7536Y6--ay PNL-SA-25948 THE VALUE ADDED OF CONDUCTNG REGONAL VERSUS LOCAL STAKEHOLDER NVOLVEMENT N EVALUATNG TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE G. H. McCab s Jun 1995 Prsntd at th Air and Wast Managmnt Association 88th Annual Mting & Exhibition Jun 18-23, 1995 San Antonio, Txas Prpard for th U.S. Dpartmnt of Enrgy undr Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830 Pacific Northwst Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 DSCLAMER This rport was prpard as an account of work sponsord by an agncy of th Unitd Stats Govrnmnt. Nithr th Unitd Stats Govrnmnt nor any agncy throf, nor any of thir mploys, maks any warranty, xprss or implid, or assums any lgal liability or rsponsibility for th accuracy, compltnss, or usfulnss of any information, apparatus, product, or procss disclosd, or rprsnts that its us would not infring privatly ownd rights. Rfrnc hrin to any spcific commrcial product, procss, or srvic by trad nam, tradmark, manufacturr, or othrwis dos not ncssarily constitut or imply its ndorsmnt, rcommndation, or favoring by th Unitd Stats Govrnmnt or any agncy throf. Th viws and opinions of authors xprssd hrin do not ncssarily stat or rflct thos of th Unitd Stats Govrnmnt or any agncy throf.
DSCLAMER Portions of this documnt may b illgibl in lctronic imag products. mags ar producd from th bst availabl original documnt.
95-RP 142A.0 NTRODUCTON Battll has conductd a thr-yar ffort, fundd by th U.S Dpartmnt of Enrgy's (DOE) Offic of Tchnology Dvlopmnt, to involv stakholdrs in valuating innovativ tchnologis to clan up volatil organic compound (VOC) contamination at arid sits. Stakholdrs hav bn ncouragd to participat in th dmonstration of ths innovativ tchnologis in ordr to improv dcisions mad by DOE and its contractors about tchnology dvlopmnt, dmonstration, and dploymnt Th basic approach is to idntify popl and organizations with a stak in th rmdiation procss, and hnc in th dmonstration of innovativ tchnologis. Stakholdrs hav includd public intrst group and nvironmntal group rprsntativs, rgulators, tchnology usrs, Nativ Amricans, Hispanic community mmbrs, and local lctd officials. Ths popl ar invitd to b involvd in ways thy find convnint and maningful, and thy ar prsntd with substantiv information about th tchnologis. Thir input in trms of idntifying issus and concrns, dfining th kinds of information ndd from th dmonstrations, and assssing th accptability of th tchnologis for dploymnt, will hlp nsur that only broadly promising tchnologis ar carrid forward. This approach is dsignd to incras th liklihood of succssful dploymnt of th nw tchnologis ndd to accomplish nvironmntal rstoration throughout th DOE complx and at privat facilitis. By conducting th procss fist at th Hanford sit in Washington Stat, thn xpanding it to othr wstrn sits, it is possibl to valuat diffrncs and similaritis btwn and among stakholdrs' prspctivs in diffrnt stats to broadn th dploymnt potntial of th tchnologis. Undr this approach, nvironmntal managmnt can b improvd bcaus it minimizs th nd to r-dmonstrat tchnologis at applicabl sits. Th hypothsis in conducting this rgional stakholdr involvmnt program is that thr will b diffrnt data rquirmnts for diffrnt sits du to gographical, institutional, programmatic, and cultural diffrncs at th sits. dntifying th broadst st of data rquirmnts, collcting this information during th tchnology dmonstration, and providing th rsults of th dmonstration to stakholdrs will nhanc th accptanc of th tchnology at ths sits and, thrby, nhanc th tchnology's dployability. Background on th Local Stakholdr nvolvmnt Approach Th VOC-Arid D stakholdr involvmnt tam bgan by sking host sit (Hanford) stakholdr involvmnt and crating mchanisms for incorporating stakholdr input into th dmonstration procss. Th first stp was to idntify gnric critria stakholdrs hav for innovativ tchnologis. This list (s Figur 1) dscribs th typs of information stakholdrs want to hav about a tchnology bfor sing it usd in thir backyard. Th scond stp was to provid inforrnation on spcific tchnologis using ths critria in th form of tchnology profils. Th initial focus was on four tchnologis that comprisd a groundwatr rmdiation systm. Ths tchnologis includd sonic drilling to gain accss to th sit, in-wll vapor stripping to draw off VOC vapor from th groundwatr and bring it to th surfac without bringing up th groundwatr itslf, mmbran sparation to condns th vapor abov ground, and in-situ biormdiation as ithr a polishing tchnology to trat th rsidual contamination lft in th groundwatr or as a stand-alon tchnology to trat th groundwatr in-situ. Any on of ths tchnologis could b usd indpndntly or paird with othr tchnologis to compris a systm. For as of dscribing th tchnologis and thir intrdpndnc, ths four tchnologis wr prsntd as a systm. Thr focus groups wr hld with stakholdrs who wr prs of ach othr; th first with rgulators, th scond with public intrst and nvironmntal group rprsntativs, and th third with tchnology usrs. Th participants of ach focus group dscribd thir issus and concrns about th four tchnologis and suggstd data rquirmnts that thy flt should b considrd in dsigning th tst plans for th dmonstrations. Ths commnts wr compild in a rport and distributd as background information for an intgratd workshop of participants from all thr 2
REGULATORY PERFORMANCE Rmaining Contamination Procss Wast Status of Wast Tratmnt Dcontamination/ Dcomissioning Disposal Practicality Forclos Futur Options Rliability Failur Control Eas of Us nfrastructur Vrsatility Systm Compatibility Off-Th-Shlf Maintainability Safty Masurs "Works" = Functions as ntndd COST Start-up Cost Oprations and Maintnanc Cost Lif Cycl Cost 3 Exposur to Haz. Matrials/Hazards Physical Rq. Numbr of P o ~ l PUBLC H r Yars to Finish i A ' ncicaaca nnrtntinn MPACTS WTH CLEANUP Proponnt Rputation REGULATORY iiiiii.........,:.:.:. :.:.:..... NFRA...... STRUCTURE/ @ TRACK RECORD ' Capacity for Unrstrictd Us REGULATORY LANCE $ l mnmnn VV V r SOCO-ECONOMC ;ijijj ;<3<:;:>ij;:;:; :.:.:.... NTERESTS :.:.:..:<.:.:..... Figur 1. Tchnology Evaluation Critria Dvlopd by Stakholdrs
95-RP142A.01 focus groups. (S Figur 2.) This workshop gav participants an opportunity to har fist hand what ach othr s issus and concrns wr and to work collaborativly with th tchnology dvloprs to dtrmin how thy should b addrssd in th dmonstration. Workshop participants sat at on of four tabls, ach focusd on on tchnology. A cross-sction of typs of stakholdrs sat at ach tabl with th tchnology dvlopr and a facilitator. Spcific data rquirmnts for th tchnology sdmonstration wr discussd and rfind as wr issus mor gnric in natur and sn as rlvant for dvloping any innovativ tchnology. Ths gnric issus ar listd in Tabl 1. Th procss and rsults of involving Hanford stakholdrs in rviw of th groundwatr rmdiation systm tchnologis hav bn documntd in Phas 11 Stakholdr Participation in Evaluating nnovativ Tchnologis: VOC-Arid ntgratd Dmonstration, Groundwatr Rmdiation Systm (Ptrson t. al., 1994). ~ Focus Groups ntgratd Workshop Rgulators ntrst Group Rps Tchnotogists Tchnologists Figur 2. Forums Usd to nvolv Stakholdrs Hanford stakholdrs wr latr intrviwd to hav thm critiqu two tchnologis comprising a soil systm: passiv soil vapor xtraction using th variation in natural prssur du to wathr changs to collct rlasd VOCs from th vados zon at th surfac and tunabl hybrid plasma to dstroy th VOCs using an lctron bam. Th input rcivd on ths two tchnologis is documntd in Phas 11-A -- Stakholdr Participation in Evaluating nnovativ Tchnologis: VOC-Arid ntgratd Dmonstration, Soil Rmdiation Systm (Ptrson t. al.,in progrss). Rgional Stakholdr nvolvmnt Approach To broadn th scop of input byond th Hanford ara, th stakholdr involvmnt tam consultd with stakholdrs at othr arid DOE sits whr th tchnologis may somday b offrd for dploymnt. Th four wstrn sits involvd wr Rocky Flats, Colorado; daho National Enginring Laboratory, daho; and th Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratoris in Nw Mxico. A f i i sit, th Lawrnc Livrmor National Laboratory, was askd to b involvd but was unabl to participat. Th VOC-Arid D tam workd through both public participation and tchnical staff at ths sits to idntify appropriat sit contacts. Through ths contacts a sitspcific stakholdr involvmnt stratgy was dvlopd for ach sit. Mmbrs of th D tam visitd ach sit to bttr undrstand th sit-spcific situations, to gain furthr insights about ongoing stakholdr involvmnt activitis, and to dtrmin how bst to tailor th VOC-Arid D stakholdr involvmnt approach for ach sit. 4
95-RP142A.0 1 Tabl 1. Data Rquirmnts that Must B Considrd in Dvlopmnt of Tst Plans Dfin rmdiation objctivs to nsur that th tchnology truly contributs to th objctivs Conduct intgratd comparisons of an innovativ tchnology to th tchnology currntly in us Dsign dmonstrations to provid data on prformanc, cost, and tim to rduc uncrtainty and dfin trad-offs Dmonstrat th tchnology considring diffring sit conditions to masur its vrsatility Dfin th dmonstration assumptions and xpctations about procss (scondary)wast and nvironmntal consquncs from start to finish Dfin th lmnts of and procss for assssing oprational radinss Dfin how ffctivnssof th tchnology, both in trms of its prformanc and its ffct on th nvironmnt, will b masurd Plan for unintndd consquncs and dfin and tst all potntial failur control mchanisms Dmonstrat that futur clanup is not forclosd by using th tchnology Hav a crdibl third party valuat dmonstration data Th sit contacts hlpd th tam idntify a cross sction of th catgoris of stakholdrs to intrviw to gain thir prspctiv on th innovativ tchnologis bing dmonstratd at Hanford that might b applicabl to thir sit. Ths catgoris of stakholdrsinvolvd includd: Rgulatory agncy prsonnl, including fdral, stat, and local agncis Nativ Amrican tribal rprsntativs Public intrst groups, nvironmntal groups, and community groups Public officials, including fdral, stat, and local lctd and appointd positions Tchnology usrs, including DOE and contractor prsonnl with rsponsibility for nvironmntal rstoration Th intrviws wr conductd by two VOC-Arid D tam mmbrs during th Summr of 1994. Discussion focusd on thr qustions: What do you considr important in choosing an nvironmntalrstoration tchnology? What additional information would you nd to valuat ths candidat tchnologiswith confidnc? 5
95-RP 142A.0 1 0 Ar thr aspcts of ths tchnologis that concrn you'? What faturs of th tchnologis do you s as advantags compard to today's availabl clanup tchnologis? Th commnts rcivd during th intrviws ar dscribd in "Arid Sits' Stakholdr Participation in Evaluating nnovativ Tchnologis: VOC-Arid Sit ntgratd Dmonstration" (Ptrson t. al., in progrss). Th commnts ar organizd into th critria catgoris listd in Figur 1. Ths commnts ar bing usd to modify th tchnology tst plans. Following th dmonstrations, prformanc information will b providd to th stakholdrs who hav bn involvd so thy can assss th accptability of th tchnologis for dploymnt at thir sit. This fdback will b incorporatd into a tchnology accptanc rport on ach tchnology which will b availabl to tchnology usr dcision makrs so that thy may undrstand how th tchnologis may b prcivd by stakholdrs at thir sit, mitigat for aras of concrns, and valuat th likly accptability of thos tchnologis for dploymnt. CONCLUSONS Svral lssons wr larnd from conducting this rgional stakholdr involvmnt program. Formost is that a tchnology will only b broadly dployabl, byond us at a singl sit (th dmonstration sit), if issus spcific to othr rlvant sits ar idntifid and takn into account. Not knowing ths location-spcific issus up front will likly incras dploymnt tim, thrby dvlopmnt costs, and could lad to tchnology rjction. Th rgional stakholdr involvmnt program validatd th gnric st of critria dvlopd undr th local program for dscribing innovativ tchnologis (s Figur 1). Thr appars to b also a common mphasis on which critria ar th most important to stakholdrs. Locally and rgionally stakholdrsplacd th most mphasis on th tchnical ffctivnsscatgory of critria -- a nd to hav thm wll undrstood and addrssd in th dmonstration. Spcifically, most commnts rcivd focusd on th prformanc critria. Thr ar sit variations in how ths critria ar intrprtd and how thy should b masurd which nd to b takn into account. Anothr lsson larnd is that spcific to th six tchnologis of intrst, stakholdrs at th othr arid sits shard many if not most of th Hanford stakholdrs' issus and concrns. Thrfor, thr is a common st of issus and concrns associatd with ths tchnologis. Thr ar crtain additional local concrns that, if not sriously considrd in th dsign of a tchnology dmonstration, can and will rsult in a tchnology's inability to b dployd at a sit. Figur 3 schmatically shows th cor issus raisd by stakholdrs at all locations, and thos spcific to a particular location, Th spcific issus, although thy may b small in numbr, may dominat th valuation of a tchnology. dntifying what thy ar arly on can b critical in undrstanding a tchnology's potntial dployability. Th stakholdr involvmnt tam hard many issus that hav bn catgorizd as "watch outs" that should b considrd by tchnology dvloprs and tchnology slctors in ths wstrn stats. Not considring thm in dsigning a tchnology, dmonstrating a tchnology, and/or slcting a tchnology for a rmdiation may rsult in an action/dcision that fails. Ths "watch outs" includ: Trad-offs among critria can diffr from location to location. Rducing th uncrtaintis associatd with prformanc, cost, and tim will hlp in undrstanding ths trad-offs and how thy ar prcivd at ach sit. 6
, 95-RP142A.0 1 Figur 3. ssus Raisd by Stakholdrs at ach Location 7
95-RP142A.01 Vrsatility is important for all critria, not just practicality undr prformanc (s Figur 1). Rgulatory complianc is an xampl (s blow). Rgulatory variability is important. Th tchnology nds to fit into th spcific sits' of intrst rgulatory framwork and cultur. An xampl of this is Nw Mxico which is rgulatd undr RCRA not CERCLA, as is th cas for most othr sits. Each dmonstration nds to collct and packag information on th tchnology to mt th nds of th rlvant rgulatory framwork. Altrnativly, th tam hard that thr ar stats (.g., daho) that could us mor than on rgulatory drivr and will us th on thy fl is bst in mting thir nd. Th tchnology dvlopr, thrfor, nds to provid data applicabl to all rlvant rgulatory drivrs. Th numbr of stps in th tratmnt systm should b minimizd to th dgr possibl. t is ncssary to valuat th comprhnsivtratmnt train (systm) including all of its tchnology componnts to dcras th nd to go back into a sit and mak mor clanup work ncssary. Co-contaminants ar important; th rmdiation procss and, likwis, slction of tchnologis to dmonstrat nd to considr how co-contaminants will rspond to also minimiz futur ndd clanup activitis. Dstroying th contaminant on sit is prfrabl to transporting it off sit; th lss transportation th bttr. Transfrring procss wast from on nvironmntal mdium to anothr should b minimizd to th dgr possibl. Th mor robust th tchnology th bttr; it should b abl to function with minimal human intrvntion. Th tchnology should b asily rpairabl using locally availabl quipmnt. t is prfrabl to us th xisting labor pool to oprat, rpair, and manag th tchnology; avoid bing dpndnt on highly skilld, difficult to accss prsonnl. At som sits thr ar spcial rsourcs that may b impactd by using a tchnology. Th impact to ths rsourcs (.g., scnic vistas and spcial aquifrs) may driv tchnology vaiuation. Rmot sits hav spcial rquirmnts that nd to b takn into considration in ithr dtrmining th applicability of a tchnology by a dvlopr or slcting a tchnology for rmdiation. Ths rquirmnts includ vandalism rsistanc, powr supply issus, automatic opration, and rliability. Wathr conditions and othr natural conditions (.g., high winds, tmpratur, humidity, snow dpth) nd to b considrd for th sam rasons as statd abov. Th dgr to which diffrnt issus and spcific data rquirmnts wr suggstd by ths othr sits hlps dmonstrat th valu addd of broadning stakholdr involvmnt activitis to includ ths othr sits. t appars imprativ to considr ths issus and data rquirmnts if tchnologis ar to b broadly dployabl. 8
95-RP 142A.0 1 REFERENCES T. S. Ptrson, G. H. McCab, P. J. Sri, K. A. Nisn, 1994. "Phas 1 Stakholdr Participation in Evaluating nnovativ Tchnologis: VOC-Arid ntgratd Dmonstration, Groundwatr Rmdiation Systm," prpard for Thomas Brouns, Pacific Northwst Laboratory, Battll HARC: Sattl, WA, January 1994. T. S. Ptrson, G. H. McCab, P. J. Sri, K. A. Nisn, in procss. "Arid Sits' Stakholdr Participation in Evaluating nnovativ Tchnologis: VOC-Arid Sit ntgratd Dmonstration," prpard for Thomas Brouns, Pacific Northwst Laboratory, Battll Sattl Rsarch Cntr: Sattl, WA, in progrss. T, S. Ptrson, G. H. McCab, P. J. Sri, K. A. Nisn, in procss. "Phas 11-A -- Stakholdr Participation in Evaluating nnovativ Tchnologis: VOC-Arid ntgratd Dmonstration, Soil Rmdiation Systm," prpard for Thomas Brouns, Pacific Northwst Laboratory, Battll Sattl Rsarch Cntr: Sattl, WA, in progrss. 9 -