HORNSBY KU-RING-GAI & HILLS DISTRICT CRICKET UMPIRES ASSOCIATION Inc

Transcription

1 HORNSBY KU-RING-GAI & HILLS DISTRICT CRICKET UMPIRES ASSOCIATION Inc UMPIRING FOR JUNIOR MATCH OFFICIALS HELPFUL HINTS & ACCREDITATION

2 ACCREDITATION FOR JUNIOR MATCH UMPIRES WELCOME to the world of Junior Cricket. Thank you for volunteering to assist Junior teams by umpiring their games. This booklet and the associated accreditation process aims to assist you in gaining or improving your skills and knowledge of the game, so that you may happily and capably join in as an umpire in the junior competition. Whilst umpiring can be a challenging role, it does bring its own rewards. The best umpire is a relaxed one, able to relate to others easily and comfortably during the duration of the match, performing the role in a manner that earns the respect of young players. In DECISION MAKING, the umpire MUST display integrity, honesty, impartiality (make sound and reasonable decisions that display complete fairness the players deserve nothing less!!) and show respect for the players which, in turn, fosters respect in return. If a manager or coach, or a parent takes this role as an umpire, the person MUST divest themselves of those duties attached to their position within their team and act as an umpire while the ball is in play, i.e. when the bowler commences his run-up until the ball becomes dead. It should be remembered, particularly by all concerned in the match, that the person standing behind the stumps at the bowling end or at square leg where an umpire normally stands, irrespective of whether a player, manager, coach, parent or even a stranger off the street, IS THE UMPIRE, and according to the Laws of Cricket, impose responsibilities on him/her to act independently and fairly AND be treated by the players as if he/she was an official umpire. Remember the old adage: If a person looks like an umpire, acts like an umpire and stands where an umpire should stand, then he IS the umpire!! The explanations throughout this booklet are summarized from the MCC Laws of Cricket and HKHDCA Local Junior Playing Rules, so it is highly recommended that you read the full texts thereof, available on the Association s web site at and follow the drop down menu from Rules & Policies. Where practical, the relevant Law/Rule number has been shown herein by way of reference. It is also most important that all concerned in the running of junior cricket read the Junior Cricket Code of Conduct outlined in the early pages of the HKHDCA Local Playing Rules. We hope you enjoy your time in the centre. Please do not hesitate to contact us should questions about the Laws arise. Hornsby Ku-ring-gai & Hills District Cricket Umpires Association Inc

3 THE ROLE OF THE UMPIRE Umpires involved with Junior Cricket should have three common aims in relation to the players: To ensure a safe environment for the match, To encourage the involvement of all players, and To make the sport enjoyable. To achieve these aims the Umpire should ensure the following issues are considered when umpiring matches: Ensure principles of fair play (Spirit of Cricket see below) are encouraged and adhered to Supervise participants closely Provide a safe environment Have an understanding of the major Laws of the game and how to interpret and apply them. The umpire at under-age levels aims to improve the quality of the cricket experience for each participant whilst being able to make impartially sound and reasonable decisions that display fairness. There is also a need to have good communication skills in dealing with both players and their coaches. An umpire should encourage maximal participation and ensure all involved, including themselves, have an enjoyable experience as cricket at these levels is a game of pleasure. The Spirit of Cricket The preamble to the MCC Laws of Cricket Cricket is a game that owes much of its unique appeal to the fact that it should be played not only within its Laws but also within the Spirit of the Game. Any action which is seen to abuse the spirit of fair play rests with the captain and it is his/her responsibility to take action when required. In many junior matches the coach acts for the captain and is therefore also responsible. Code of Conduct Codes of conduct for players, captains and umpires exist in the MCC Laws, Association Local Playing Rules and some individual clubs. In the event of a player failing to comply with instructions given by an Umpire, criticising by word or action the decisions of an umpire, showing dissent towards fellow participants or generally behaving in a manner which might bring the game into disrepute, the Umpire concerned shall in the first place report the matter to the other Umpire and to the player s captain, and instruct the latter (or the coach) to take action. We strongly recommend intending umpires read the Preamble & the various Codes of Conduct.

4 LET S GET STARTED LAWS v RULES The MCC Laws of Cricket set down the provisions under which all cricket is played throughout the world. Each area of competition usually develops its own set of playing conditions, called Local Rules, which complement the MCC Laws, to cater for specific conditions in that location/area or type of cricket played. For example, one principle of most childhood backyard cricket is over the fence, is 6 and out and this is, in fact, a local rule. These local rules differ from place to place, group to group and as you will already appreciate there is a different set of local rules for Test, International one dayers and 20/20s matches. In this fashion, our Association has developed a series of Local Rules, some covering all age groups and others applicable only to specific ages and these generally over-ride any similar provisions in MCC Laws. Accordingly, team officials, including umpires, should be aware of the specific Playing Conditions for their age group within these Local Rules. It is almost mandatory that a hard copy should be at the ground on each match day perhaps affixed in the team scorebook. SAFE ENVIRONMENT It is absolutely essential to ensure a safe environment for the players and umpires at all times. This involves: Before play commences: Inspect the playing area, for any broken glass, uncovered sprinkler heads, etc which might pose an injury risk to players and ensure problems are rectified. Check pitch and surrounds to ensure play can safely commence without problems. Ensure Insurance Game Day Checklist is completed (see Appendix C Pages 15 & 16). MATCH DAY ACTIVITY Pre-start Responsibilities Whilst in most junior matches, managers and/or coaches attend to the prestart activity putting stumps in place, marking boundary (if necessary), organizing the toss, etc, it should be understood that, under the Laws of Cricket, the umpire is responsible for seeing that these functions are carried out. It is, at this time, that the umpire (whether he/she is also the manager/coach) should commence the communication process with the teams and players by introducing himself/herself to the officials and captain of the opposing team it is assumed that he/she would already know the captain of his home team and ensure that the two captains meet, either before or at the toss. It is always

5 helpful, as an umpire, following the toss, to shake hands with both captains and wish them both best of luck for a good game. Should another person/parent substitute for the original umpire after play has commenced i.e. after a drink break or at any time during play, then that person should, at the first available opportunity, i.e. end of an over or before commencement after a break, introduce himself/herself to the fielding captain (if not already known to him), because it is to him that the umpire will direct any queries or problems. CREASE MARKINGS (Law 9) Whilst most pitches will have permanent markings thereon, it is wise for the umpire to have knowledge of the three (3) creases which are marked on cricket pitches (see Appendix B Page 14). Popping crease (or batting crease) in front of & parallel to bowling crease 4ft/1.22m from it & marked to 12ft but unlimited in length. Return creases on either side of the wicket at right angles to the popping crease 4ft 4in/1.22m from middle stump. Marked to min. 8ft/2.44m but unlimited in length. On most astro pitches, return creases are not permanently marked, so it is usual to accept the outside edge of the pitch as these creases. Bowling crease line through the centre of the three stumps, 8ft 8ins/2.64m in length with stumps in the centre. STUMPS (Law 8) Width of 3 stumps is 9ins/22.86cm. When fixing stumps in the ground, suggest place middle stump in first, then 2 outer ones. Whilst most grounds have stump holes from previous matches, it is always handy to have a ball with you to check the gap between the stumps you have installed. In windy weather, if you decide to remove the bails because they keep being blown off, both sets at either end must be dispensed with even if one set remain secure in the wind. BOUNDARY MARKINGS (Law 19) Before play commences, there should be agreement between the captains and umpires as to the boundary, particularly if any overhanging trees or obstacles exist in or near the area. If the boundary is marked by a fence, tree, witches hats, flags etc, the boundary line is the baseline of the marker. Where there is no physical marker for a section of the boundary, the boundary edge shall be the imaginary STRAIGHT line joining the two nearest marked points.

6 During the match ensure Players are reminded to have caps/hats, sunscreen for protection from the sun. Batsmen have proper gear, pads, gloves, helmet etc Close in fieldsmen remain a sufficient distance from the batsman as allowed by the Laws/Rules and have adequate protection, as laid down and as necessary. Establishment of frequent drink breaks and, in very hot weather, exercise a sensible approach to the conditions within the Association s Heat Policy. Bowlers remain within their age restrictions of maximum overs bowled in a spell and total overs in a day as laid down by Cricket Australia which are set out in Local Playing Rule 10.1 Over Restrictions U10 U12s 8 overs max. per day max. 4 overs per spell U13s 10 overs max. per day max. 5 overs per spell U14s 10 overs max. per day max. 5 overs per spell U15s 12 overs max. per day max. 6 overs per spell U16s 16 overs max. per day max. 6 overs per spell Compulsory application of 30/30 Rule if lightning appears in a stormy sky i.e. if thunder is heard within 30 seconds of a lightning strike, then play MUST be discontinued immediately and all players are to leave the field immediately. Play cannot resume until at least 30 minutes has elapsed since the last such lightning/thunder combination of under 30 seconds duration. THE MCC LAWS A Selection You Need to Know UMPIRES (Law 3) The umpire should have a counter that records balls bowled in an over and accumulates total overs bowled, as well as a small notebook and pen to record overs bowled by individual players although the scorers are a backup for these statistics. Under normal circumstances, the umpire at the striker s end will stand at square leg, but this is not mandatory. He/she should stand where it is best to obtain the better view of play, so a move to the offside is not only permissible but recommended under certain circumstances. This action usually occurs when there is a runner for an injured batsman, so that from the offside the umpire has a clear view of both injured batsman and runner, who, if umpire is at square leg, may very well be behind him/her and therefore out of sight. In a like manner, the umpire at the bowler s end should stand where he/she can best see the action, without interfering with the bowler s run-up or the striker s

7 view. Once the ball has been played at, this umpire should move to a position at right angle to the stumps, giving him the best view of the resultant play if a run out situation develops ability to see the wickets, the grounding of the bat and the removal of the bails. Basically, the umpires are responsible for the scores. Therefore, it is important for them to communicate with the scorers and thus a code of signals has been developed (see Appendix A Page 13). Umpires should give these clearly and should not allow play to continue until their signal has been acknowledged by the scorers by a wave of the arm in the air. It is important to understand that each umpire has their own jurisdiction, even though they may consult with each other whenever necessary e.g. one umpire may have a better view of a low catch taken than the other. But, the square leg umpire can only make decisions about dismissals as to Hit Wicket, Stumped & Run Out at the striker s end. All other dismissal decisions are made by the bowler s end umpire. No decision can be made by either umpire unless there is an appeal, which can be made anytime up until the bowler commences his run-up for the next delivery. The fielding captain, with the consent of the umpire, has the right to withdraw his team s appeal, even though your decision as umpire has already been given provided it is done before the batsman leaves the field of play. In which case, the umpire will revoke his decision and recall the batsman. SUBSTITUTES (Law 2) Under the Laws of Cricket, any player who is injured or becomes ill at any time after nomination of players and close of the match (e.g. between weeks 1 and 2 in a 2 day game i.e. an accident at school during the week) is entitled to a substitute in the field as well as a runner when batting. The opposing captain has no right of objection, but courtesy demands he must be informed that a sub is being used preferably before the sub comes on to the field, and no sub may wicketkeep. If a fieldsman leaves the field of play for any reason, the umpire should be advised and the fielder cannot return to the field without the umpire s consent. A fielder absent or leaving the field for a period of 15 minutes or longer cannot bowl thereafter until he has been back on the field for at least the length of playing time he was absent. But, a local rule, allows a player arriving late to the ground to bowl immediately on arrival. An injured batsman s runner shall be a member of the batting side and, ideally, will have already batted and shall wear external protective equipment equivalent to that worn by the batsman and shall carry a bat.

8 NO BALL (Law 24) This occurs when - The ball is not a fair delivery, defined by the position of the arm and the feet Arm : Elbow joint not straightened once arm reaches shoulder level in delivery swing. Non compliance results in a caution on first and second occasion then removal from bowling on the third instance. Back Foot : Must land within and not touching the return crease Front Foot : Some part, whether grounded or raised, must LAND BEHIND the popping crease in delivery stride and on the same side of the middle stump as the bowler s stated mode of delivery but by definition it can land outside the return crease. Fair Delivery Examples

9 Fair Delivery examples 1) The bowler s front foot is behind the popping (front) crease and the back foot is not touching the return (side) crease. This ball is a fair delivery. 2) Also a fair delivery, the back foot is within the return crease and part of the bowlers front foot is behind the popping crease. 3) As the front foot is completely over the popping crease, this delivery is a No Ball. 4) The front foot is outside the forward extension of the return crease, but this is still a fair delivery. 5) The bowlers heel is raised and passes over the return crease, this is still a fair delivery. 6) The bowlers foot has landed on the ball of his foot beyond the popping crease and with the heel raised. If some part of the raised heel is behind the popping crease, the delivery is fair. 7) The back foot has not landed within the return crease or its forward extension, therefore it s a No Ball. 8) The front foot is behind the popping crease but the back foot has landed on the return crease, therefore it s a No Ball. No Ball (continued) - Ball pitching off the playing surface/pitch or on its edge. (Local Rule). - Ball that reaches the batter above the waist without hitting the pitch (above the shoulder from a slow bowler) or any ball that first bounces but then passes over the head of the batter standing in an upright position. - Ball bounces more than twice or rolls along the ground before reaching the popping crease. - Ball comes to rest in front of the striker. - Fielding side has more than 2 fieldsmen behind square leg, i.e.the area behind the popping crease extension. A batsman cannot be given out off a no ball other than Handled the Ball, Hit the Ball twice, Obstruction or Run Out. A No Ball overrides a Wide. A one run penalty applies when a No Ball is called and is shown as a No Ball extra. Any additional runs taken by the batsmen, or a boundary, shall be credited to the striker if the ball has been struck by his bat but otherwise shall also be recorded as No Ball extras. All no balls are debited against the bowler.

10 WIDE (Law 25) Defined as a ball out of reach of the striker standing in his normal batting stance position. It must be judged at the point where it passes the striker, not where it is taken by the keeper standing back. Please be conscious of any movement by the striker to or from the line of the ball. It will not be a wide if he moves towards the ball to bring it within reach (even if he fails to hit the ball) or if he moves away from a ball taking it outside his then reach. It is strongly recommended that the call of wide be delayed until the ball has passed the striker s stumps as, in the unlikely event that he does hit the ball, it is no longer a wide. A one run penalty applies when a wide is called and is shown as a Wide extra. Any additional runs taken by the batsmen, or a boundary, shall also be credited as Wide extras and will be shown as a debit to the bowler. Batsmen cannot be given out off a wide other than Handled the Ball, Hit Wicket, Obstruction, Run Out or Stumped. BYES (Law 26) Byes are scored when the ball, fairly delivered, passes the batsman without contact of his/her bat or person and runs ensue as a result of a misfield by the wicketkeeper or other fieldsman. They are scored as Byes extras. LEG BYES (Law 26) If the ball, fairly delivered, makes contact with some part of the batsman s person, usually the pads or other protective gear, thus changing the direction of the ball away from the wicketkeeper or fieldsmen and runs ensue, Leg Byes MAY be given but ONLY if the batsman has made a genuine attempt to play the ball or has tried to avoid being hit by it. Should such NOT be the case then the umpire, at the end of the first run taken by the batsmen, and only then, shall call and signal Dead Ball following which the batsmen will return to their original ends. It must be understood that the ball does not become automatically dead following its original contact with the batsman only when the umpire calls it so thus giving the fielding side an opportunity, during that first run, of running out either batsman. SCORING (Law 3 & 4) Whilst the responsibility for the correctness of scores rests with the umpires, it is essential for those scoring to maintain a constant check of both books throughout the match which must agree at the end of the match.

11 CRICKET SCORING TIPS A helpful schedule accompanies this booklet (by way of an insert herewith) showing hints on scoring and it emphases that each entry requires noting in three places batting, team score and bowling statistics. May we recommend that you have a copy of this schedule in every team s scorebook. PLEASE DETACH FROM THIS BOOKLET AND HAVE IT AVAILABLE FOR SCORER S REFERENCE- SECURING IT IN TEAM SCOREBOOK IS RECOMMENDED

12 EVENT UMPIRES SIGNAL RECOMMENDED SYMBOL Wide Ball No Ball Bye Leg Bye Boundary Four Boundary Six Dead Ball Short Run Wicket Signal Revoked

13 Cricket Scoring Tips General Always acknowledge umpire signals with a wave Confirm with the other scorer at the end of every over No Run: A dot in the bowlers box A Run: Always record in 3 places bowler/batsman/team score Record number of runs run by the batsman for each ball hit Sundries Byes: (the batsmen have run but the striker did not hit the ball) Always record in 3 places (byes/b in the bowler box/team score) A bye does not count against the bowler Sundries Leg Byes: (the ball hit the pads or body & the batsmen have run) Always record in 3 places (leg byes/l in the bowler box/team score) A leg bye does not count against the bowler No Ball: No run taken recorded as a 1 run penalty if nothing else happens off the ball enter 1 in the no ball section / team score / a small circle with a dot inside it in the bowler analysis (this represents 1 run against the bowler and needs to be added at the end of the over) If the batsmen take runs off a no ball in the batsman analysis enter a 1, 2 or 3 with a circle around it (for balancing the score book later), add the runs plus 1 (for the no ball) to the team score and enter a small circle with a 1, 2 or 3 in it in the bowler analysis (remember to add 1 for the no ball at the end of the over) No balls count against the bowler Wide Ball: No run taken recorded as a 1 run penalty if nothing else happens off the ball enter 1 in the wide section / team score / a x in the bowler analysis (this represents 1 run against the bowler and needs to be added at the end of the over) If the batsmen take runs off a wide in the wides analysis enter the runs plus the wide, add the runs plus 1 (for the wide) to the team score and enter a x² (e.g. if 2 runs taken) in the bowler analysis (remember to add 1 for the wide at the end of the over) Wide balls count against the bowler End of every over: If the umpire has miscounted the balls bowled (5 or 7) just keep scoring If no runs were scored, colour in the triangle to signify a maiden over In the bowler s analysis record the bowler s wickets taken & cumulative runs (e.g. 1/13) Enter the number of wickets and runs in the right hand side of the score sheet (1/13) Batsman out: In the how out column record caught, bowled, lbw etc Record the batsman s total runs in the totals column In the middle of the score book record the score at the fall of the wicket (plus total # of sundries) at this point, the name of the batsman out and not out batsman & score Record a w in the bowlers analysis

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15 THE DISMISSAL LAWS BOWLED (Law 30) Out if the wicket is broken by the ball even if it has first made contact with the batsman s bat or person, as this takes precedence over all other ways of dismissal. A bail must be completely removed from the top of the stumps, not just temporarily disturbed such that it remains on the top of the stumps. CAUGHT (Law 32) A fair catch occurs when the fieldsman remains within the field of play at all times whilst in contact with the ball and has complete control BOTH over the ball and his own movement. A catch is taken even if the ball has rebounded off the umpire, a fielder or the other batsman but not if the ball has touched a protective helmet worn by a fieldsman. The ball may be hugged to the body of the catcher or accidentally lodged in his clothing and, in the case of the wicketkeeper, in his pads all qualifying as a catch. A catch can be taken when the ball hits the batsman s glove/gloves which are considered, by definition, to be part of the bat but only when the hand enfolded by the glove is holding the bat. RUN OUT (Law 38) A batsman must have some part of his/her bat or person GROUNDED behind the popping crease to be safe from being dismissed Run Out. Having made his/her ground safely, he/she cannot be Run Out if he/she subsequently leaves his/her ground to avoid injury e.g. a ball coming in from the field likely to hit him/her this proviso does not apply if he/she has turned to attempt a further run. In the instance of an injured batsman having a runner, complications do arise 1) when the injured batsman is on strike with his/her runner usually at square leg, both, when the ball is in play, MUST remain behind the line of the popping crease and in the event of runs, only the runner can leave his/her ground. In this instance, if the injured batsman leaves his/her ground he/she can be run out, irrespective of the position of the runner or other batsman. 2) When the injured batsman is NOT on strike, they are virtually out of the game and usually stand in a position near square leg. At that time, they do not have to be behind the line of the popping crease. However, they do bring themselves into the game if they infringe the Laws on Handled the Ball and Obstructing the Field or commit any act of unfair play. It is proposed to demonstrate the possible Run Out conditions that can arise during the lecture in this accreditation process.

16 STUMPED (Law 39) A batsman is out if he/she is out of his/her ground and the wicket is broken by the wicketkeeper even if the ball has rebounded from the wicketkeeper s person other than the helmet, but not off a no ball. LEG BEFORE WICKET (Law 36) Firstly, understand that an imaginary strip exists, extending down the pitch between the two sets of stumps and is therefore 9ins/22.86cm wide. Perhaps you have seen this, as a shaded area, in an overlay form, in TV transmissions of international matches when commentators are discussing the merits of LBW decisions. A batsman is OUT if, and only IF - the ball has pitched within that strip, wicket to wicket, OR outside the off stump. AND the ball FIRST hit some part of the batter s person or equipment but not the bat or hand holding the bat. AND - that first point of contact must have been in the area between wicket to wicket at impact (but, if the batter has not made a genuine attempt to hit the ball, the point of contact may also be outside the off stump). AND in the opinion of the umpire, the ball would have hit the wicket. At no time, whether attempting to play the ball or not, can a batsman be given out LBW when the ball pitches outside the line of the LEG stump. The first three factors above are matters of fact and are answered by what the umpire has seen and heard. The remaining question can only be answered by the umpire s opinion his prediction of whether the ball would have hit the wicket if it had not been prevented from doing so. There must be no ifs or buts about the prediction either the ball would have hit the wicket or it would not. The decision ultimately depends upon this opinion. In the event of a full toss, it is to be assumed that the path of the ball before the interception would have continued, irrespective whether the ball may have pitched subsequently or not. A: Lifting Ball passing over the top of the stumps Not Out B and C: Dropping balls which will hit the wicket - Out

17 Examples of this Law are shown & explained hereunder and on the previous page. Ball 1 Not Out The point of impact on the striker is not in a straight line between wicket and wicket If the batsman made no genuine attempt to play at the ball and the Ball would have gone on to hit the stumps, the Batsman could be given out LBW for not offering a shot Ball 2 Out The ball would have hit the wicket, even though the ball pitched ouside the off stump, the batsman is struck in line with the stumps. Ball 3 Out The ball pitched and struck the batsman between wicket and wicket. The ball would have struck the stumps. Ball 4 Out The ball pitched between wicket and wicket. Even though the ball turns toward the off stump, the ball would have hit the stumps. Ball 5 Not Out - As the ball pitched outside the line of Leg Stump, the batsman cannot be given out LBW, even if the ball was going to hit the stumps. (Remember that you, as the umpire must be satisfied that the ball would have gone on to hit the stumps. If you are not convinced then the batsman should be given the benefit of the doubt and given Not Out ).

18 HIT WICKET (Law 35) If the wicket is broken by the striker s bat or person after the bowler enters his delivery stride, and while the batter is preparing to receive or in receiving the delivery or in setting off for the first run, the batsman will be given out by the square leg umpire. There are several other methods of dismissal, but as these are not common and unlikely to be determined as reasons for dismissal in junior matches, their explanations have been purposely omitted to avoid any confusion. OTHER MCC LAWS of Interest LOST BALL (Law 20) A ball cannot be lost under this Law if it has passed over the boundary line as it is then a dead ball. A lost ball occurs when the ball remains in the field of play ie inside the boundary but is irrecoverable eg disappears down a drain. In this case, runs awarded to the batting side are the greater of the runs completed and/or crossed by the batsmen at the time of the lost ball call or 6 runs. In both cases, a replacement ball is necessary which should be of the same wear and tear as the original ball which was lost. OVERTHROWS (Law 19.7) Runs awarded in an overthrow situation are those completed by the batsmen, plus the run in progress if they have crossed, at the instant of the throw plus the runs subsequently completed after the throw. Should the ball reach the boundary as a result of the throw, then these additional runs are the boundary 4. In this case, it is important to ensure the correct batsman is at the striker s end to face the next ball. For example, the batsmen take a quick single and a fieldsman throws at the stumps to try and effect a run-out but misses and there is no backup. The batsmen complete the original first run and as a result of the missed throw turn and complete a second at which point the thrown ball reaches the boundary. At that point, the original striker is at the striker s end, but as 5 runs in total have been scored, he should be at the non-striker s end for the next delivery which should be faced by the original non-striker. It should also be wise to make sure the scorers record the correct number of runs in this situation.

19 Umpire signals

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21 APPENDIX C

22 APPENDIX D

23 A FEW HELPFUL SOURCES OF INFORMATION MCC LAWS OF CRICKET : FIELDING POSITIONS : -tips INTRODUCTION TO UMPIRING: Select umpiring from main menu to give 11 page guide LOCAL PLAYING RULES: Follow the drop down menu from Rules and Policies to - Insurance, for Game Day Checklist & Guidelines - Rules, Laws & Judiciary for Junior Comp. Rules Snap Eastwood 18 Glen Street Eastwood NSW 2122 T: (02) F: (02)

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