX MN WI IA IL MO MS LA MI PA OH WV KY VA NC AL GA NH NY MD Ap FL

6 Traffic Signs

7 Diagrammatic Sign - Optional Lane Current MUTCD DOT evaluating: N. Dakota, Michigan

8 Diagrammatic Sign - intersection Nebraska DOT - in advance of all major intersections

9 Clearer Lettering Font makes a difference

10 Series E Modified Clearview Michigan: Side-by-Side Comparison

11 Clearview Series E Modified Michigan: Night Comparison

12 Clearview Font - adopted TX PA 2004: TX - all guide signs PA - freeway signs (Maint Dept) 2005: MI, VA, AZ, MD, KY

13 Upper / lower case font: TX - Destination & Distance Signs: * 8 letters * upper / lower case

14 Cardinal Direction - Enlarge first letter:

15 Cardinal Direction - Enlarge first letter: OLD NEW MUTCD requirement since 1997

16 Brighter Sheeting

17 Fluorescent Yellow Sheeting Fluorescent Yellow High Intensity Yellow Fluorescent Yellow All signs newly erected Michigan: Side-by-Side Comparison

18 Fluorescent Yellow Signs MD TX, MI, IA - all signs MD - freeway lane drops, exits PA chevron, no passing, small signs

19 Fluorescent Orange Sheeting State DOTs using: TX, NC, NY, MI, VA (1992), AK (2006)

20 Fluorescent Orange Sheeting North Carolina DOT: also roll-up signs and Type III barricades

21 Prismatic Sheeting on Guide Signs All High-Intensity * Prismatic Legend High Intensity Sheeting All Prismatic Current national practice PA, NH, MI all signs TX ground mount KY large freeway OH overhead TX overhead signs

22 Larger Lettering & Bigger Signs

23 Exit Direction Signs - FWY MUTCD Std 16 / / 15 Legend Maryland DOT - Larger Copy at the decision point

24 Bigger Signs - Regulatory Mississippi DOT 2004 program

25 Bigger Signs - Warning Iowa DOT 2004 program

26 Large Street Name Advance Sign - urban 14" letter height Toledo, OH - all major road approaches, since 1970 s

27 Other Ways to Increase Sign Conspicuity

28 Internally Lit Case Signs Common Michigan practice

29 Signs with Back Plates --Increased Visibility WisDOT standard practice: 6 black border

30 Fluorescent Yellow-Green Background Iowa DOT (1999) - mobile operations only - State trucks

31 Fluorescent Yellow-Green Background Iowa DOT

32 Flasher beacons on signs replacing overhead flashers Minnesota DOT: Approx 30 intersections, since 2000

33 Lower Mounting Height WRONG-WAY & DO NOT ENTER CA - 2 ft Idaho - 4 ft rural What is basis for MUTCD 5 and 7 height requirement? crashworthy / vehicle in front / pedestrian

34 Reflective Sheeting on sign supports Ingham County, MI: 2-way to 4-way Stop conversions remove sheeting after two years

35 Applying these concepts to Street Name Signs:

36 Internally Lit Street Name Signs Widely used: Virginia DOT Ingham County, MI Phoenix Detroit (CBD) Las Vegas Tucson Orange County, CA

37 Street Name Signs: large lettering upper / lower case Rochester Hills MI Marietta, GA 12 Inch Blades 9 Inch lettering

38 Street Name Signs: brighter sheeting NEW - 6 Clearview High Intensity Sheeting OLD - 5 3/8 Series D Engineer Grade Sheeting Detroit

39 Provide Advance Information

40 Advance Lane Assignment Lansing, MI Wisconsin Ground-mounted signs & markings Overhead signs

41 Advance Street Name Signs urban Troy, MI rural Iowa

42 Advance Street Name - supplemental plaques Ingham County, MI - all roads, 1980+

43 Advance Signal Signs Activated Flashers US-23, KY MN, OH, KY (Dist 12) extensive use on all rural, some urban

44 Advance Signal Signs Activated Flashers MnDOT test: Red Light violations 29% Truck violations 63% MnDOT criteria: high-speed isolated or unexpected intersection limited sight distance

45 Markings

46 Make the Markings More Conspicuous

47 All lines 8-inch Nevada DOT - all freeways

48 6-inch lines State DOT s that routinely use 6 longitudinal lines: AL, AZ, FL, NH (1980 s), NC, Ohio Turnpike PA - Lane lines MI, KS - Edge lines KY, TN - Interstate

49 Contrast Pavement Markings on concrete pavement 3M tape 10 black 10 white WisDOT: 300+ miles VA DOT required on all conc pvmt Penn DOT: 100+ miles

50 Contrast Pavement Markings on concrete pavement Contrast Tape on US 59 between Toll Road and IH 45 Texas DOT allows tape and staggered paint Texas DOT: all concrete pavement on and within I-610 around Houston

51 Make a Line that Works on a Wet Night

52 Raised Pavement Markers Ohio DOT policy use RPM on all roads replace on 2-4 yr cycle Florida DOT RPMs at 40 spacing

53 Tape as RPM 3M wet night tape Milled in 3-foot section every other skip line in lieu of RPM Iowa DOT - pilot testing

54 Over-sized Glass Beads Large beads in urethane marking Markings that contain large beads will perform well at night under normal film of water, and up to slight drizzle

55 I D MT ND MN SD WY OR CA NV UT CO NE KS IA AZ NM TX OK MO AR LA MS AL TN FL GA SC NC KY VA IL IN OH WV MD DE PA NJ NY C T VT ME NH RI WI MI WA M A MDOT: Recessed markings Large Bead STATES Large Bead STATES

56 Profiled thermoplastic Alabama DOT - Rain line Mississippi DOT - Gulf line Discontinued due to cost/benefit

57 Painting the rumbles: 2-lane 1,100 lane miles Mississippi DOT: statewide pilot

58 Painting the rumbles: freeway Paint on rumble Paint on pavement Michigan pilot: 100+ freeway miles

59 Add Lines to Help Guide the Motorist

60 Pavement Marking Extension edge line at freeway exit N. Dakota ND, MI edge line extended at all off ramps AK - extended in curves

61 Pavement Marking Extension into intersection Texas DOT Common use at large intersections: NH, FL, TX, MD, AK

62 Pavement Marking Extension into intersection Illinois DOT - in-pavement lights

63 Edge line provided in parking areas Comparison photo Lansing, MI

64 Delineate Islands & Curbs

65 Delineate islands States that paint nose of islands: Center and channelizing islands AK, IA Center islands - WI

66 Delineate islands Iowa DOT: urban - paint nose rural - paint nose + 50 ft.

67 Delineate islands Iowa DOT: urban - paint nose rural - paint nose + 50 ft.

68 Give Advance Notice

69 Freeway Lane Drop markings Michigan 12 x 36 Michigan - 12 dashed line

70 Warning Messages Irvine, CA Williamston, MI

71 Freeway route shields Columbus Ohio DOT

72 On arterial streets: Houston Orlando, FL Interstate Shield Markings

73 Signals

74 Make Signal Heads More Conspicuous

75 12 lens 4 times the intensity of 8-inch lens State DOTs that always use 12 lens: AZ, MI, ND

76 LED signals Brighter than incandescent bulbs Philadelphia: all LED late 90 s Caltrans, NYC, KY: converted all signals to LED < one year

77 Add Back Plates Backplates increase signal conspicuity by 33% States that always add back plates: CA, ND, OR, AZ, NV, IA, MN, AK

78 Back Plates on beacons Caltrans States that add back plates to beacons: CA, AK

79 Back Plates on span wire KY: * high speed locations * rural isolated * east - west crashes

80 Back Plates on span wire NC DOT : back plates on box span % of system GA, FL - back plates in E, W direction

81 Yellow reflectorized back plates Detroit KY pilot 10 intersections

82 Double the Red CA double red signal : on high-speed approaches into communities

83 Place Signal Heads Where Motorists Will See Them

84 PROBLEM: Eyesight Reduced field of vision normal field of vision Source: American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)

85 PROBLEM: Eyesight Reduced field of vision attentional window restricted in older drivers Source: American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)

86 Place signals overhead Results (5 locations): total crashes down 25% Right angle down 63% Kansas City, MO intersections Before: pedestal After: mast arm + all-red

87 One Signal Face per Lane centered over each lane Minnesota standard policy - Iowa, Minnesota DOT

88 One Signal Face per Lane centered over each lane Iowa Iowa DOT - standard policy

89 One Signal Face per Lane centered over each lane Las Vegas

90 One Signal Face per Lane centered over each lane Grand Rapids, MI

91 Issue: Vertical Angle Diagonal span at stop bar, tough viewing angle Diagonal span : standard practice in 4 state DOTs 3 /

92 Far side signal placement 14 / Box span std practice in 13 states Grand Rapids, MI

93 Place signals on far side of intersection Mast arm : std practice in 30 state DOTs North Dakota DOT

94 Supplemental Signal Heads Illinois

95 Supplemental Signal Heads Signals placed Over lane lines Caltrans policy: 10 post-mount Left & Right

96 Supplemental Signal Heads CA, WI, IL, MN, AZ, NV policy: ALWAYS two signal indications for Left turn

97 Temporary Traffic Signals (WZ) Michigan DOT two signals overhead Caltrans one signal overhead one signal at 10-foot

98 Pedestrian Accommodation

99 Countdown Pedestrian Signals STATES: All new signals with pedestrian indications: NY ME NC NJ WV MD CITIES: now planned San Fran 660 intr. 850 intr. Salt Lake C units all intr. Wash, DC 114 intr. 815 intr. Indianapolis 49 intr. Cambridge 21 intr. all intr Myrtle Beach

100 Leading Pedestrian Interval Vehicle signal Ped signal Cambridge, MA: 24 intersections running with LPI

101 Shorter & safer path Bulb-out Island Bulb-out Lansing, MI 5- lane pavement width shortened for easy ped crossing

102 Design / Operational Improvements

103 Compared to drivers age 40-49: drivers age are 2.3 times more at risk for multiple-vehicle crashes at intersections drivers age 85+ are times more at risk 1998 study. Preusser et al

104 Anything you do to simplify the operation of an intersection, particularly the demands on left turn traffic, is an elderly mobility countermeasure.

105 Improve Signal Visibility Woodward Ave. corridor- Detroit reposition signal heads 12 signal heads add supplemental signals ++ add all-red interval 33 locations Total Crash Reductions by Age Injury Crash Reductions by Age % % % %

106 Add LT Phasing Detroit & Grand Rapids 13 intersections where left-turn phasing was added: Total Crash Reduction Head-On Left Turn by Age % %

107 4-lane to 3-lane conversion Crashes 24 % Crashes age % All LTs cross one lane only Iowa DOT has converted 20+ corridors

108 4-lane to 3-lane conversions E. Lansing M-43 8 Michigan corridors Injury crash reduction All LTs cross one lane only 26 % All ages 37 % Drivers Over 65

109 Remove / Relocate the Left Turn

110 Injury crash reduction: 45% 52% Michigan Indirect Left Turn All ages Over 60 Michigan DOT - common practice on boulevards

111 ROUNDABOUTS Eliminate left turn, head-on crashes

112 Roundabouts in France Bretagne / Pays de la Loire 6 M people 1.5 M > 65 4,000 roundabouts What % of injury crashes involve older driver? Drivers age % of crashes % of crashes (roundabouts) (other intersections) > Bernard Guichet

113 Roundabouts in America: ADOPTED: State DOT s that now consider roundabout design in every new or re-design: MD 50 built, 30 more in progress NY 18 built, 80 more in progress

114 Roundabouts - Clearwater Beach, FL 32% of residents are aged x the national average Acacia roundabout: By petition of residents and store owners Petition included $3000

115 Roundabouts - Clearwater, FL 21.5% of residents are aged x the national average Through Community Involvement: Clearwater has built 5 modern low-speed roundabouts. Seven are in design and 5 more are in the pipeline.

116 Simplify the Turning Movement

117 Signal Operation

118 PROHIBIT permissive left turns North Dakota DOT: Protected ONLY for speeds > 35 mph

119 Flashing Yellow Arrow NEW!! - for permissive left turn permissive protected

120 Flashing Yellow Arrow for permissive left turn Oregon DOT policy: all new permissive signals

121 Make the Turning Motion Easier

122 Re-align Skewed Intersections Nebraska DOT 2004 policy to realign major intersections

123 Separate the right turn traffic Iowa DOT: more and longer turn lanes

124 Separate the right turn traffic Right turn taper Wide shoulder Michigan DOT Muskegon TSC Wide shoulder allows drivers to exit mainline, then slow and make easy turn

125 Improve Sight Distance for Left Turns

126 Offset Left Turn Lanes Florida DOT using the median North Dakota DOT since 1999 wherever possible

127 Offset Left Turn Lanes No median Phoenix - undivided roads

128 Offset right turn lane Michigan Benefits to crossroad LT traffic: sight distance to trailing vehicles commitment from turning vehicle

129 Offset right turn lane Kentucky KY District 12: anytime a new school goes in provide at least 8

130 Offset right turn lane: Iowa adds island Iowa Curb encourages good driver sight line

131 Dave Morena FHWA Michigan Division