Appendix A. Appendix A

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1 Appendix A Appendix A Table A1.1 APFA expansion teams. (Source: Quirk and Rodney 1992, pp ; Official 2013 NFL Record & Fact Book (New York, NY: National Football League, 2013), pp ) Year Team Seasons Championships History 1921 Cincinnati Celts 1 0 Franchise cancelled in Evansville Crimson 2 0 Franchise cancelled in 1923 Giants 1921 Green Bay Packers Current team 1921 Louisville Brecks 3 0 Team suspends operations in Minneapolis Marines 4 0 Team suspends operations in New York Giants 1 0 Franchise cancelled in Tonawanda Kardex 1 0 Franchise cancelled in Washington Senators 1 0 Franchise cancelled in 1922 The American Professional Football Association (APFA) existed during 1920 and Year is these teams first regular season in the APFA. Seasons include those in the APFA and NFL for the Crimson Giants, Packers, Brecks, and Marines. Championships are the number of regular season and any postseason division and conference titles ( ), league championships ( ), and Super Bowls ( ) Table A2.1 Six NFL expansion teams, 2013 financial data. (Source: Badenhausen et al. 2013) Team Value Debt/value Revenue Operating income Atlanta Falcons Dallas Cowboys 2, Minnesota Vikings 1, New Orleans Saints 1, Philadelphia Eagles 1, Pittsburgh Pirates/Steelers 1, NFL National Football League. Value is in hundreds of millions. Revenue and operating income are in millions. Debt/value is percent F. P. Jozsa Jr., National Football League Strategies, SpringerBriefs in Economics, DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland

2 118 Appendix A Table A3.1 Six NFL expansion teams, 2013 financial data. (Source: Badenhausen et al. 2013) Team Value Debt/value Revenue Operating income Carolina Panthers 1, Cleveland Browns 1, Houston Texans 1, Jacksonville Jaguars Seattle Seahawks 1, Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1, NFL National Football League. Value is in hundreds of millions of US dollars. Revenue and operating income are in millions. Debt/value is percent Table A4.1 Pre-1933 APFA-NFL team relocations, population data. (Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1921, 1931)) Before relocation After relocation Year City (State) Area population City (State) Area population 1921 Decatur (ILL) 43,818 Chicago (ILL) 2,701, Toledo (OH) 243,164 Kenosha (WI) 43, Cleveland (OH) 900,429 Detroit (MI) 1,568, Duluth (MN) 101,462 Orange (NJ) 35, Pottsville (PA) 24,300 Boston (MA) 781, Dayton (OH) 200,982 Brooklyn (NY) 2,560, Orange (NJ) 35,399 Newark (NJ) 442, Newark (NJ) 442,337 Boston (MA) 781,188 APFA American Professional Football Association. NFL National Football League. The States are Illinois (ILL), Ohio (OH), Minnesota (MN), Pennsylvania (PA), New Jersey (NJ), New York (NY), Wisconsin (WI), Michigan (MI), and Massachusetts (MA). Area is these cities metropolitan area populations as of the nearest census year. The ranks of metropolitan areas were not available during these years Table A5.1 NFL team relocations, population data, (Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961)) Before relocation After relocation Year City (State) Area population/ rank City (State) Area population/ rank 1934 Portsmouth (OH) 42,560/NA Detroit (MI) 1,568,662/NA 1937 Boston (MA) 769,520/NA Washington (DC) 663,153/NA 1946 Cleveland (OH) 1,453,556/11 Los Angeles (CA) 4,339,225/ Boston (MA) 2,354,507/6 New York (NY) 12,831,914/ Chicago (IL) 6,171,517/3 St. Louis (MO) 2,046,477/9 NFL National Football League. The States are Ohio (OH), Massachusetts (MA), Illinois (IL), Michigan (MI), California (CA), New York (NY), and Missouri (MO). DC District of Columbia. Area is these cities metropolitan area populations and their ranks in population as of the nearest census year. Some metropolitan area ranks were not available (NA)

3 Appendix A 119 Table A6.1 Post 1970 NFL team relocations, population data. (Source: World Almanac and Book of Facts (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1984, 1994, 2004)) Before relocation After relocation Year City (State) Area population/ rank City (State) Area population/ rank 1980 Los Angeles (CA) 7,477,503/2 Anaheim (CA) 1,932,709/ Oakland (CA) 3,250,300/6 Los Angeles (CA) 7,477,503/ Baltimore (MD) 2,174,023/14 Indianapolis (IN) 1,166,575/ St. Louis (MO) 2,492,525/17 Phoenix (AZ) 2,238,480/ Los Angeles (CA) 16,373,645/2 St. Louis (MO) 2,603,607/ Los Angeles (CA) 16,373,645/2 Oakland (CA) 7,039,362/ Cleveland (OH) 2,945,831/16 Baltimore (MD) 7,608,070/ Houston (TX) 4,669,571/10 Memphis (TN) 1,135,614/ Memphis (TN) 1,135,614/44 Nashville (TN) 1,231,311/39 NFL National Football League. The States are California (CA), Maryland (MD), Missouri (MO), Ohio (OH), Texas (TX), Tennessee (TN), Indiana (IN), and Arizona (AZ). Area is these cities metropolitan area populations and their rank in population as of the nearest census year. In 1980, there was an Anaheim-Santa Ana-Garden Grove metropolitan area. Later, the City of Anaheim was in the Los Angeles metropolitan statistical area. The 1995 populations were from the 2000 census. As of 1990, the Baltimore metropolitan statistical area includes Washington, D.C. Oakland is in the San Francisco-Oakland metropolitan statistical area Table A7.1 AAFC teams, performance data, (Source: Rodney Fort s Sports Business Data at cited 31 December 2013, and Grosshandler 1980, pp. 1 10) Team Seasons Championships AWP AHA Baltimore Colts Brooklyn Dodgers Brooklyn-New York Yankees Buffalo Bisons/Bills Chicago Rockets/Hornets Cleveland Browns Los Angeles Dons Miami Seahawks New York Yankees San Francisco 49ers AAFC All-America Football Conference. The slash (/) indicates change in a team s nickname. Seasons are the number of AAFC teams seasons. Championships include division titles and league championships during the four-year period. Average Winning Percentage (AWP) is number of wins divided by total wins and losses of teams games in regular seasons, playoffs, and championships. Average Home Attendance (AHA) is teams average per game attendance in thousands during the league s regular seasons

4 120 Appendix A Table A8.1 AFL teams, performance data, (Source: Quirk and Fort 1992, pp ; Rodney Fort s Sports Business Data at cited 31 December 2013, and Teams at cited 7 January 2014) Team Seasons Championships AWP AHA Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Denver Broncos Houston Oilers Kansas City Chiefs Miami Dolphins New York Titans/Jets Oakland Raiders San Diego Chargers AFL American Football League. The slash (/) indicates change in New York team s nickname from Titans to Jets in Championships include number of division titles, league championships, and Super Bowls won in seasons of the AFL s 10-year period. Average Winning Percentage (AWP) is number of wins divided by total wins and losses of teams games in regular seasons, playoffs, and championships. Average Home Attendance (AHA) is average attendance at home games in thousands during each team s regular seasons Table A9.1 Franchise mergers, football leagues, (Source: Quirk and Fort 1992, pp ; Official 2013 NFL Record & Fact Book (New York, NY: National Football League, 2013)) Year Team 1 Team 2 History 1924 Cleveland Indians (NFL) Canton Bulldogs (NFL) Renamed Cleveland Bulldogs 1926 Brooklyn Lions (NFL) Brooklyn Horsemen (AFL) Lions suspend operations in Minneapolis RJ (NFL) Frankford YJ (NFL) RJ disbanded in Philadelphia Eagles (NFL) Pittsburgh Steelers (NFL) Nicknamed Steagles in Chicago Cardinals (NFL) Pittsburgh Steelers (NFL) Nicknamed Card-Pitt in Brooklyn Tigers (NFL) Boston Yanks (NFL) Nicknamed Yanks in Los Angeles Rams (NFL) Los Angeles Dons (AAFC) Nicknamed Rams after merger 1949 Cleveland Browns (NFL) Buffalo Bills (AAFC) Nicknamed Browns after merger Football organizations are the National Football League (NFL), American Football League (AFL), and All-America Football Conference (AAFC). RJ Red Jackets. YJ Yellow Jackets

5 Bibliography Articles Barrett, Joe Fans fear vikings will succumb to wanderlust. Wall Street Journal, 26 January: A6. Barrett, Joe Minnesota unveils $ 975 million stadium plan. Wall Street Journal, 1 March: B1. Battista, Judy, and Ben Shpigel No expansion on horizon. New York Times, 4 February: 3. Brandt, Gil Expansion, yes, humiliation, no. New York Times, 1 September: 13. Carlino, Gerald A., and N. Edward Coulson Should cities be ready for some football? Assessing the social benefits of hosting an NFL team. Business Review, Second Quarter: Dyson, Cicely K Green bay s hottest stock packers offer shares; No dividends, but a home-field edge. Wall Street Journal, 7 December: B1. Expansion Houston wins battle of Texas. New York Times, 9 September 2002: D4. Fatsis, Stefan Can socialism survive? Wall Street Journal, 20 September: R1 R5. Fatsis, Stefan Football (A special report). Wall Street Journal, 29 August: R1. Futterman, Matthew Football tries a new play to score overseas. Wall Street Journal, 9 October: B5. Futterman, Matthew The NFL s $ 1 billion game of chicken As revenue flattens, the labor talks hinge on one question Do modern sports leagues have to grow to survive? Wall Street Journal, 17 February: D7. Futterman, Matthew The NFL s more perfect union. Wall Street Journal, 26 July: D6. Gay, Jason Washington s great depression. Wall Street Journal, 19 December: D5. Grosshandler, Stan All-America football conference. The Coffin Corner 2 (7): Helyar, John NFL owners reject proposed move of the Los Angeles Rams to St. Louis. Wall Street Journal, 16 March: B14. Helyar, John NFL teams are making bold moves in effort to tackle changing economy. Wall Street Journal, 7 November: B1. Klein, Frederick C On sports: Downsizing s the answer for dull NFL. Wall Street Journal, 17 December: A12. Lyons, John The NFL asks soccer-mad Mexicans if they re ready for some football. Wall Street Journal, 30 November: B1. Machan, Dyan A fast-food guy caters to the fans. Forbes, 24 August: Mamudi, Sam, and Matthew Futterman NFL s Jacksonville Jaguars sold. Wall Street Journal, 30 November: B1. Maxymuk, John America s game: The epic story of how pro football captured a nation. Library Journal, 1 October: 90. NFL expansion franchise goes to Jacksonville FL. Wall Street Journal, 1 December 1993: B5. N.F.L. expansion price could reach $ 1 billion. New York Times, 29 January 1999: D3. F. P. Jozsa Jr., National Football League Strategies, SpringerBriefs in Economics, DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland

6 122 Bibliography Nicas, Jack St. Louis s Dome dilemma Taxpayers face a big bill for upgrades needed to keep NFL s Rams in town. Wall Street Journal, 28 February: A3. Poll: 49 % are pro football fans A drop from Charlotte Observer, 26 January 2014: 4C. Rosenberg, Michael NFL playoff expansion. Sports Illustrated, 31 December: Sandomir, Richard Vote is delayed on Browns relocation. New York Times, 18 January: B13. Smith, Timothy W N.F.L. s garage sale returns in new form for expansion teams. New York Times, 22 January: 2. Smith, Timothy W Money does the talking for expansion teams. New York Times, 25 February: 33. Tarkenton, Fran How football became the national pastime. Wall Street Journal, 3 February: A17. Walker, Sam, and Jonathan B. Weinbach Football league awards franchise to Houston. Wall Street Journal, 7 October: B7. World-wide: National Football League. Wall Street Journal, 13 April 1995: A1. Books Algeo, Matthew Last team standing: How the Steelers and the Eagles The Steagles Saved pro football during World War II. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. Bennett, Tom The Pro Style: The complete guide to understanding National Football League strategy. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Carfagna, Peter A Sports and the law: Examining the legal evolution of America s three major leagues. 2nd ed. St. Paul: Thomson/West. Coenen, Craig R From sandlots to the super bowl: The National Football League, Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. Felser, Larry The birth of the new NFL: How the 1966 NFL/AFL merger transformed pro football. Guilford: Lyons Press. Fortunato, John A Commissioner: The legacy of Pete Rozelle. New York: Taylor Trade Publishing. Gruver, Edward The American Football League: A year-by-year history, Jefferson: McFarland. Jozsa, Frank P. Jr., and John J. Guthrie Jr Relocating teams and expanding leagues in professional sports: How the major leagues respond to market conditions. Westport: Quorum. Jozsa, Frank P. Jr Big sports, big business: A century of league expansions, mergers, and reorganization. Westport: Praeger. Jozsa, Frank P. Jr Football fortunes: The business, organization and strategy of the NFL. Jefferson: McFarland. King, Peter Football: A history of the professional game. Birmingham: Oxmoor House. King, Peter seasons: The complete story of the National Football League, Atlanta: Turner Publishing. MacCambridge, Michael America s game: The epic story of how pro football captured a nation. New York: Random House. McDonough, Will The NFL century: The complete story of the National Football League, New York: Smithmark Publishers. Miller, Jeff Going long: The wild ten year saga of the renegade American Football League in the words of those who lived it. New York: McGraw-Hill. Neft, David S., and Richard M. Cohen The sports encyclopedia: Pro football. 5th ed. New York: St. Martin s Press. Noll, Roger G., ed Government and the sports business: Studies in the regulation of economic activity. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.

7 Bibliography 123 Oriard, Michael Brand NFL: Making and selling America s favorite game. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Peterson, Robert W Pigskin: The early years of pro football. New York: Oxford University Press. Povletich, Bill, and Bob Harlan Green Bay Packers: Trials, triumphs, and tradition. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press. Quirk, James, and Rodney D. Fort Pay dirt: The business of professional team sports. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rappoport, Ken The little league that could: A history of the American Football League. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing. Schaaf, Phil Sports, Inc.: 100 years of sports business. Amherst: Prometheus Books. Sports business resource guide and fact book. Charlotte: Street & Smith s Sports Group, Vlasich, James A Horsehide, pigskin, oval tracks and apple pie: Essays on sports and American culture. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. World almanac and book of facts. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., Yost, Mark Tailgating, sacks, and salary caps: How the NFL became the most successful sports league in history. Chicago: Kaplan Publishing. Dissertations and Thesises Arnold, Alan Courtenay The politics of National Football League expansion: Touchdown or prevent defense? Honors Essay, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Coenen, Craig R Little cities that led them: Civic responses to National Football League franchises, PhD Diss., Lehigh University. Duke, David Hunter An analysis of the economic effects created by the merger of the National Football League with the American Football League. Thesis, Mississippi College. Jozsa, Frank P. Jr An economic analysis of franchise relocation and league expansion in professional team sports, PhD Diss., Georgia State University. Latham, Donald R An analysis of the organizational structure of National Football League teams. PhD Diss., University of Arkansas. Government Publications Professional sports franchise relocation: Antitrust implications. Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Second Session, February 6, Internet Sources AAFC chronology. Accessed 12 Dec Badenhausen, Kurt, Michael Ozanian, and Christina Settimi. NFL team values: The business of football. Accessed 2 Dec Bailey, Scott. San Antonio option for chargers If NFL team bolts, San Diego columnist says. Accessed 29 Jan Birth of pro football. Accessed 18 March 2009.

8 124 Bibliography Bloom, Howard. NFL heading to Canada, not to Los Angeles. com. Accessed 26 Oct Bloom, Howard. NFL expansion to Canada will not include the peanuts cartoon gang. sportsbusinessnews.com. Accessed 12 Oct Christl, Cliff. Texans have a headstart over other expansion teams. Accessed 12 July Clayton, John. NFL owners timetable for team in L.A. remains uncertain. Accessed 23 May Cross, B. Duane. The AFL: A football legacy. Accessed 10 Jan Gardner, Kenny. NFL rumors: San Diego chargers relocating to San Antonio. rantsports.com. Accessed 29 Jan History of NFL franchises, 1920 Present. Accessed 19 Nov History: The AFL. Accessed 10 Jan Kaplan, Daniel. The road to $ 25 Billion. Accessed 11 Nov Major League Baseball. Accessed 21 Nov Major League Soccer. Accessed 21 Nov National Basketball Association. Accessed 21 Nov National Football League. Accessed 21 Nov National Football League franchise histories. Accessed 18 March National Hockey League. Accessed 21 Nov NFL and AFL announce merger. Accessed 10 Jan NFL expansion fees. Accessed 18 March NFL franchise year-by-year genealogy. Accessed 19 Jan NFL top ten. Accessed 10 Jan Pro football before the NFL. Accessed 11 Nov Rodney D. Fort s sports business data. Accessed 31 Dec Teams. Accessed 17 Dec Teams. Accessed 7 Jan Teams websites. Accessed 13 Nov The AFL NFL merger was almost booted by a kicker. Accessed 10 Jan The NFL The ideal business model. Accessed 7 May Media Guides Gillette, Gary, ed The ESPN pro football encyclopedia. 1st ed. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. Official 2013 NFL record & fact book. New York: National Football League, 2013.

9 Index A AAFC franchises 86, 92 AAFC-NFL merger 26, 67, 79, Adams, Bud 80, 81, 97 AFL franchises 107 AFL-NFL merger 25, 96 98, 103, 104 All-America Football Conference (AAFC) 2, 5, 22, 33, 60, 86, 100 America s Game 4 American Football League (AFL) 2, 5, 17, 22, 26, 33, 52, 59, 71, 85, 94, 97, 98 American Professional Football Association (APFA) 2, 9, 21, 33, 47, 48, 111 American Professional Football Conference (APFC) 9 APFA Expansion Franchises See NFL Expansion Franchise 2 APFA Team Relocations 111, 112 Atlanta Falcons 30, 68, 105 B Baugh, Sammy 26, 63 Bell, Bert 4, 14, 23, 95 Bidwill, Charles 67 Brand NFL 4 Brocklin, Norm Van 24, 29, 30, 65 Brown, Paul 79, 86, 90, 92, 99, 100 C Canton Bulldogs 11, 48, Carolina Panthers 35, 37, 39, 41, 42 Carr, Joe 48, 55, 87 Chicago Bears 10, 11, 15, 19 22, 24, 29, 31, 42, 50, 53, 54, 59, 61, 65, 67, 74, 75, 90, 92, 96, 109 Cleveland Bulldogs 11 13, Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) 37, 39 Collins, Ted 26, 27, 66, 67, 96 Conzelman, Jimmy 15 Cotton Bowl 27, 28 Crowley, Jim 86, 88, 93 D Davis, Al 4, 75, 77, 103, 106, 113 Decatur Staleys 48, 49, 57 Detroit Lions 10, 20, 21, 36, 61, 62, 96, 101 E Ebbets Field 18, 56, 88 F Fenway Park 20, 27, 57, 63, 66, 99 Flaherty, Ray 20, 57, 63, 86, 93 Football Fortunes 9, 21, 33, 48, 85, 98, 112 Forbes (magazine) 43, 51, 62, 64 Fort, Rodney D. 11, 22, 49, 61, 85 Fort, Rodney D. See also Pay Dirt 85 Friedman, Benny 13, 53 G Gator Bowl 38, 39 Grange, Red 15, 17, 19, 20, 50, 61 Great Depression 14, 15, 17, 19, 57, 67 Green Bay Packers 9, 13, 20, 21, 24, 28, 38, 48, 52, 53, 57, 61, 63, 65, 68, 80, 95, 96, 103 Green Bay Packers 10 Guthrie, John J., Jr. See also Relocating Teams and Expanding Leagues in Professional Sports (book) 4 H Halas, George 10, 19, 21, 49, 50, 95 Hall of Fame Game 38, 39, 42 Haslam, Jimmy 40, 41 F. P. Jozsa Jr., National Football League Strategies, SpringerBriefs in Economics, DOI / , Springer International Publishing Switzerland

10 126 Haugsrud, Ole 13, 54 Hunt, Lamar 4, 97, 100, 104, 105 I Indianapolis Colts 31, 41, 75, 81 Irsay, Robert 66, 75 J Jozsa, Frank P., Jr. See also Football Fortunes 4 K King, Peter See also 75 Seasons 3 L Lombardi, Vince 25, 63 Los Angeles 18, 24, 38, 73, 110, 113, 114 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (LAMC) 18, 65, 73 Louisiana Superdome 24, 31 M MacCambridge, Michael See also America s Game 4 Major League Baseball (MLB) 1, 26, 27, 57, 59, 74, 86, 99 Major League Soccer (MLS) 1 Mara, Tim 15, 16, 18, 19, 53 Marshall, George Preston 57, 63, 86, 95 McDonough, Will See also The NFL Century 3 Modell, Art 40 Monday Night Football 71 Most Valuable Player (MVP) 16, 26, 65 N Namath, Joe 103 National Basketball Association (NBA) 1, 111 National Hockey League (NHL) 1, 42 NFL Expansion Franchise 20, 22, 26, 36, 37, 40, 97 NFL Team Relocations 49, 61, 73 O Oriard, Michael 4 Oriard, Michael See also Brand NFL 4 P Pay Dirt 85 Permanent Seat Licenses (PSLs) 38 Philadelphia Eagles 14, 21 25, 36, 38, 59, 67, 74, 79, 96 Phil-Pitt 23, 25 Polo Grounds 15, 20, 57, 63, 67, 96, 103 Povletich, Bill See also Green Bay Packers 10 Pro Bowl 30, 36, 110 Pro Football Hall of Fame 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 50, 61, 62, 64, 68, 78, 97, 104 Q Quirk, James 22, 49, 61, 72, 85 Quirk, James See also Pay Dirt 11 R Relocating Teams and Expanding Leagues in Professional Sports (book) 3 Richardson, George 20, 61, 62 Richardson, Jerry 37, 38 Rooney, Art 23 Rosenbloom, Carroll 66, 73, 75 Rozelle, Pete 4, 102, 105 S Salary cap 2, 4 Snyder, Daniel 64 St. Louis Gunners 22, 26, 64 Storck, Carl 48, 55 Super Bowl 24, 25, 28 31, 35, 36, 38, 50, 64, 66, 74 77, 80, 81, 100, 103, 114, 115 T Tailgating, Sacks, and Salary Caps 4 The NFL Century 3 Thorpe, Jim 9, 11, 16, 48 Topping, Dan 27, 56, 66, 67, 89, 93 U United Football League (UFL) 72 United States Football League (USFL) 72 V Vermeil, Dick 24, 65, 76 W Ward, Arch 85, 87, 89 Washington Redskins 20, 22, 26, 31, 35, 50, 62 65, 74, 86, 91, 93, 95, 96 World Football League (WFL) 71, 72 Y Yost, Mark See also Tailgating, Sacks and Salary Caps 4 Index