BASIC FREEWAY CAPACITY STUDIES Definitions
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1 Definitions A freeway is a divided highway facility having two or more lanes in each direction for the exclusive use of traffic with full control of access and egress. Freeway is the only facility that provides completely uninterrupted flow. Composed of three subcomponents: Basic freeway segments Weaving areas Ramp junctions
2 Definitions
3 Definitions
4 Definitions Freeway capacity is the maximum (15 minutes) rate of flow, expressed in vehicles per hour, at which traffic can pass a point or uniform segment of freeway under existing roadway and traffic conditions.
5 Freeway Flow Characteristics Traffic flow within a basic freeway segment can be generally described in three flow types: 1. Under saturated flow- low to moderate flows, not affected by upstream and downstream conditions. 2. Queue discharge flow- represents traffic flow after passage through a bottleneck. 3. Oversaturated flow- represents traffic flow that is influenced by the effects of a downstream bottleneck.
6 Freeway Flow Characteristics A set of base (ideal) conditions for basic freeway segments are: 12-ft minimum lane widths 6-ft minimum right shoulder lateral clearance; 2-ft minimum median lateral clearance All passenger cars in the traffic stream 10 or more lanes Interchanges spacing of 2 miles or greater Level terrain, with grades no greater than 2% Driver population composed primarily of regular users of the facility
7 Free-Flow Speed Free-flow speed is the average speed of vehicles on a facility when drivers tend to drive at their desired speeds. It can be measured as the mean speed of passenger cars during low to moderate flows (up to 1300 pc/h/ln)
8 Free-Flow Speed
9 Level of Service (LOS) Speed is not a better measure of effectiveness since it remains nearly constant over a wide range of flow. Density increases throughout the range of flows up to capacity and provides a better measure of effectiveness.
10 Level of Service (LOS)
11 Level of Service (LOS)
12 Use of Highway Capacity Manual The determination of level of service (LOS) for a basic freeway section generally involves the determination of three components: Flow rate Free-flow speed, and Level of service Once the flow-rate and free-flow speed are determined, then the LOS can be obtained using Table 7-1 or Figure 7-3.
13 Flow rate Vp The flow-rate can be calculated using the following equation: Where, vp = 15-min passenger-car flow rate (pc/h/ln) V = hourly volume (veh/h) PHF = peak-hour factor N = number of lane (in one direction) fhv = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor, and fp = driver population factor
14 Flow rate Vp The heavy-vehicle adjustment factor can be calculated using the following equation: Where, PT, PR = proportion of bus/truck, and proportion of RVs, respectively in the traffic stream ET, ER =passenger car equivalent for truck/bus, and RVs, respectively
15 Flow rate Vp Extended Freeway Segments mean that no one grade of 3% or greater is longer than 0.25 mile or no one grade of less than 3% is longer than 0.50 mile.
16 Flow rate Vp If these conditions do not exist then the following tables (7-3, 7-4, and 7-5) should be used for passenger car equivalents. The analysis of Specific Grades
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20 Free Flow Speed FFS Now, if we like to use Table 7-1 or Figure 7-3, we must know the free-flow speed of the facility we are going to analyze. The free-flow speed of a basic freeway section depends on the followings: Lane width Lateral clearance (i.e., shoulder width) Number of lanes, and Interchange density
21 Free Flow Speed FFS The free-flow speed can be determined using the following equation:
22 Free Flow Speed FFS
23 Free Flow Speed FFS
24 Use of Highway Capacity Manual Example At a rural segment of a freeway, free-flow speed is observed as 66 mph through field measurement. Determine the level of service of this section when the flow rate is 2350 pc/h/ln.
25 Use of Highway Capacity Manual Draw a free-flow speed curve for 66 mph on Figure 7-3. Then use the given flow-rate of 2350 pc/h/ln to find the LOS. From the Figure, LOS = E
26 Use of Highway Capacity Manual Example 2 Given: 4-lane urban freeway Interchange density 1.5/mile Directional peak flow 1950 veh/hr 5% trucks; PHF= 0.90; 11-ft lanes Obstructions 4 ft from right edge; rolling terrain Determine (a) LOS, and (b) how much additional traffic could be accommodated before reaching capacity.
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