The Olympic Games and the Environment

Transcription

1 The Olympic Games and the Environment

2 Global Culture and Sport Series Editors: Stephen Wagg and David Andrews Titles include: Mahfoud Amara SPORT, POLITICS AND SOCIETY IN THE ARAB WORLD Aaron Beacom INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMACY AND THE OLYMPIC MOVEMENT The New Mediators Mike Dennis and Jonathan Grix (editors) SPORT UNDER COMMUNISM Behind the East German Miracle John Harris RUGBY UNION AND GLOBALIZATION An Odd-Shaped World Graeme Hayes and John Karamichas (editors) THE OLYMPICS, MEGA-EVENTS AND CIVIL SOCIETIES Globalization, Environment, Resistance John Karamichas THE OLYMPIC GAMES AND THE ENVIRONMENT Jonathan Long and Karl Spracklen (editors) SPORT AND CHALLENGES TO RACISM Roger Levermore and Aaron Beacom (editors) SPORT AND INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Pirkko Markula (editor) OLYMPIC WOMEN AND THE MEDIA International Perspectives Peter Millward THE GLOBAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE Transnational Networks, Social Movements and Sport in the New Media Age Global Culture and Sport Series Standing Order ISBN hardback paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 The Olympic Games and the Environment John Karamichas Queen s University, Belfast, UK

4 John Karamichas 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

5 For Angelica

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7 Contents List of Figures and Tables Preface and Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations viii ix x 1 Introduction 1 2 The Olympic Games: A Quintessentially Modern Project 17 3 The Environmental Issue: Opposing Modernity and Progress 32 4 Environmental Concern and Environmental Sociology: Parallel Developments 51 5 Reflexive Modernization: Connecting the Environment with Modernity and Modernization 70 6 The Greening of the Games 95 7 Olympic Games and Ecological Modernization: Sydney, Athens and Beijing London 2012: Evaluating the Prospects Concluding Remarks 198 Notes 206 Bibliography 208 Index 231 vii

8 List of Figures and Tables Figures 7.1 Australia s CO 2 emissions (kt) Importance of the environment in the 2010 Australian general election Greece s CO 2 emissions (kt) Expressed concern about climate change EU and Greece China s CO 2 emissions (kt) UK s CO 2 emissions (kt) Expressed concern about climate change: EU and UK 190 Tables 6.1 The Games and the environment EM in the post-event phase Australia and Greece EM in the post-event phase China Contesting London The quest for an Ethical Olympics: TELCO s activities in the post-award phase UK s previous EM capacity and the Big Society 192 viii

9 Preface and Acknowledgements In many respects, this book has been an Olympian challenge. I am not going to elaborate the issues surrounding this view. It suffices to say that I learnt a lot in this journey; and I owe a big thanks to many people who gave their time in discussing my ideas and helping me in various ways to complete this book. This book would have been near impossible without them. As I do not want to risk forgetting any of them, I will not provide an individual name list. I would, though, like to give special thanks to the School of Sociology, Social Policy and Social Work at Queen s University Belfast for allowing me to have a semester dedicated to the research and writing of this book. I also wish to thank Philippa Grand, Olivia Middleton and Andrew James at Palgrave Macmillan for their invaluable help in various stages. Last but not least, a heartfelt thanks to Amanda for bringing into this world and looking after Angelica, our daughter. John Karamichas Moira, Northern Ireland ix

10 List of Abbreviations ALP ANU ARF ATHOC BMBS BOBICO BOCOG BRICS CCC CCP CCS COHRE CPRS CSL Defra DPRK EIA EIS EJM EM ENGO EPB EPUK ES ETS EU FDI FoE FYP GHG GONGO HEP HLS ICM Australian Labour Party Australian National University Athens Regulatory Framework Athens Organizing Committee Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics Beijing Olympic Games Bidding Committee Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa Committee on Climate Change Chinese Communist Party carbon capture and storage Centre On Housing Rights and Evictions Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Commission for Sustainable London Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Democratic People s Republic of Korea Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Statement Environmental Justice Movement ecological modernization environmental non-governmental organization Environmental Protection Bureau Environmental Protection UK environmental sustainability Emissions Trading Scheme European Union foreign direct investment Friends of the Earth five-year plan greenhouse gases government organized non-governmental organization Human Exemptionalism Paradigm Higher Level Stewardship Independent Communications and Marketing x

11 List of Abbreviations xi IMDs indices of multiple deprivation IOC International Olympic Committee IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPR Institute of Public Policy Research LAOOC Los Angeles Organizing Olympic Committee LAOS Popular Orthodox Rally LA21 Local Agenda 21 LDA London Development Authority LLP Left-Libertarian Party LOCOG London Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games LULU locally unwanted/undesirable land use MCC Manual for Candidate Cities MGAS Manor Garden Allotments Society ND New Democracy NDRC National Development and Reform Commission NEP New Ecological Paradigm NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHE New Human Ecology NLLDC New Lammas Land Defence Committee NMC new-middle class NNR National Nature Reserve NOC National Olympic Committee NSM New Social Movement NSW New South Wales OCA Olympic Coordination Authority OCOG Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games ODA Olympic Delivery Authority OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OGI Olympic Games Impact PASOK Panhellenic Socialist Movement PRC People s Republic of China RM reflexive modernization RSL registered social landlords SD sustainable development SDP Social Democratic Party of Germany SEA Strategic environment assessment SOCOG Sydney Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games

12 xii List of Abbreviations TELCO TSP TWA UNEP UNFCCC UNSD WCED WHO WTO WWF YPEHODE YPEKA The East London Community Organization total suspended particulates Tibetan Women s Association United Nations Environmental Programme United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change United Nations Statistics Division World Committee for Environment and Development World Health Organization World Trade Organization Worldwide Fund for Nature Ministry for the Environment, Planning and Public Works Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change