Early marine survival of steelhead smolts in Puget Sound
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1 Western Washington University Western CEDAR Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference 2014 Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference (Seattle, Wash.) May 1st, 1:30 PM - 3:00 PM Early marine survival of steelhead smolts in Puget Sound Megan Moore United States. National Marine Fisheries Service, megan.moore@noaa.gov Barry Berejikian United States. National Marine Fisheries Service Fred Goetz United States. Army Corps of Engineers Thomas Quinn University of Washington Sayre Hodgson Nisqually Indian Tribe See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Moore, Megan; Berejikian, Barry; Goetz, Fred; Quinn, Thomas; Hodgson, Sayre; Connor, Ed; and Berger, Andrew, "Early marine survival of steelhead smolts in Puget Sound" (2014). Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Events at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact westerncedar@wwu.edu.
2 Speaker Megan Moore, Barry Berejikian, Fred Goetz, Thomas Quinn, Sayre Hodgson, Ed Connor, and Andrew Berger This event is available at Western CEDAR:
3 Survival of steelhead in Puget Sound and Hood Canal Megan Moore, NOAA Fisheries Barry Berejikian, NOAA Fisheries Manchester Research Station and Salish Sea Marine Survival Project Steelhead Workgroup
4 Threatened steelhead Mean ( )/Mean ( ) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Puget Sound Washington Coast Nisqually Puyallup Green Skagit Quinault Queets Hoh Quillayute South North South North
5 Marine survival trends Marine survival rates have declined dramatically over the last years Puget Sound populations have not rebounded in recent years as have coastal and Columbia populations Marine migration through Puget Sound seems to be a major limiting factor
6 Acoustic telemetry 7mm and 9 mm 69kHz, 136 db
7 Puget Sound Telemetry Project Hood Canal Rivers: tagged smolts NOAA Fisheries Green River: tagged smolts Fred Goetz, Tom Quinn/UW Puyallup River: 2006, tagged smolts Puyallup Tribe Nisqually River: smolts tagged Nisqually Tribe Skagit River: smolts tagged Seattle City Light
8 Telemetry array Migration Segments Hood Canal Puget Sound Skagit River Mouth - HCB River Mouth - CPS River Mouth - DP HCB ADM CPS ADM ADM JDF ADM JDF DP - JDF
9 Mark-Recapture Model: Cormack-Jolly-Seber Population N 2006 N 2007 N 2008 N 2009 Hood canal Green Nisqually Puyallup Skagit TOTAL N=1393 Variables included in the survival analysis Factors: Population Region (HC, SS, Skagit) Rear type Migration Segment Year Tag Type Covariates: Distance Body Length Model with lowest AICc = ~Segment:population+year+reartype
10 Marine survival is low in Hood Canal and Puget Sound Hood Canal Puget Sound 100% 100% 90% 90% Average RM-JDF Survival 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Average RM-JDF Survival 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 10% 0% Skokomish (W) Skokomish (H) Hamma (H) BBC (W) 0% Nisqually (W) Puyallup (W) Puyallup (H) Green (W) Green (H) Skagit (W) Skagit (H) Combined early marine survival estimate = 17% (hatchery = 12%, wild = 20%)
11 Travel Times Puget Sound Hood Canal Travel time (days) Nisqually Puyallup Green Skagit Travel time (days) Skok Dewatto BBC RM-NAR RM-CPS/DP RM-ADM RM-JDF RM-HCB RM-ADM RM-JDF
12 Potential factors affecting marine survival (why do so many steelhead die so quickly) Freshwater influences Reduced diversity ( Portfolio effect : e.g., Schindler et al Nature) Hatcheries (genetic or ecological) Water quality (toxic contaminants) Disease-causing pathogens (nanophyetus) Changes in the Puget Sound ecosystem that have influenced predator-prey dynamics Avian predators: cormorants, Caspian terns, common mergansers, and loons Mammalian predators: harbor seals, harbor porpoise
13 Predator-prey interactions (harbor seals) Harbor seal counts Jeffries et al J. Wildlife Manage.
14 Predator-prey interactions (harbor porpoise) (J. Evenson, WDFW, 2013, unpublished 12 data)
15 Herring Biomass
16 Pacific Cod Abundance Trawl catch rate (kg/hr) Sport catch rate (fish/trip) NPS SPS NPS SPS Data source: Palsson et al. via NMFS 2000 Status Review
17 Summary Early marine survival rates of Hood Canal and Puget Sound steelhead populations are low considering short observed travel times Travel times within the Puget Sound environment are very short, giving little time for long term sources of mortality to take effect Puget Sound has undergone a major ecosystem shift timed with the decline in steelhead abundance and SAR. Future studies: tag more steelhead smolts and harbor seals
18 Acknowledgements Funding provided through NOAA, USACE (Seattle District), UW, Steelhead Trout Club of Washington, Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Network (POST) Survival Modeling Support Mike Melnychuk (UW) Jeff Laake (NOAA SWFSC) Field/Logistic Support Skip Tezak Long Live the Kings Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group Mat Gillam R2 Resource Consultants Bob Leland Kelly Kiyohara Pat Michael Brody Antipa Pete Topping Deborah Feldman Kelly Andrews John Blaine Jim Deveraux Correigh Greene Shawn Larson Jeff Christiansen John Rupp Chuck Ebel Jose Reyes-Tomassini Jennifer Scheurell Chris Ewing Dawn Pucci Kurt Dobszinsky Paul Winchell David Welch Debbie Goetz Jose Gimenez Aswea Porter Emiliano Perez Craig Smith Tim Wilson Florian Leischner Christopher Ellings Scott Steltzner
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21 Temperature in Puget Sound (Strait of Juan de Fuca) Snover, A. K., P. W. Mote, L. Whitely Binder, A.F. Hamlet, and N. J. Mantua Uncertain Future: Climate Change and its Effects on Puget Sound. A report for the Puget Sound Action Team by the Climate Impacts Group.
22 Early Marine Mortality in Puget Sound makes up a substantial amount of overall marine mortality Slope of the line = instantaneous mortality rate Red line = estimates from previous telemetry work in Hood Canal Blue Line = 2x Hood Canal estimates, providing for underestimation of early mortality rate Assumed 3% Smolt to Adult return rate (SAR)
23 Where within Puget Sound is survival occurring? 100 HCB DP 80 NAR Survival (%) Big Beef Green Nisqually Puyallup Skagit Skokomish 200 CPS 150 ADM Distance from Juan de Fuca Strait (km)
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